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| Illustrations | p. xiii |
| Preface to the Ninth Edition | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What Is History? | p. 2 |
| Then and Now, There and Here | p. 4 |
| The Physical Setting | p. 6 |
| Some Descriptive Geography | p. 6 |
| Conclusion | p. 12 |
| The Middle East Before Muhammad | p. 13 |
| Persia and Rome | p. 14 |
| The Arabs | p... MORE |
| Conclusion | p. 23 |
| The Prophet of Mecca | p. 25 |
| Muhammad's Early Life | p. 26 |
| The Emigration (Hijra) | p. 30 |
| Aisha bint Abi-Bakr | p. 36 |
| Assessment | p. 37 |
| What Is Islam? | p. 39 |
| Basic Beliefs | p. 39 |
| The Five Pillars of Islam | p. 43 |
| Conclusion | p. 47 |
| The Early Arab Conquests | p. 49 |
| The Succession Issue | p. 49 |
| The Initial Conquests | p. 51 |
| The Beginnings of Islamic Government | p. 53 |
| Dissension in the Umma | p. 55 |
| Changes in the Government of Islam | p. 57 |
| Mu'awiya ibn-abi-Sufyan | p. 63 |
| Conclusion | p. 64 |
| The High Caliphate | p. 65 |
| Restoration of the Umayyad Order | p. 67 |
| The Downfall of the Umayyads | p. 70 |
| The Abbasid Caliphate | p. 71 |
| Mamun | p. 76 |
| The Decline of the Abbasids | p. 77 |
| Conclusion | p. 78 |
| Shiites and Turks, Crusaders and Mongols | p. 81 |
| Shiite Islam in Power | p. 82 |
| The Turks | p. 87 |
| The Crusades | p. 91 |
| The Mongol Invasion | p. 95 |
| Hulegu Khan | p. 97 |
| Conclusion | p. 98 |
| Islamic Civilization | p. 99 |
| The Rules and Laws of Islam | p. 100 |
| Development of Jurisprudence | p. 100 |
| Islamic Society | p. 106 |
| Intellectual and Cultural Life | p. 111 |
| Theology | p. 115 |
| Conclusion | p. 117 |
| Ahmad ibn Hanbal | p. 118 |
| Firearms, Slaves, and Empires | p. 121 |
| The Mamluks | p. 122 |
| The Mongol Il-Khanids | p. 126 |
| Gunpowder Technology | p. 129 |
| The Ottoman Empire | p. 129 |
| Orhan | p. 133 |
| Persia under the Safavids | p. 142 |
| Conclusion | p. 146 |
| European Interests and Imperialism | p. 147 |
| Ottoman Weakness | p. 148 |
| The Koprulu Family of Viziers | p. 150 |
| The European Powers and the Eastern Question | p. 151 |
| Conclusion | p. 157 |
| Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century | p. 159 |
| Egypt's Transformation | p. 161 |
| Westernization of the Ottoman Empire | p. 165 |
| Mustafa Reshid Pasha | p. 170 |
| Persia under the Qajars | p. 171 |
| Some Afterthoughts | p. 173 |
| The Rise of Nationalism | p. 177 |
| Egyptian Nationalism | p. 179 |
| Ahmad Urabi | p. 185 |
| Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism | p. 187 |
| Nationalism in Persia | p. 191 |
| Conclusion | p. 194 |
| The Roots of Arab Bitterness | p. 197 |
| Arab Nationalism | p. 197 |
| World War I | p. 203 |
| Faysal ibn al Husayn | p. 209 |
| The Postwar Peace Settlement | p. 210 |
| Conclusion and Summary | p. 213 |
| Modernizing Rulers in the Independent States | p. 215 |
| Turkey: Phoenix from the Ashes | p. 216 |
| Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) | p. 227 |
| From Persia to Iran | p. 228 |
| The Rise of Saudi Arabia | p. 235 |
| Conclusion | p. 241 |
| Egypt and the Fertile Crescent under European Control | p. 243 |
| Egypt's Struggle for Independence | p. 244 |
| The Creation of New States in the Fertile Crescent | p. 250 |
| Phony Democracy and False Independence | p. 255 |
| World War II | p. 261 |
| King Faruq | p. 262 |
| Postwar Egypt | p. 263 |
| Egypt's Era of Political Frustration | p. 264 |
| Independence for Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq | p. 267 |
| Conclusion | p. 268 |
| The Contest for Palestine | p. 271 |
| Origins | p. 271 |
| Prefatory Remarks | p. 273 |
| The Beginnings of Political Zionism | p. 275 |
| Britain and the Palestine Problem | p. 279 |
| Amin al-Husayni | p. 290 |
| Conclusion | p. 291 |
| Israel's Rebirth and the Rise of Arab Nationalism | p. 293 |
| Israel's War for Independence | p. 294 |
| The War's Aftermath | p. 297 |
| The Arab Countries | p. 299 |
| Israel's Early Years | p. 306 |
| Middle Eastern Oil | p. 309 |
| David Ben-Gurion | p. 310 |
| The Great Powers and the Arab World | p. 311 |
| Rising Arab-Israeli Tensions | p. 320 |
| Conclusion | p. 324 |
| War and the Quest for Peace | p. 327 |
| The June 1967 War | p. 328 |
| The Palestinians | p. 334 |
| Abortive Peace Efforts | p. 335 |
| Political Changes: 1967-1970 | p. 337 |
| Danger Signs in the Middle East | p. 342 |
| The October (Yom Kippur) War | p. 346 |
| The War's Aftermath | p. 349 |
| Lebanon: The Arena for a New Arab Struggle | p. 354 |
| The Road to Camp David | p. 357 |
| Anwar al-Sadat | p. 361 |
| Conclusion | p. 362 |
| The Reassertion of Islamic Power | p. 365 |
| Prefatory Remarks on Islam and Politics | p. 367 |
| The Iranian Revolution | p. 368 |
| Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini | p. 377 |
| The Struggle for Gulf Supremacy | p. 378 |
| The Retreat from Camp David | p. 383 |
| Western Policy Formation and Islamic Polity | p. 394 |
| The Gulf War and the Peace Process | p. 397 |
| The Gulf Crisis | p. 398 |
| Operation Desert Storm | p. 404 |
| The Palestinians: Their Struggle and an Elusive Peace | p. 406 |
| Yasir Arafat | p. 415 |
| Whither Islam? | p. 417 |
| The War on Terrorism | p. 421 |
| The Present in Historical Perspective | p. 423 |
| Survey of Terrorism | p. 423 |
| Osama bin Laden | p. 430 |
| The Iraq War | p. 435 |
| The Contest for Palestine (Redux) | p. 442 |
| A Parting Message | p. 451 |
| Chronology | p. 455 |
| Glossary | p. 471 |
| Bibliographic Essay | p. 503 |
| Basic Statistics for Middle Eastern Countries | p. 534 |
| How Many Palestinians? | p. 536 |
| Index | p. 537 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |