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| Preface | p. xvi |
| Scientific Foundations | p. 1 |
| What Is Stress? | p. 2 |
| The Pioneers | p. 3 |
| Stress Theory | p. 6 |
| Life-Events Theory | p. 6 |
| Hardiness Theory | p. 7 |
| Social Support Theory | p. 7 |
| The Stressor | p. 7 |
| Stress Reactivity | p. 8 |
| Gender Differences in Reactivity | p. 10 |
| A Defi... MORE | p. 10 |
| Stress Management Goals | p. 10 |
| The Way to Use This Book | p. 11 |
| Your Personal Stress Profile and Activity Workbook | p. 11 |
| The Stress Portfolio | p. 12 |
| "Getting Involved in Your Community" Boxes | p. 13 |
| Summary | p. 15 |
| Notes | p. 16 |
| Internet Resources | p. 17 |
| Stress Psychophysiology | p. 18 |
| The Brain | p. 18 |
| The Endocrine System | p. 21 |
| The Autonomic Nervous System | p. 24 |
| The Cardiovascular System | p. 26 |
| The Gastrointestinal System | p. 28 |
| The Muscles | p. 28 |
| The Skin | p. 29 |
| Symptoms, Stress, and You | p. 30 |
| Summary | p. 31 |
| Notes | p. 31 |
| Internet Resources | p. 32 |
| How Much Do You Know About Stress Psychophysiology? | p. 33 |
| What Are Your Physiological Reactions to Stress? | p. 34 |
| Stress and Illness/Disease | p. 35 |
| Hot Reactors | p. 35 |
| Psychosomatic Disease | p. 35 |
| Stress and the Immunological System | p. 36 |
| Stress and Serum Cholesterol | p. 38 |
| Specific Conditions | p. 39 |
| Hypertension | p. 39 |
| Stroke | p. 40 |
| Coronary Heart Disease | p. 41 |
| Ulcers | p. 43 |
| Migraine Headaches | p. 43 |
| Tension Headaches | p. 45 |
| Cancer | p. 46 |
| Allergies, Asthma, and Hay Fever | p. 46 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | p. 48 |
| Backache | p. 48 |
| TMJ Syndrome | p. 49 |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | p. 49 |
| Stress and Other Conditions | p. 52 |
| Summary | p. 52 |
| Notes | p. 52 |
| Internet Resources | p. 55 |
| General Applications: Life-Situation and Perception Interventions | p. 57 |
| Intervention | p. 58 |
| A Model of Stress | p. 58 |
| Feedback Loops in the Stress Model | p. 60 |
| Setting Up Roadblocks | p. 60 |
| Comprehensive Stress Management | p. 61 |
| Eustress and the Model | p. 62 |
| Taking Control | p. 63 |
| Making a Commitment | p. 65 |
| Summary | p. 67 |
| Internet Resources | p. 67 |
| Life-Situation Interventions Intrapersonal | p. 68 |
| Eliminating Unnecessary Stressors | p. 68 |
| Nutrition and Stress | p. 70 |
| Noise and Stress | p. 77 |
| Life Events and Stress | p. 78 |
| Hassles and Chronic Stress | p. 80 |
| Success Analysis | p. 81 |
| Summary | p. 83 |
| Notes | p. 83 |
| Internet Resources | p. 84 |
| What Is Your Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)? | p. 85 |
| What Stressful Events Do You Experience? | p. 86 |
| Are Your Life Events Unhealthy? | p. 87 |
| What Hassles Do You Encounter? | p. 88 |
| Life-Situation Interventions Interpersonal | p. 89 |
| Asserting Yourself | p. 89 |
| Nonverbal Assertiveness | p. 90 |
| Verbal Assertiveness | p. 91 |
| Conflict Resolution | p. 92 |
| Communication | p. 95 |
| Nonverbal Communication | p. 95 |
| Verbal Communication | p. 96 |
| Time Management | p. 97 |
| Assessing How You Spend Time | p. 97 |
| Setting Goals | p. 98 |
| Prioritizing | p. 98 |
| Scheduling | p. 99 |
| Maximizing Your Rewards | p. 99 |
| Saying No | p. 99 |
| Delegating | p. 99 |
| Evaluating Tasks Once | p. 99 |
| Using the Circular File | p. 100 |
| Limiting Interruptions | p. 100 |
| Investing Time | p. 100 |
| Social Support Networking | p. 100 |
| Summary | p. 103 |
| Notes | p. 103 |
| Internet Resources | p. 104 |
| How Assertive Are You? | p. 105 |
| How Do You Resolve Conflicts? | p. 106 |
| How is Your Social Support? | p. 107 |
| Perception Interventions | p. 109 |
| Selective Awareness | p. 109 |
| Stop to Smell the Roses | p. 111 |
| Perspective and Selective Awareness | p. 112 |
| An Attitude of Gratitude | p. 113 |
| Humor and Stress | p. 114 |
| Type A Behavior Pattern | p. 115 |
| Self-Esteem | p. 118 |
| Locus of Control | p. 119 |
| Anxiety Management | p. 120 |
| Test Anxiety | p. 121 |
| Trait and State Anxiety | p. 121 |
| Panic Disorder | p. 121 |
| Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) | p. 122 |
| Specific Phobias | p. 123 |
| Coping Techniques | p. 123 |
| Hardiness | p. 127 |
| Summary | p. 128 |
| Notes | p. 128 |
| Internet Resources | p. 132 |
| Are You a Type A? | p. 133 |
| How Is Your Self-Esteem? | p. 134 |
| How Is Your Physical Self-Esteem? | p. 135 |
| What Is Your Locus of Control? | p. 136 |
| What Is Your Level of Anxiety? | p. 138 |
| What Is Your Level of Test Anxiety? | p. 139 |
| What Is Your Level of Social Physique Anxiety? | p. 140 |
| Do You have Irrational Beliefs? | p. 141 |
| Spirituality and Stress | p. 143 |
| Spiritual Health | p. 143 |
| Religion and Spirituality | p. 144 |
| Spirituality and Health | p. 144 |
| How Spirituality and Religion Affect Health | p. 145 |
| Control Theory | p. 146 |
| Social Support Theory | p. 147 |
| Spirituality, Social Support, and Terrorism | p. 147 |
| Placebo Theory | p. 148 |
| Forgiveness and Health | p. 148 |
| Volunteerism as a Spiritual and Healthy Activity | p. 149 |
| Service-Learning: A Spiritual and Academic Activity | p. 149 |
| Closing Thoughts on Spirituality, Health, and Managing Stress | p. 151 |
| Summary | p. 153 |
| Notes | p. 153 |
| Internet Resources | p. 155 |
| General Applications: Relaxation Techniques | p. 157 |
| Meditation | p. 158 |
| What Is Meditation? | p. 158 |
| Types of Meditation | p. 158 |
| Benefits of Meditation | p. 160 |
| Physiological Effects | p. 160 |
| Psychological Effects | p. 161 |
| How to Meditate | p. 161 |
| Making Time for Meditation | p. 163 |
| Summary | p. 164 |
| Notes | p. 164 |
| Internet Resources | p. 166 |
| Is Meditation for You? | p. 167 |
| Autogenic Training and Imagery | p. 169 |
| What Is Autogenic Training? | p. 169 |
| Benefits of Autogenic Training | p. 170 |
| Physiological Effects | p. 170 |
| Psychological Effects | p. 170 |
| How to Do Autogenic Training | p. 171 |
| Prerequisites | p. 171 |
| Body Position | p. 171 |
| Six Initial Stages of Autogenic Training | p. 172 |
| Imagery | p. 173 |
| An Autogenic Training Experience | p. 174 |
| Summary | p. 176 |
| Notes | p. 177 |
| Internet Resources | p. 178 |
| Is Autogenic Training for You? | p. 179 |
| Progressive Relaxation | p. 181 |
| Bracing | p. 181 |
| What Is Progressive Relaxation? | p. 182 |
| Benefits of Progressive Relaxation | p. 183 |
| Physiological Effects | p. 183 |
| Psychological Effects | p. 183 |
| How to Do Progressive Relaxation | p. 183 |
| Cues Identifying Tension | p. 184 |
| Prerequisites | p. 184 |
| Body Position | p. 184 |
| Exercises | p. 185 |
| Other Short Exercises | p. 189 |
| Summary | p. 189 |
| Notes | p. 190 |
| Internet Resources | p. 191 |
| Is Progressive Relaxation for You? | p. 193 |
| Other Relaxation Techniques | p. 195 |
| Biofeedback | p. 195 |
| Benefits of Biofeedback | p. 196 |
| How to Relax Using Biofeedback | p. 198 |
| How to Arrange for Biofeedback Training | p. 199 |
| Diaphragmatic Breathing | p. 199 |
| Body Scanning | p. 200 |
| Massage and Acupressure | p. 201 |
| Yoga and Stretching | p. 201 |
| Repetitive Prayer | p. 202 |
| Quieting Reflex | p. 202 |
| Instant Calming Sequence | p. 202 |
| Mindfulness | p. 203 |
| Music and Relaxation | p. 203 |
| Tai Chi | p. 204 |
| Pets and Stress | p. 205 |
| Summary | p. 207 |
| Notes | p. 207 |
| Internet Resources | p. 211 |
| General Applications: Physiological Arousal and Behavior Change Interventions | p. 213 |
| Physiological Arousal Interventions Exercise | p. 214 |
| Exercise and Health | p. 215 |
| Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise | p. 215 |
| Physical Health | p. 216 |
| Psychological Health | p. 217 |
| Can Physical Fitness and Exercise Make You Smarter? | p. 219 |
| The Healthy Way to Exercise | p. 220 |
| Principles of Exercise | p. 221 |
| Intensity, Frequency, and Duration | p. 222 |
| Assessing Your Cardiorespiratory Fitness | p. 222 |
| Starting an Exercise Program | p. 222 |
| How to Exercise | p. 223 |
| Do's and Don'ts | p. 223 |
| Competition and Enjoyment | p. 224 |
| Choosing an Exercise Program | p. 225 |
| Swimming | p. 225 |
| Rope Jumping | p. 226 |
| Bicycling | p. 226 |
| Walking | p. 226 |
| Jogging | p. 227 |
| Aerobic Dance | p. 228 |
| Low-Impact Aerobic Dance | p. 229 |
| Stretching | p. 230 |
| Weight Training | p. 230 |
| Exercise and the Elderly | p. 230 |
| Where to Get More Information | p. 231 |
| Exercise-Keeping It Going | p. 235 |
| Summary | p. 235 |
| Notes | p. 236 |
| Internet Resources | p. 237 |
| Strategies for Decreasing Stressful Behaviors | p. 238 |
| Health and Lifestyle Behaviors | p. 238 |
| Health-Related Behavior Assessment | p. 238 |
| Selected Lifestyle Behaviors | p. 238 |
| Barriers to Action | p. 239 |
| Locus of Control | p. 239 |
| Methods for Decreasing Stressful Behaviors | p. 240 |
| Self-Monitoring | p. 240 |
| Tailoring | p. 240 |
| Material Reinforcement | p. 241 |
| Social Reinforcement | p. 241 |
| Social Support | p. 242 |
| Self-Contracting | p. 242 |
| Contracting with a Significant Other | p. 242 |
| Shaping | p. 243 |
| Reminders | p. 243 |
| Self-Help Groups | p. 243 |
| Professional Help | p. 243 |
| Application of Behavior Change Techniques | p. 244 |
| Example: Exercise | p. 244 |
| Behavior Change Theories and Stress | p. 244 |
| Stages of Change Theory | p. 245 |
| Self-Efficacy Theory | p. 246 |
| The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior | p. 247 |
| Summary | p. 248 |
| Notes | p. 249 |
| Internet Resources | p. 250 |
| Are Your Behaviors Healthy? | p. 251 |
| Are Your Lifestyle Behaviors Healthy? | p. 253 |
| What Are Your Barriers to Behaving Healthfully? | p. 254 |
| How Much Control Do You Have? | p. 255 |
| Diversity and Stress | p. 257 |
| "Minority" Defined | p. 257 |
| Positive Aspects of Minority Status | p. 258 |
| An Introduction to the Descriptions of Problems Paced by Minorities | p. 259 |
| Stressors Challenging Minorities | p. 260 |
| Health Status | p. 261 |
| National Health Objectives and Diversity | p. 262 |
| Infant Mortality | p. 263 |
| Life Expectancy | p. 264 |
| Years of Potential Life Lost | p. 264 |
| High Blood Pressure | p. 264 |
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | p. 265 |
| Cancer | p. 266 |
| Mental Health | p. 266 |
| Poverty and Educational Level | p. 266 |
| Family Life | p. 267 |
| Homelessness | p. 268 |
| Family Structure | p. 268 |
| Age and Physical Disability | p. 269 |
| Elders | p. 269 |
| People with Disabilities | p. 270 |
| Summary | p. 271 |
| Notes | p. 271 |
| Internet Resources | p. 273 |
| Specific Applications | p. 275 |
| Occupational Stress | p. 276 |
| Occupational Stress Cycle | p. 276 |
| What Is Occupational Stress? | p. 277 |
| Why Is Occupational Stress of Concern? | p. 278 |
| Gender and Occupational Stress | p. 282 |
| Disease and Occupational Stress | p. 282 |
| Physiological Effects | p. 283 |
| Disease States | p. 283 |
| Psychological Effects | p. 283 |
| Occupational Stressors | p. 284 |
| Lack of Participation | p. 284 |
| Role Problems | p. 284 |
| Job Dissatisfaction | p. 286 |
| The Work Environment | p. 286 |
| The Workaholic | p. 286 |
| Burnout | p. 289 |
| Women and Work Outside the Home | p. 290 |
| Sexual Harassment at Work | p. 292 |
| Working in the Home | p. 294 |
| Interventions | p. 295 |
| Life-Situation Interventions | p. 295 |
| Perception Interventions | p. 295 |
| Emotional Arousal Interventions | p. 296 |
| Physiological Arousal Interventions | p. 296 |
| Managing Occupational Stress | p. 296 |
| Summary | p. 297 |
| Notes | p. 298 |
| Internet Resources | p. 301 |
| Do You Have Occupational Stress? | p. 303 |
| Are You a Workaholic? | p. 304 |
| Do You Have Burnout or Brownout? | p. 305 |
| Stress and the College Student | p. 307 |
| The Younger College Student | p. 308 |
| Lifestyle Change | p. 308 |
| Grades | p. 309 |
| Course Overload | p. 309 |
| Finances | p. 310 |
| Friendship | p. 311 |
| Love | p. 312 |
| Sex | p. 312 |
| HIV/AIDS | p. 314 |
| Other Sexually Transmitted Infections | p. 316 |
| Date Rape | p. 316 |
| Shyness | p. 317 |
| Jealousy | p. 318 |
| Breakups | p. 318 |
| The Older College Student | p. 318 |
| Career and School | p. 319 |
| Family and School | p. 319 |
| Self-Doubt | p. 319 |
| The Minority College Student | p. 320 |
| Interventions | p. 321 |
| Life-Situation Interventions | p. 321 |
| Perception Interventions | p. 324 |
| Emotional Arousal Interventions | p. 325 |
| Physiological Arousal Interventions | p. 325 |
| Summary | p. 326 |
| Notes | p. 326 |
| Internet Resources | p. 327 |
| How Intimate Are Your Friendships? | p. 329 |
| What Type of Lover Are You? | p. 331 |
| Family Stress | p. 333 |
| The Family | p. 333 |
| Needs Satisfied by the Family | p. 333 |
| The Effective Family | p. 334 |
| The Changing Family | p. 335 |
| Marriage | p. 336 |
| Cohabitation | p. 337 |
| Divorce | p. 337 |
| Single-Parent Families | p. 339 |
| Gay and Lesbian Families | p. 339 |
| Family Stressors | p. 340 |
| The Dual-Career Family | p. 341 |
| Children | p. 341 |
| Family Planning | p. 342 |
| Adoption | p. 343 |
| Mobility | p. 346 |
| Violence: A Family Matter | p. 346 |
| Financial Stressors | p. 348 |
| Other Stressors | p. 349 |
| A Model of Family Stress | p. 350 |
| Interventions | p. 350 |
| Life-Situation Interventions | p. 350 |
| Financial Stress Interventions | p. 353 |
| Perception Interventions | p. 354 |
| Emotional Arousal Interventions | p. 356 |
| Physiological Arousal Interventions | p. 356 |
| Summary | p. 356 |
| Notes | p. 357 |
| Internet Resources | p. 358 |
| Are You Ready for Marriage? | p. 359 |
| How Do You View Abortion? | p. 360 |
| Stress and the Elderly | p. 361 |
| The Elderly: A Description | p. 362 |
| Test of Knowledge About the Elderly | p. 362 |
| Adjustment in the Later Years | p. 363 |
| Erik Erikson: Life Crises | p. 363 |
| Robert Havighurst: Developmental Tasks | p. 363 |
| Positive Change | p. 363 |
| Exercise and the Elderly | p. 364 |
| Retirement | p. 365 |
| Caregiving | p. 366 |
| Death and Dying | p. 368 |
| Death | p. 368 |
| Dying | p. 368 |
| Grief | p. 370 |
| Interventions | p. 371 |
| Life-Situation Interventions | p. 371 |
| Perception Interventions | p. 373 |
| Emotional Arousal Interventions | p. 375 |
| Physiological Arousal Interventions | p. 376 |
| Summary | p. 376 |
| Notes | p. 377 |
| Internet Resources | p. 378 |
| What Are Your Attitudes Toward Death? | p. 379 |
| What Are Your Feelings About Death? | p. 380 |
| Epilogue | p. 381 |
| Appendix | p. A-1 |
| Stress Information Resources | |
| Glossary | p. G-1 |
| Selected Bibliography | p. B-1 |
| Credits | p. C-1 |
| Index | p. I-1 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |