9780130484406

The authors take a "No Mysteries" approach to computer systems. They interrelate three different viewpoints to provide a unique understanding of the subject: the perspective of the logic designer, the assembly language programmer, and the computer architect. The book has up-to-the-minute coverage of the latest developments in microprocessors, including ALU, pipelining, memory hierarchy, networks and the Internet. And, rather than focusing on a single type of architecture, Heuring and Jordan examine both CISC and RISC models at the ISA level using the unambiguous language of RTN (Register Transfer Notation), allowing for a more in-depth appreciation of different machine structures and functions.The authors examine general purpose machine, machine languages, and digital logic, some real machines, processor design, processor designadvanced topics, computer arithmetic and the arithmetic unit, memory system design, input and output, peripheral devices, communications, networking and the Internet.For computer science and engineering professionals.

Preface

ix

CHAPTER 1 The General Purpose Machine

1.1 The General Purpose Machine

2

(2)

1.2 The User's View

4

(1)

1.3 The Machine/Assembly Language Programmer's View

4

(9)

1.4 The Computer Architect's View

13

(5)

1.5 The Computer System Logic Designer's View

18

(4)

1.6 Historical Perspective

22

(4)

1.7 Trends and Research

26

(1)

1.8 Approach of the Text

27

(4)

CHAPTER 2 Machines, Machine Languages, and Digital Logic

31

(56)

2.1 Classification of Computers and Their Instructions

32

(2)

2.2 Computer Instruction Sets

34

(15)

2.3 Informal Description of the Simple RISC Computer, SRC

49

(8)

2.4 Formal Description of SRC Using Register Transfer Notation, RTN

57

(10)

2.5 Describing Addressing Modes with RTN

67

(2)

2.6 Register Transfers and Logic Circuits: From Behavior to Hardware

69

(18)

CHAPTER 3 Some Real Machines

87

(52)

3.1 Machine Characteristics and Performance

88

(4)

3.2 RISC versus CISC

92

(4)

3.3 A CISC Microprocessor: The Motorola MC68000

96

(24)

3.4 A RISC Architecture: The SPARC

120

(19)

CHAPTER 4 Processor Design

139

(50)

4.1 The Design Process

140

(1)

4.2 A 1-Bus Microarchitecture for the SRC

141

(5)

4.3 Data Path Implementation

146

(1)

4.4 Logic Design for the 1-Bus SRC

147

(13)

4.5 The Control Unit

160

(8)

4.6 The 2- and 3-Bus Processor Designs

168

(8)

4.7 The Machine Reset 173

4.8 Machine Exceptions

176

(13)

CHAPTER 5 Processor Design-Advanced Topics

189

(60)

5.1 Pipelining

190

(21)

5.2 Pipeline Hazards

211

(10)

5.3 Instruction-Level Parallelism

221

(9)

5.4 Microprogramming

230

(19)

CHAPTER 6 Computer Arithmetic and the Arithmetic Unit

249

(54)

6.1 Number Systems and Radix Conversion

249

(12)

6.2 Fixed-Point Arithmetic

261

(21)

6.3 Seminumeric Aspects of ALU Design

282

(6)

6.4 Floating-Point Arithmetic

288

(15)

CHAPTER 7 Memory System Design

303

(68)

7.1 Introduction: The Components of the Memory System

304

(5)

7.2 RAM Structure: The Logic Designer's Perspective

309

(16)

7.3 Memory Boards and Modules

325

(15)

7.4 Two-Level Memory Hierarchy

340

(6)

7.5 The Cache

346

(9)

7.6 Virtual Memory

355

(10)

7.7 The Memory Subsystem in the Computer

365

(6)

CHAPTER 8 Input and Output

371

(36)

8.1 The I/O Subsystem

372

(3)

8.2 Programmed I/O

375

(11)

8.3 I/O Interrupts

386

(7)

8.4 Direct Memory Access (DMA)

393

(3)

8.5 I/O Data Format Change and Error Control

396

(11)

CHAPTER 9 Peripheral Devices

407

(34)

9.1 Magnetic Disk Drives

408

(10)

9.2 Improving Disk System Performance and Reliability

418

(1)

9.3 Other Mass Storage Devices

419

(2)

9.4 Display Devices

421

(8)

9.5 Printers

429

(2)

9.6 Input Devices

431

(1)

9.7 Interfacing to the Analog World

432

(9)

CHAPTER 10 Communications, Networking, and the Internet

441

(38)

10.1 Computer to Computer Data Communications

442

(9)

10.2 Serial Data Communications Protocols

451

(6)

10.3 Local Area Networks

457

(4)

10.4 Modern Serial Buses: USB and FireFire

461

(3)

10.5 The Internet

464

(15)

APPENDIX A Digital Logic

479

(64)

A.1 Combinational Logic

480

(1)

A.2 Truth Tables

480

(2)

A.3 Logic Gates

482

(5)

A.4 Properties of Boolean Algebra

487

(2)

A.5 The Sum-of-Products Form and Logic Diagrams

489

(2)

A.6 The Product-of-Sums Form

491

(2)

A.7 Positive versus Negative Logic

493

(1)

A.8 The Data Sheet

494

(2)

A.9 Digital Components

496

(10)

A.10 Reduction of Two-Level Expressions

506

(6)

A.11 Speed and Performance

512

(4)

A.12 Sequential Logic

516

(6)

A.13 J-K and T Flip-Flops

522

(2)

A.14 Design of Finite State Machines

524

(8)

A.15 Mealy versus Moore Machines

532

(1)

A.16 Registers

533

(2)

A.17 Counters

535

(8)

APPENDIX B RTN Description of SRC

543

(10)

B.1 SRC Without Reset or Exceptions

543

(2)

B.2 Additions to SRC for Reset and Interrupts

545

(1)

B.3 Unified RTN for SRC

546

(3)

B.4 Register Transfer Notation-RTN

549

(1)

B.5 SRC Assembly Language Conventions

550

(3)

APPENDIXC Assembly and Assemblers

553

(10)

C.1 What Is an Assembler?

553

(2)

C.2 Assembly Language Structure

555

(4)

C.3 Tasks of the Assembler

559

(4)

APPENDIX D Selected Problems and Solutions

563

(16)

Index

579

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

To the InstructorThis book is suitable for an introductory course on computer design at the junior, senior, or introductory graduate level. We assume that the student has had at least an introductory course in some high-level programming language such as C or Pascal, and a semester of logic design. However, a comprehensive appendix on digital logic design, written by Professor Miles Murdocca of the Internet Institute USA, provides sufficient background material for teaching the course to students without previous digital design experience.Appropriate topics for such a book have changed considerably in recent years, as desktop computers have evolved from simple, stand-alone units into complex systems attached to high-speed networks and internetworks. Earlier generations of microprocessors had almost trivial internal structure Present designs contain multiple pipelined functional units with support for multiple processors and memories. Areas of computer design and architecture that were barely touched upon in the not-so-distant past have become major topics for discussion. Introductory compiler courses now routinely discuss optimization for pipelined processors. Users worry about whether they should add level-2 cache memory to their PCs. Support personnel wearily try to explain to the computer user how to configure the subnet mask for their network slip connection.The topics of pipelined processor design, the memory hierarchy, and networks and internetworking are moving to center stage in the arena of computer design and architecture. Therefore we devoted the major parts of three chapters to treatment of these subjects.Given the focus on computer design and computer architecture, we approach the study of the computer from three viewpoints: the view of the assembly/machine language programmer, the view of the logic designer, and the view of the system architect.In covering the topic of gate-level computer design, we follow a model architecture through the design process, from the instruction set design level to the processor design level. Given the choice of using either a commercial machine with all of the complicating features that are necessary to make such a machine commercially successful, or using a model design that introduces enough practical features to make it both interesting and relevant to the subject, we chose the latter. The model machine, Simple RISC Computer (SRC), is a 32-bit machine with an instruction set architecture that is similar to, but simpler than the current generation of RISC's.We adopt the view that it is best to use a formal description language in describing machine structure and function. There are many languages from which to choose. We selected a variant of the ISP language, Register Transfer Notation (RTN). We chose this from many alternatives, because most of the languages used by practitioners are aimed more at hardware description and less at machine behavior and function. RTN is simple, easy to learn, and is at the appropriate description level. To the StudentThe computer ushers us into the information age. Born a mere fifty years ago, it now exerts a profound influence on almost every facet of our lives. What is the nature of this machine? How does it work inside? How is it programmed internally? What is the nature of each of its connections to the outside world? These are the questions that this book will help you answer, and we hope that when you have mastered it you will be left with no mysteries about how computers work. We feel that one of the best ways to learn how a computer works is to design one, so throughout most of the book we have taken the perspective of the designer rather than that of the observer or the critic.Computers are arguably the most complex systems humankind has ever built, and like all complex systems they can be appreciated from many viewpoints. A building can be examined for its overall archi

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Computer Systems Design and Architecture

Computer Systems Design and Architecture

0130484407

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