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Community Policing and Problem Solving : Strategies and Practices

ISBN: 9780130814173 | 0130814172
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall (Sd)
Pub. Date: 8/1/1998

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Table of Contents
Prefacexvii(2)
About the Authorsxix(2)
Introduction by Herman Goldsteinxxi
Chapter 1 The Evolution of Policing: Past Wisdom and Future Directions
1... MORE
Introduction
1(1)
Peel's Early Contributions
2(2)
Policing Comes to America
4(11)
Early Beginings
4(4)
Movement toward Reform
8(2)
The Professional Crime Fighter
10(5)
The Changing Wisdom of Policing
15(4)
More Recent Studies of Police Work
15(1)
Viewing "Sacred Cow" Police Methods with Caution
16(2)
Time for a New Approach
18(1)
The Community Problem Solving Era
19(5)
Team Policing, Foot Patrol, and Shattered Myths
19(1)
Principles of the New Model
20(1)
Why the Emergence of Community Problem Solving?
21(1)
Police, Minorities, and Problem Solving
22(2)
SUMMARY
24(1)
NOTES
25(3)
Chapter 2 A Nation in Flux: Changing People, Crime, and Policing
28(21)
Introduction
28(1)
The Changing Face of America
29(4)
Demographics and Jobs: A Bifurcated Society
29(1)
The "Graying" of America: Implications and Concerns
30(3)
The Changing Nature of Crime
33(8)
A Transition to Violence
33(2)
Three Important "Drivers" for Crime
35(1)
The Pains of Youth: Juvenile Offenders and Victims
35(2)
Fear of Crime
37(3)
The Illusion of Punishment as a Deterrent
40(1)
Can Communities Repair Deterioration?
41(1)
Can the Police "Hold the Line"?
42(2)
Lofty Challenges
42(1)
Shortcoming of the Traditional Policing System
43(1)
Attacking Violence
44(2)
SUMMARY
46(1)
NOTES
46(3)
Chapter 3 Attending to the "Customer": Community Oriented Government
49(25)
Introduction
49(1)
Citizens as Clients and Customers
50(5)
Individualism Versus Clienthood
50(1)
Communitarianism and Volunteerism
51(2)
Government's Response
53(2)
Improving Customer Service: Total Quality Management
55(6)
Definition and Rationalization
55(4)
Principal Elements
59(1)
The Deming Cycle
60(1)
Use of Surveys
61(2)
Criminal Justice: Organizations in Need of Attention
63(3)
Wanted: A Different "M.O."
63(1)
Rewarding Failure
64(1)
"Rowing," Not "Steering"
64(1)
Borrowing Ideas from Business
65(1)
Communities as Criminal Justice Partners
66(6)
A Systems Approach
66(1)
Prosecution
66(1)
Defense
67(1)
Courts
67(1)
Corrections
68(1)
Some Illustrations of Customer-Oriented Government
69(2)
Closure
71(1)
SUMMARY
72(1)
NOTES
72(2)
Chapter 4 Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving: "COPPS"
74(41)
Introduction
74(1)
Community Policing
75(8)
Invoking the Berlin Wall
75(1)
Building Partnerships: Organizing the Community
76(2)
Basic Principles
78(1)
Differences between Community Policing and Traditional Policing
79(2)
Community Policing versus Earlier Attempts at Community Engagement
81(2)
Problem Oriented Policing
83(14)
Early Beginnings
83(2)
Basic Principles
85(1)
A Broader Role for the Street Officer
86(1)
Testing Problem Oriented Policing
87(1)
"S.A.R.A.": The Problem Solving Process
88(9)
A Collaborative Approach: "COPPS"
97(3)
Basic Principles
97(1)
A Definition and Illustration
98(2)
The Street Officer as Criminologist
100(7)
Crime Analysis
102(2)
Police Reports
104(1)
Calls for Service Analysis
104(1)
Crime Mapping
105(1)
Surveys
105(2)
Focusing on Crime Prevention
107(4)
Definition and Rationale
107(1)
Situational Prevention
107(3)
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
110(1)
SUMMARY
111(1)
NOTES
111(4)
Chapter 5 Planning and Implementation: Translating Ideas into Action
115(26)
Introduction
115(1)
Strategic Management of Police Resources
116(3)
Managing the Business of Policing
116(1)
From Strategic Planning to Strategic Management
117(1)
Strategic Management Is Not...
118(1)
Assessing Needs and Developing a Plan
119(4)
Environmental Scanning
120(1)
Who Participates in Planning?
120(1)
The Planning Document: A Guide for Implementation
121(2)
Implementing Community Policing and Problem Solving
123(14)
Departmentwide versus Experimental District
123(1)
Principal Components of Successful Implementation
124(9)
General Obstacles
133(4)
Ten Ways to Undermine COPPS
137(2)
SUMMARY
139(1)
NOTES
140(1)
Chapter 6 From Recruit to Chief: Changing the Culture in the Department
141(32)
Introduction
141(1)
Change in Organizations
142(2)
Requirements for Planned Change
144(2)
Radical versus Gradual Change
144(1)
Avoiding the "Bombshell" Technique
145(1)
Changing Organizational Values
145(1)
The Prevailing Police Culture
146(4)
Debilitating Beliefs
146(3)
"We're Too Busy to Change"
149(1)
Ye Olde Management Style
150(2)
The Influence of Police Reform
150(1)
How It Can Be Changed
151(1)
Role of Key Leaders
152(9)
The Chief Executive as Change Agent
152(2)
Middle Managers
154(1)
First-Line Supervisors
155(6)
Role of the Rank-and -File Officers
161(6)
Change Begins with Recruitment
161(4)
Ownership and a "Prescription for Change"
165(2)
Case Studies
167(3)
Hayward, California
167(1)
Temple, Arizona
168(2)
SUMMARY
170(1)
NOTES
170(3)
Chapter 7 Training for COPPS: Approaches and Challenges
173
Introduction
173(1)
Obstacles to Training
174(1)
Resistance to Change and the Need for Lifelong Learning
174(1)
Training Needs Assessment
175(1)
Determining Training Needs
175(1)
From the Beginning: Methods of Imparting Knowledge
175(6)
The Recruit Academy
176(2)
Field Training Officers
178(1)
In-Service
179(1)
Roll Call
179(1)
Specialized Training
180(1)
Instructional Methods and Materials
181(1)
The Training Program
182(16)
Purpose, Objectives, Components
182(11)
Other Considerations
193(5)
Sample Training Programs
198(9)
Savannah, Georgia
198(3)
The State of Wisconsin
201(5)
New York City
206(1)
SUMMARY
207(1)
NOTES
208(2)
Chapter 8 Managing Diversity: Building New Bridges
210(25)
Introduction
210(1)
A Culturally Diverse Society
211(2)
Police and Minorities: A History of Conflict
213(4)
Changing Laws and Civil Unrest
213(2)
The People v.O.J. Simpson: A Legacy
215(1)
Police-Public Views toward Each Other
215(2)
Is the Justice System Racist?
217(5)
Minority Involvement with the System
217(1)
A Source of Tensions: Police Field Tactics
218(2)
RAND Findings
220(2)
Can Police-Minority Relations Be Repaired?
222(1)
Complicating Factors, Possible Solutions
222(1)
What COPPS Can Do
223(3)
Confronting the Issues
224(1)
Understanding Cultural Customs, Differences, Problems
224(2)
Real-World Challenges: Scenarios
226(2)
Developing a Diverse Police Department
228(1)
Recommendations for Police Leadership
229(2)
SUMMARY
231(1)
NOTES
232(3)
Chapter 9 New Strategies for Old Problems: COPPS on the Beat
235(29)
Introduction
235(1)
Drug Violations
236(5)
The Problems
236(1)
Applying the COPPS Approach
236(5)
Gangs
241(3)
The Problem
241(1)
Applying the COPPS Approach
241(2)
Graffiti
243(1)
Special Populations
244(5)
The Mentally Ill, the Homeless, and the Alcoholic Offender
244(1)
"Networking" and Other Strategies
245(2)
Applying the COPPS Approach
247(2)
Domestic Violence
249(2)
The Problem
249(1)
Applying the COPPS Approach
249(2)
Housing Problems and Neighborhood Disorder
251(4)
Case Studies
251(4)
Prostitution
255(3)
The Problem
255(1)
Applying the COPPS Approach
255(3)
Other Selected Problems
258(3)
Cruising
258(1)
Teen Hangouts: Video Arcades
259(1)
False Alarms
260(1)
SUMMARY
261(1)
NOTES
262(2)
Chapter 10 The "Devil's Advocate": Concerns with COPPS
264(26)
Introduction
264(1)
A Review of the Issues
265(10)
Concern #1: Is There a True "Community"?
265(1)
Concern #2: Is This a Proper Role for the Police?
266(2)
Concern #3: Does the Concept Violate the Political Neutrality of the Police?
268(1)
Concern #4: Can COPPS Work When It Cannot Cure the Underlying Societal Problems of Crime and Disorder?
269(1)
Concern #5: Does the Concept Require Too Much Officer Discretion?
