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| Preface? | |
| Informal Logic | |
| Basic Concepts | |
| Arguments,Premises, and Conclusions | |
| Note on the History of Logic | |
| Recognizing Arguments | |
| Eminent Logicians: Aristotle | |
| Simple Noninferential Passages | |
| Expository Passages | |
| Illustrations | |
| Explanations | |
| Conditional Stat... MORE | |
| Summary | |
| Deduction and Induction | |
| Ruth Barcan Marcus | |
| Deductive Argument Forms | |
| Inductive Argument Forms | |
| Further Considerations | |
| Summary | |
| Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency | |
| Deductive Arguments | |
| Inductive Arguments | |
| Summary | |
| Eminent Logicians: Chrysippus | |
| Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity | |
| Counterexample Method | |
| Extended Arguments | |
| Summary | |
| Language: Meaning and Definition | |
| Varieties of Meaning | |
| The Intension and Extension of Terms | |
| Definitions and Their Purposes | |
| Stipulative Definitions | |
| Lexical Definitions | |
| Precising Definitions | |
| Eminent Logicians: Peter Abelard | |
| Theoretical Definitions | |
| Persuasive Definitions | |
| Definitional Techniques | |
| Extensional (Denotative) Definitions | |
| Intensional (Connotative) Definitions | |
| Criteria for Lexical Definitions | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Conform to the Standards of Proper Grammar | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Convey the Essential Meaning of the Word Being Defined | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Be Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Avoid Circularity | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Not Be Negative When It Can Be Affirmative | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Avoid Figurative, Obscure,Vague, or Ambiguous Language | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Avoid Affective Terminology | |
| A Lexical Definition Should Indicate the Context to Which the Definiens Pertains | |
| Summary | |
| Informal Fallacies | |
| Fallacies in General | |
| Fallacies of Relevance | |
| Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Baculum: Appeal to the"Stick") | |
| Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad Misericordiam) | |
| Appeal to the People (Argumentum ad Populum) | |
| Argument Against the Person (Argumentum ad Hominem) | |
| Accident | |
| Straw Man | |
| Missing the Point (Ignoratio Elenchi ) | |
| Red Herring | |
| Fallacies of Weak Induction | |
| Appeal to Unqualified Authority (Argumentum ad Verecundiam) | |
| Appeal to Ignorance. (Argumentum ad Ignorantiam) | |
| Hasty Generalization (Converse Accident) | |
| False Cause | |
| Slippery Slope | |
| Weak Analogy | |
| Eminent Logicians: William of Ockham | |
| Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy | |
| Begging the Question (Petitio Principii) | |
| Complex Question | |
| False Dichotomy | |
| Suppressed Evidence | |
| Equivocation | |
| Amphiboly | |
| Composition | |
| Division | |
| Fallacies in Ordinary Language | |
| Detecting Fallacies | |
| Avoiding Fallacies | |
| Summary | |
| Formal Logic | |
| Categorical Propositions | |
| The Components of Categorical Propositions | |
| Alice Ambrose | |
| Quality, Quantity, and Distribution | |
| Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition | |
| Aristotle and Boole | |
| Eminent Logicians: George Boole | |
| Venn Diagrams | |
| The Modern Square of Opposition | |
| Testing Immediate Inferences | |
| Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition | |
| Conversion | |
| Obversion | |
| Contraposition | |
| The Traditional Square of Opposition | |
| Testing Immediate Inferences | |
| Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint | |
| Proving the Traditional Square of Opposition | |
| Testing Immediate Inferences | |
| Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form | |
| Terms Without Nouns | |
| Nonstandard Verbs | |
| Singular Propositions | |
| Adverbs and Pronouns | |
| Unexpressed Quantifiers | |
| Nonstandard Quantifiers | |
| Conditional Statements | |
| Exclusive Propositions | |
| "The Only" | |
| Exceptive Propositions | |
| Summary | |
| Categorical Syllogisms | |
| Standard Form, Mood, and Figure | |
| Venn Diagrams | |
| Eminent Logicians: John Venn | |
| Boolean Standpoint | |
| Aristotelian Standpoint | |
| Rules and Fallacies | |
| Boolean Standpoint | |
| Aristotelian Standpoint | |
| Proving the Rules | |
| Reducing the Number of Terms | |
| Saul Kripke | |
| Ordinary Language Arguments | |
| Enthymemes | |
| Sorites | |
| Summary | |
| Propositional Logic | |
| Symbols and Translation | |
| Eminent Logicians: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | |
| Truth Functions | |
| Definitions of the Logical Operators | |
| Computing the Truth Value of Longer Propositions | |
| Further Comparison with Ordinary Language | |
| Truth Tables for Propositions | |
| Classifying Statements | |
| Comparing Statements | |
| Truth Tables for Arguments | |
| Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace | |
| Indirect Truth Tables | |
| Preliminary Skills | |
| Testing Arguments for Validity | |
| Testing Statements for Consistency | |
| Eminent Logicians: Augustus De Morgan | |
| Argument Forms and Fallacies | |
| Common Argument Forms | |
| Refuting Constructive and Destructive Dilemmas | |
| Note on Invalid Forms | |
| Summary and Application | |
| Summary | |
| Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic | |
| Rules of Implication I | |
| Rules of Implication II | |
| Rules of Replacement I. Willard Van Orman Quine | |
| Rules of Replacement Ii | |
| Conditional Proof | |
| Eminent Logicians: Gottlob Frege | |
| Indirect Proof | |
| Proving Logical Truths | |
| Summary | |
| Predicate Logic | |
| Symbols and Translation | |
| Using the Rules of Inference | |
| Change of Quantifier Rule | |
| Eminent Logicians: Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell | |
| Conditional and Indirect Proof | |
| Proving Invalidity | |
| Counterexample Method | |
| Finite Universe Method | |
| Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers | |
| Translating Relational Statements | |
| Using the Rules of Inference | |
| Identity | |
| Simple Identity Statements | |
| Eminent Logicians: Kurt G?del | |
| "Only," "The Only," and "No . . . Except" | |
| "All Except" | |
| Superlatives | |
| Numerical Statements | |
| Definite Descriptions | |
| Using the Rules of Inference | |
| Summary | |
| Inductive Logic | |
| Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning | |
| Analogical Reasoning | |
| Legal Reasoning | |
| Moral Reasoning | |
| Summary | |
| Causality and Mill's Methods | |
| "Cause"and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions | |
| Mill's Five Methods | |
| Method of Agreement | |
| Method of Difference | |
| Eminent Logicians: John Stuart Mill | |
| Joint Method of Agreement and Difference | |
| Method of Residues | |
| Method of Concomitant Variation | |
| Mill's Methods and Science | |
| Summary | |
| Probability | |
| Theories of Probability | |
| The Probability Calculus | |
| Restricted Conjunction Rule | |
| General Conjunction Rule | |
| Restricted Disjunction Rule | |
| General Disjunction Rule | |
| Negation Rule | |
| Bayes's Theorem | |
| Additional Applications | |
| Summary | |
| Statistical Reasoning | |
| Evaluating Statistics | |
| Samples | |
| The Meaning of "Average" | |
| Dispersion | |
| Graphs and Pictograms | |
| Percentages | |
| Summary | |
| Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning | |
| The Hypothetical Method | |
| Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science Radium | |
| Neptune | |
| Atmospheric Pressure | |
| Spontaneous Generation | |
| The Proof of Hypotheses | |
| Eminent Logicians: Charles Sanders Peirce | |
| The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses | |
| Summary | |
| Science and Superstition | |
| Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition | |
| Evidentiary Support | |
| Objectivity | |
| Integrity | |
| Concluding Remarks | |
| Summary | |
| Appendix: Logic and Graduate-Level Admissions Tests | |
| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
| Glossary/Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |