9780130985989

Based on the author's extensive experience as a working planner, this book gives readers an insider's view of sub-state urban planning--the "nitty-gritty" details on the interplay of politics, law, money, and interest groups. The author takes a balanced, non-judgmental approach to introduce a range of ideological and political perspectives on the operation of political, economic, and demographic forces in city planning. Unlike other books on the subject, this one is strong in its coverage of economics, law, finance, and urban governance. It examines the underlying forces of growth and change and discusses frankly who benefits and loses by particular decisions. A four-part organization covers the background and development of contemporary planning; the structure and practice of contemporary planning; fields of planning; and national planning in the United States and other nations, and planning theory. For individuals headed for a career in planning.

Preface

ix

Illustration Credits

xi

Acknowledgments

xi

PART I THE BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING

An Overview

1

(6)

The Need for Planning

1

(2)

The Specific Concerns of Planning

3

(1)

Who Are the Planners?

4

(1)

Satisfactions and Discontents

5

(1)

The Plan of This Book

5

(2)

The Urbanization of America

7

(17)

Urbanization in the Nineteenth Century

7

(7)

Urban Trends in the Twentieth Century

14

(8)

Summary

22

(1)

Notes

23

(1)

Selected Bibliography

23

(1)

The History of Planning: Part I

24

(25)

Colonial America

24

(2)

Limited Means and Growing Problems

26

(1)

The Pressure for Reform

27

(8)

The Birth of Modern City Planning

35

(2)

The Public Control of Private Property

37

(4)

The Emergence of Regional and State Planning

41

(3)

Grander Visions

44

(3)

Summary

47

(1)

Notes

48

(1)

Selected Bibliography

48

(1)

The History of Planning: Part II

49

(13)

Planning and the Great Depression

49

(3)

The Postwar Period

52

(7)

Summary

59

(1)

Notes

60

(1)

Selected Bibliography

61

(1)

PART II THE STRUCTURE AND PRACTICE OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING

The Legal Basis of Planning

62

(16)

The Constitutional Framework

62

(2)

Public Control over Private Property

64

(8)

State-Enabling Legislation

72

(2)

The Federal Role

74

(2)

Summary

76

(1)

Notes

76

(1)

Selected Bibliography

77

(1)

Planning and Politics

78

(12)

Why Is Planning Political?

78

(1)

Planners and Power

79

(2)

The Fragmentation of Power

81

(1)

Styles of Planning

82

(3)

How Planning Agencies Are Organized

85

(3)

Summary

88

(1)

Notes

88

(1)

Selected Bibliography

89

(1)

The Social Issues

90

(13)

The Social Issues in Planning for Housing

91

(9)

Who Does Social Planning?

100

(1)

Summary

101

(1)

Notes

101

(1)

Selected Bibliography

102

(1)

The Comprehensive Plan

103

(11)

The Goals of Comprehensive Planning

103

(2)

The Comprehensive Planning Process

105

(7)

Summary

112

(1)

Notes

112

(1)

Selected Bibliography

113

(1)

The Tools of Land-Use Planning

114

(29)

Public Capital Investment

114

(3)

Land-Use Controls

117

(20)

Combining Capital Investment and Land-Use Controls

137

(1)

Forces Beyond Local Control

138

(2)

Summary

140

(1)

Notes

141

(1)

Selected Bibliography

142

(1)

PART III FIELDS OF PLANNING

Urban Design

143

(29)

What Is Urban Design?

145

(5)

The Urban Design Process

150

(3)

What Is Good Urban Design?

153

(6)

Replanning Suburbia: The Neotraditionalists

159

(3)

Edge City

162

(4)

Visions of the City of the Future

166

(3)

Summary

169

(1)

Notes

170

(1)

Selected Bibliography

170

(2)

Urban Renewal and Community Development

172

(20)

Urban Renewal

173

(8)

Community Development

181

(3)

The Housing Question

184

(1)

Planning for Housing

185

(4)

Summary

189

(1)

Notes

190

(1)

Selected Bibliography

191

(1)

Transportation Planning

192

(20)

Recent Trends in Urban Transportation

192

(2)

Paying for Transportation

194

(2)

Transportation Planning and Use

196

(1)

The Transportation Planning Process

197

(8)

Changes in the Federal Role

205

(2)

Fine-Tuning the System

207

(1)

Smart Highways, Intelligent Vehicles, and New Machines

208

(1)

Summary

209

(1)

Notes

210

(1)

Selected Bibliography

211

(1)

Economic Development Planning

212

(14)

Historic Roots

213

(1)

Perspectives on Local Economic Development

214

(3)

State Economic Development Efforts

217

(2)

Local Economic Development Efforts

219

(4)

A Look Ahead

223

(1)

Summary

224

(1)

Notes

225

(1)

Selected Bibliography

225

(1)

Growth Management Planning

226

(19)

The Origins of Growth Management

227

(1)

The Mechanics of Growth Management

228

(4)

Winners and Losers in Growth Management

232

(2)

A Sampling of Growth Management Programs

234

(3)

State-Level Growth Management

237

(4)

Growth Management-Pro or Con?

241

(1)

Summary

242

(1)

Notes

242

(1)

Selected Bibliography

243

(2)

Environmental and Energy Planning

245

(25)

The Environmental Planning Problem

246

(1)

Environmental Progress at the National Level

246

(3)

The Question of Global Climate Change

249

(3)

The Intergovernment Context of Environmental Planning

252

(4)

Economic and Political Issues in Environmental Planning

256

(4)

Local Environmental Planning

260

(2)

An Example of Environmental Planning

262

(3)

Energy Planning

265

(2)

Summary

267

(1)

Notes

268

(1)

Selected Bibliography

269

(1)

Planning for Metropolitan Regions

270

(18)

The Political Problem

270

(2)

A Brief History of Metropolitan Area Planning

272

(3)

Minneapolis-St. Paul: A Tale of Two Cities

275

(3)

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

278

(5)

The Atlanta Regional Commission

283

(2)

Summary

285

(1)

Notes

286

(1)

Selected Bibliography

287

(1)

PART IV LARGER QUESTIONS

National Planning in the United States

288

(21)

Is There National Planning in the United States?

288

(1)

The Pattern of Land Settlement

289

(1)

Establishing the Rail Network

290

(2)

Water and the West

292

(5)

Systematic Regional Planning

297

(2)

The Interstate Highway System

299

(3)

Financing the Suburbs

302

(3)

Land Management

305

(1)

Summary

306

(1)

Notes

306

(2)

Selected Bibliography

308

(1)

Planning in Other Nations

309

(35)

Planning in Western Europe

309

(24)

Planning in Eastern Europe

333

(3)

Planning in the Third World

336

(5)

Summary

341

(1)

Notes

342

(1)

Selected Bibliography

343

(1)

Planning Theory

344

(19)

Is Theory Necessary?

344

(1)

A Distinction Between Public and Private Planning

345

(1)

The Process of Planning

346

(7)

Advocacy Planning

353

(1)

Planning from Right and Left

354

(6)

Summary

360

(1)

Notes

361

(1)

Selected Bibliography

362

(1)

Index

363

What is included with this book?

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The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The termplanningis a very general one. There are city and town planners and also corporate planners. The Pentagon employs numerous military planners. The launching of a space shuttle is the culmination of a tremendously complex and sophisticated planning process. Wealthy individuals who prefer to leave as much as possible of their wealth to their heirs and as little as possible to the Internal Revenue Service employ the services of estate .planners. And so on. Planning in its generic meaning, then, is a ubiquitous activity. Cutting across all types of planning is a certain common denominator. All have in common a conscious effort to define systematically and think through a problem to improve the quality of decision making. The planning discussed in this book represents a very small part of the total planning activity in the United States. Specifically, this book focuses on public planning at the substate level, that which is done by and for cities, counties, towns, and other units of local governments. We will also examine, much more briefly, planning for metropolitan regions, the states, and the question of national planning. This edition also contains a chapter which surveys planning in a number of other nations. The reader who has at least sampled other books on planning will notice that this book has some particular emphases, specifically on politics, economics, ideology, law, and the question of who benefits and who loses by particular decisions. These emphases stem from my experience as a working planner. I entered planning in 1969 with a background in economics and journalism but with no specific training in planning. In my ignorance of the field, I assumed that if engineers planned bridges and architects planned buildings, then city and town planners planned cities and towns in an essentially similar way. In effect, I thought of planning as engineering or architecture writ large. It did not take me long to learn that planning is a highly political activity. Not only is it immersed in politics, but also it is inseparable from the law. The ultimate arbiter of many a planning dispute is the court. Anal for every case that comes to court, some dozens of planning decisions have been conditioned by what the participants in the process think would be the decision if the matter were to come to court. Planning decisions often involve large sums of money. In some cases large sums of public money are involved in the form of capital investments. But even when little in the way of public expenditure is involved, planning decisions can deliver large benefits to some and large losses to others. Thus to understand planning, one must understand something of the economic and financial issues at stake. The study of planning quickly takes one into ideology. Planning issues and controversy inevitably raise questions about the proper role of government and the line between public needs and private rights. What properly is to be a matter of political decision, and what properly should be left to the market? Planning can raise issues that are not easily resolved. Planners are a fairly idealistic lot and often enter the field to serve the public interest. After immersion in a few public controversies, the beginning planner may wonder if there is such a thing as the public interest. For if there is, there ought to be some general agreement among the public on what it is. But one can spend a long time in some areas of planning without seeing a single instance of this agreement. In this book I have tried to convey something of the reality of planning practice and something of what goes on under the surface of events. I hope that the reader will not find this reality disillusioning, for planning in an open and democratic society cannot be smooth and simple. Planning as it is-involved in political controversy, hedged about by the trends of judicial decisions, inextricably tied to economic ques

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Contemporary Urban Planning

Contemporary Urban Planning

0130985988

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