269(1)
Concern #6: Is This Just a Faddish, Costly Gimmick?
270(1)
Concern #7: Do Officers Possess the Intellectual Capacity and Temperaments to Sustain the Concept?
271(1)
Concern #8: Can Police Departments Change from Within?
272(1)
Concern #9: Can and Will Adequate Evaluations Be Done?
273(1)
Concern #10: Other Concerns and Problems
274(1)
Responses to the Issues
275(11)
SUMMARY
286(1)
NOTES
286(4)
Chapter 11 Has It Worked? Evaluating COPPS
290(31)
Introduction
290(1)
Rationale for Evaluating COPPS
291(1)
Evaluating Social Interventions: Purposes and Methods
291(2)
Criticisms of Prior Efforts
293(2)
Before Assessing COPPS: Some Pertinent Questions
295(2)
Employing the Proper Criteria
297(5)
The Old versus the New
297(1)
Three General Criteria
298(2)
Evaluation Measures
300(2)
Officer Performance Evaluations
302(5)
COPPS Skills
302(3)
The Rating Scale
305(2)
Use of Surveys
307(8)
Polling the Community
307(3)
Surveying the Environment
310(1)
Surveying Officers
311(3)
Analyzing the Data
314(1)
Case Studies
315(3)
Lawrence, Massachusetts
315(1)
Newport News, Virginia
316(1)
Chicago
317(1)
SUMMARY
318(1)
NOTES
318(3)
Chapter 12 Selected American Approaches
321(28)
Introduction
321(1)
"What Works": COPPS in Action
322(22)
Large Communities
322(9)
Medium-Sized Cities
331(9)
Small Communities
340(4)
Other COPPS Efforts
344(2)
SUMMARY
346(1)
NOTES
346(3)
Chapter 13 In Foreign Venues: COPPS Abroad
349(33)
Introduction
349(1)
A Matter of Mutual Respect
350(1)
Community Policing in Japan
351(3)
The Earliest Comprehensive, Community-Based Approach
351(1)
The Koban
352(2)
Australia's Policing Strategy
354(9)
A Pilot Project in Toowoomba
354(1)
The Adelaide Experience
355(7)
An Experiment in Victoria
362(1)
La Police Communautaire: Canadian COPPS
363(8)
A TQM Emphasis
364(1)
Community Policing: Ideology and Innovation
364(1)
Small Towns viv-a-vis Urban Areas
365(1)
Less Rhetoric, More Evaluation
366(3)
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
369(1)
A POP Model in British Columbia
370(1)
COPPS in Great Britain
371(4)
A Guiding Philosophy
371(1)
The Role of Constables
372(1)
Early Initiatives
372(1)
Contemporary Approaches
374(1)
COPPS in Other Venues
375(3)
New Zealand
375(2)
Scandinavian Countries
377(1)
SUMMARY
378(1)
NOTES
379(3)
Chapter 14 "Peeking Over the Rim": The Future
382(24)
Introduction
382(1)
Learning from the Past
383(1)
Crime Trends and Demographics
384(1)
Leading for the Future
385(2)
Required: A Different Methodology
385(1)
Managing Change
385(1)
Major Internal Changes
386(1)
Reforming the Bureaucratic Model
387(1)
The Sine Qua Non of COPPS: Rank-and-File Officers
387(2)
Essential Ingredients: Recruitment, Training, Flexibility
387(2)
Technology and Information Systems
389(6)
The Technology of COPPS
389(2)
Software for COPPS
391(2)
Information for COPPS
393(2)
Use of the Internet
395(1)
Questions for the Future
395(5)
Other Considerations
398(1)
Police Accreditation
398(1)
Civilianization, Training, Private Police
398(1)
1994 Crime Bill
399(1)
Futuristics
400(1)
SUMMARY
401(1)
Some Concluding Thoughts
402(2)
A Matter of Semantics
402(1)
On Nomadic Chickens and a Bygone Era
403(1)
NOTES
404(2)
Appendix A Problem Solving Case Studies406(12)
I. Car Prowls in Settle406(1)
II. Juvenile Drug Trafficking in Tulsa407(2)
III. Mobile Home Park Problems in Reno, Nevada409(2)
IV. Mall Gang Problems in Lakewood, Colorado411(1)
V. Drugs and Guns on Maple Avenue in San Diego412(2)
VI. Crime and the Homeless in Savannah414(1)
VII. Cleaning Up Queen Village in Philadelphia415(1)
VIII. Canadian Constable Closes the Club416(2)
Appendix B A Community Survey in Fort Collins, Colorado418
Appendix C A Strategic Plan Survey in Portland, Oregon407
Index430

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