Rent 9780072315677 | Communicating Effectively

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Part One Basic Principles of Communication

(158)

The Communication Process

(28)

Everyone Needs Communication Skills

(1)

Communication Is a Process

(7)

A Definition of Communication

(1)

The Elements of Communication

(6)

Communication Is a Transaction

(3)

The Three Principles of Transactional Communication

(3)

Types of Communication

(3)

Intrapersonal Communication

(1)

Interpersonal Communication

(2)

Small-Group Communication

(1)

Public Communication

(1)

Mass Communication

(1)

Intercultural Communication

(3)

Ethical Communication

(1)

Communicating Effectively

(7)

Where to Begin

(2)

Summary

(1)

Questions to Review

(1)

Notes

(1)

Further Reading

(3)

Self and Communication

(32)

Self-Concept

(9)

Reflected Appraisals

(2)

Social Comparisons

(2)

Self-Perception

(1)

Gender, Sex, and Self-Concept

(1)

Psychological Safety and Risk

(2)

Can You Improve Your Self-Concept?

(3)

What Do You Want to Change about Yourself?

(1)

Are Your Circumstances Keeping You from Changing?

(1)

Are You Willing to Take Some Chances?

(1)

What Would Be a Realistic Goal?

(1)

Can You Discipline Yourself?

(1)

Are There People Who Will Support You?

(1)

Can You Be More You-Centered?

(1)

Perception

(3)

The Perceptual Process

(1)

Our Perceptions within Our Culture

(1)

Race, Ethnicity, and Communication

(15)

Communication between Nondominant-and Dominant-Group Members

(6)

The Consequences of Nondominant-and Dominant-Group Communication

(2)

Summary

(1)

Questions to Review

(1)

Notes

(1)

Further Reading

(2)

Listening

(32)

Listening Styles

(2)

Gender and Listening

(1)

Why Do People Have Problems Listening?

(3)

Cognitive Dissonance

(1)

Anxiety

(1)

The Controlling Listener

(1)

The Passive Listener

(1)

Learning to Listen

(1)

The Process of Listening

(4)

Predicting

(1)

Receiving Messages

(1)

Attending

(1)

Assigning Meaning

(1)

Remembering

(1)

Assessing

(1)

Listening for Information: Active Listening

(5)

Identify the Central Idea

(2)

Identify Supporting Material

(1)

Form a Mental Outline

(1)

Predict What Will Come Next

(1)

Relate Points to Your Experience

(1)

Look for Similarities and Differences

(1)

Ask Questions

(1)

Critical Listening

(3)

Determine the Speaker's Motives

(1)

Challenge and Question Ideas

(1)

Distinguish Fact from Opinion

(1)

Recognize Your Own Biases

(1)

Assess the Message

(1)

Empathic Listening

(5)

Listening for Feelings

(1)

Negative Listening Responses

(1)

The Empathic-Listening Response

(3)

Listening for Enjoyment

(6)

Summary

(1)

Questions to Review

(1)

Notes

(1)

Further Reading

(2)

Verbal Communication

(32)

How Words Work

(3)

People Determine Meanings

101

(1)

The Language Environment

102

(6)

People, Purposes, and Rules

102

(2)

Appropriate Language

104

(2)

Specialization

106

(2)

Style, Roles, and Group Memberships

108

(6)

Gender and Language

110

(2)

Dialect

112

(1)

Speaking and Writing

113

(1)

Working on Your Communication

114

(12)

What Do You Want to Say?

114

(2)

How Do You Want to Say It?

116

(3)

To Whom Are You Talking?

119

(2)

What Metamessages Are You Sending?

121

(1)

Summary

122

(1)

Questions to Review

123

(1)

Notes

123

(1)

Further Reading

124

(2)

Nonverbal Communication

126

(33)

The Importance of Nonverbal Communication

128

(1)

Nonverbal Communication as a Transaction

128

(1)

Verbal and Nonverbal Differences

129

(4)

Environment

130

(1)

Feedback

130

(1)

Continuity

130

(1)

Channel

130

(2)

Control

132

(1)

Senses

132

(1)

Structure

132

(1)

Acquisition

132

(1)

How Nonverbal Communication Works

133

(1)

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

133

(3)

Nonverbal Communication Is Culturally Determined

133

(2)

Nonverbal Messages May Conflict with Verbal Messages

135

(1)

Nonverbal Messages Are Largely Unconscious

136

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Shows Your Feelings and Attitudes

136

(1)

Types of Nonverbal Communication

136

(9)

Paralanguage

136

(3)

Body Movement

139

(2)

Eye Messages

141

(1)

Attractiveness

141

(1)

Clothing

142

(3)

Body Adornment

145

(1)

Space and Distance

145

(8)

Distance Zones

146

(2)

Space/Distance as an Indicator of Intimacy

148

(1)

Space/Distance as an Indicator of Status

149

(1)

Touch

150

(1)

Time

151

(2)

Improving Your Nonverbal Communication

153

(6)

How Do People React to You?

153

(1)

What Can Videotape Show You about Your Nonverbal Communication?

153

(1)

Is Your Nonverbal Communication Appropriate to the Role You Are Playing?

154

(1)

How Do You Use Your Space?

154

(1)

How Do You Use Time?

155

(1)

Summary

155

(1)

Questions to Review

155

(1)

Notes

156

(1)

Further Reading

157

(2)

Part Two Interpersonal Communication

159

(130)

Interpersonal Relationships

160

(38)

Emotional Intelligence

163

(4)

Being Self-Aware

163

(1)

Managing Emotions

164

(1)

Motivating Yourself

164

(1)

Recognizing Emotions in Others

165

(1)

Handling Relationships

165

(2)

Attraction to Others

167

(3)

Physical Attraction

167

(1)

Perceived Gain

168

(1)

Similarities

169

(1)

Differences

170

(1)

Proximity

170

(1)

Motives for Interpersonal Communication

170

(4)

Pleasure

171

(1)

Affection

171

(1)

Inclusion

171

(1)

Escape

171

(1)

Relaxation

172

(1)

Control

172

(2)

Talking to Each Other

174

(4)

Roles, Relationships, and Communication

174

(1)

Beginning Conversations: The Art of Small Talk

175

(1)

Verbal Approaches in Promoting or Avoiding Relationships

176

(1)

Aggressive Talk: Words You Shouldn't Say

177

(1)

Regrettable Talk: Words You Wish You Hadn't Said

177

(1)

Self-Disclosure: Important Talk

178

(6)

The Importance of Self-Disclosure

179

(1)

The Process of Self-Disclosure

180

(2)

Self-Disclosure and Intimacy: Rewards and Fears

182

(1)

When Should Self-Disclosure Occur?

183

(1)

Family Communication

184

(14)

The Systems Theory of Family

185

(1)

Intimacy in Couples and Families

186

(2)

Happily Married Couples

188

(1)

The Communication of Intimacy

188

(1)

Communication between Parents and Children

189

(1)

Stepfamilies

190

(1)

Quality Communication in a Family

191

(2)

Subjects Better Left Unsaid in Families

193

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

Questions to Review

194

(1)

Notes

194

(1)

Further Reading

195

(3)

Evaluating and Improving Relationships

198

(40)

The Stages of a Relationship

200

(12)

Coming Together

201

(5)

Coming Apart

206

(6)

Essential Elements of Good Relationships

212

(1)

Commitment

212

(1)

Dialogue

212

(1)

Evaluating Your Relationships

213

(4)

Roles and Expectations

213

(2)

Renegotiating Roles

215

(1)

Costs and Rewards

216

(1)

Communication Problems in Relationships

217

(8)

Criticism and Complaints

217

(3)

Avoidance

220

(1)

Aggression

221

(1)

Defensive Communication

221

(4)

Avoiding Defensive Communication: A Practical Example

225

(2)

Communication Solutions in Relationships

227

(2)

Empathic Listening

227

(1)

I/You Messages

228

(1)

Assertiveness

228

(1)

Resolving Conflict

229

(3)

Relationships That Work

232

(6)

Summary

233

(1)

Questions to Review

234

(1)

Notes

234

(1)

Further Reading

235

(3)

Communicating at Work

238

(51)

The Information Interview

242

(13)

Preparing for the Interview

244

(10)

Conducting the Interview

254

(1)

Analyzing the Interview

255

(1)

Information Interviews as Precursors to Job Interviews

255

(4)

The Employment Interview

259

(18)

Evaluating the Job Description

259

(1)

Preparing a Resume

259

(6)

Cover Letters

265

(1)

The Interview

266

(11)

The Follow-Up Letter

277

(1)

Presentations

277

(12)

Thorough Preparation

279

(1)

Natural Delivery

279

(4)

Effective Visuals

283

(1)

Summary

283

(1)

Questions to Review

284

(1)

Notes

284

(1)

Further Reading

285

(4)

Part Three Communicating in Groups

289

(60)

Small Groups: Characteristics

290

(28)

Why Discuss?

294

(2)

Characteristics of Small Groups

296

(6)

Cultural Values

296

(1)

Group Norms

296

(1)

Group Rules

297

(1)

Types of Groups

298

(4)

Small-Group Effectiveness

302

(5)

Workable Size

302

(1)

An Appropriate Meeting Place

303

(1)

Suitable Seating Arrangements

303

(1)

Cohesiveness and Commitment

304

(1)

Groupthink

305

(2)

Discussion in Groups

307

(11)

Choosing a Topic

308

(1)

Identifying the Problem

309

(1)

Analyzing the Problem

310

(5)

Summary

315

(1)

Questions to Review

315

(1)

Notes

315

(1)

Further Reading

316

(2)

Group Leadership, Participation, and Conflict Management

318

(31)

Functional Leadership

321

(2)

What Is a Leader?

323

(1)

How Leaders Influence Followers

323

(1)

Reward Power

323

(1)

Coercive Power

323

(1)

Legitimate Power

323

(1)

Expert Power

324

(1)

Referent Power

324

(1)

How People Become Leaders

324

(2)

Personality Traits

325

(1)

Situational Factors

325

(1)

Leadership Styles

326

(4)

The Authoritarian Leader

326

(2)

The Democratic Leader

328

(1)

The Laissez-Faire Leader

329

(1)

Leading the Group

330

(5)

Neutrality and Objectivity

330

(1)

Establishing Procedures

331

(1)

Helping the Group to Progress

332

(1)

Raising Questions

333

(1)

Focusing on Answers

333

(1)

Delegating Responsibility

334

(1)

Encouraging Social Interaction

334

(1)

Participating in Group Discussion

335

(4)

Roles in Discussion

335

(4)

Conflict in Groups

339

(10)

The Value of Substantive Conflict

340

(1)

Managing Group Conflict

341

(1)

Evaluating Group Performance

342

(2)

Summary

344

(1)

Questions to Review

345

(1)

Notes

345

(1)

Further Reading

346

(3)

Part Four Communicating in Public

349

(252)

Getting Started

350

(36)

Selecting a Topic

354

(7)

Making a Personal Inventory

355

(3)

Brainstorming

358

(3)

Narrowing the Topic

361

(3)

Testing the Topic

364

(1)

Appropriate for the Audience?

364

(1)

Appropriate for You?

364

(1)

Appropriate for the Occasion?

365

(1)

Selecting a Purpose

365

(6)

The General Purpose

366

(1)

The Specific Purpose

367

(1)

The Central Idea

368

(3)

Analyzing the Audience

371

(9)

The Role of the Speaker

371

(1)

Audience Knowledge

372

(1)

Audience Interest

373

(1)

Audience Attitudes and Beliefs

373

(2)

Audience Demographics

375

(5)

Analyzing the Occasion

380

(6)

Length of the Speech

380

(1)

Time of Day

380

(1)

Physical Setting of the Speech

380

(2)

Summary

382

(1)

Questions to Review

382

(1)

Notes

383

(1)

Further Reading

383

(3)

Finding Speech Material

386

(48)

Researching Your Topic: Where to Look

392

(28)

Drawing on Personal Experience and Observation

393

(1)

Researching on the Internet

393

(8)

Interviewing

401

(1)

Using the Library

401

(19)

Supporting Material: What to Look For

420

(9)

Comparison

422

(1)

Contrast

423

(1)

Definition

424

(1)

Examples

424

(2)

Statistics

426

(2)

Testimony

428

(1)

Polls

429

(1)

Studies

429

(1)

Adapting Supporting Material to Your Audience

429

(5)

Summary

431

(1)

Questions to Review

431

(1)

Notes

432

(1)

Further Reading

433

(1)

Organizing and Outlining the Speech

434

(40)

Principles of Organization

439

(2)

Relate Points to Your Specific Purpose and Central Idea

439

(1)

Distinguish between Main and Minor Points

440

(1)

Phrase All Points in Full Sentences

440

(1)

Give All Points a Parallel Structure

440

(1)

Patterns of Organization

441

(9)

Time Order

442

(1)

Spatial Order

443

(1)

Cause-and-Effect Order

444

(2)

Problem-Solution Order

446

(1)

Motivated Sequence

447

(2)

Topical Order

449

(1)

The Speech Introduction

450

(8)

Stating Your Purpose, Central Idea, and Main Points

451

(1)

Getting Attention

452

(1)

Use Some Humor

452

(1)

Use An Example

453

(1)

Refer to the Occasion

453

(1)

Show the Importance of the Subject

454

(1)

Use Startling Information

454

(1)

Use Questions

455

(1)

Use Personal Examples

455

(1)

Use a Quotation

456

(2)

Additional Tips for Introductions

458

(1)

The Speech Conclusion

458

(2)

Summarize Your Main Ideas

459

(1)

Use a Quotation

459

(1)

Inspire Your Audience to Action

459

(1)

Additional Tips for Conclusions

460

(1)

Speech Transitions

460

(1)

Tips for Transitions

461

(1)

Preparing an Outline

461

(2)

The Outline Format

461

(1)

Full-Sentence and Key-Word Outlines

462

(1)

The Bibliography

463

(11)

Summary

471

(1)

Questions to Review

471

(1)

Notes

472

(1)

Further Reading

473

(1)

Delivering the Speech

474

(44)

Characteristics of Good Delivery

477

(4)

Attentiveness

478

(1)

Immediacy

478

(1)

Directness

479

(1)

Conversational Quality

480

(1)

Types of Delivery

481

(5)

Impromptu Speaking

481

(1)

Speaking from a Manuscript

482

(1)

Speaking from Memory

483

(1)

Extemporaneous Speaking

484

(2)

How You Look

486

(4)

Appearance

486

(1)

Body Language

487

(1)

Eye Contact

487

(1)

Facial Expression

488

(1)

Gestures

489

(1)

Posture

489

(1)

How You Sound

490

(4)

Volume

490

(1)

Using a Microphone

491

(1)

Pace

491

(1)

Pitch and Inflection

491

(1)

Enunciation

492

(2)

Using Visual Support

494

(12)

Types of Visual Support

494

(10)

Rules for Using Visual Support

504

(2)

Controlling Nervousness

506

(3)

Practicing Your Speech

509

(9)

Preparing Your Speech

509

(1)

Trying Out Your Speech

510

(1)

Practicing Actual Delivery

510

(4)

Summary

514

(1)

Questions to Review

514

(1)

Notes

515

(1)

Further Reading

515

(3)

The Informative Speech

518

(34)

Goals of an Informative Speaker

521

(3)

Getting Attention

522

(1)

Increasing Understanding

522

(2)

Helping Retention

524

(1)

Strategies for Informative Speeches

524

(28)

Defining

525

(4)

Describing

529

(2)

Explaining

531

(1)

Using Numbers

531

(2)

Connecting the Known with the Unknown

533

(1)

Repeating and Reinforcing Ideas

534

(1)

Arousing Interest in Your Topic

534

(4)

Getting Listeners Involved

538

(11)

Summary

549

(1)

Questions to Review

549

(1)

Notes

549

(1)

Further Reading

550

(2)

The Persuasive Speech

552

(49)

Persuasion and the Communication Model

555

(1)

What Is Persuasion, and What Is Its Purpose?

556

(2)

Values, beliefs, and Attitudes

558

(4)

Values

558

(2)

Beliefs

560

(1)

Attitudes

561

(1)

Why Persuasion Is Difficult

562

(3)

Strategies of Persuasion

565

(13)

Determine Your Purpose

565

(1)

Analyze Your Audience

566

(1)

Appeal to Your Audience Using Logic

567

(4)

Appeal to Your Audience Using Emotion

571

(7)

Structure Your Material Effectively

578

(5)

Questions of Fact, Value, and Policy

579

(1)

One-Sided versus Two-Sided Arguments

580

(1)

Order of Presentation

580

(3)

Build Your Credibility

583

(18)

Expertise

583

(2)

Dynamism

585

(1)

Trustworthiness

586

(1)

Ethics

586

(11)

Summary

597

(1)

Questions to Review

597

(1)

Notes

598

(1)

Further Reading

599

(2)

Appendix

601

(28)

Mass Communication and Media Literacy

601

(2)

What Is Media Literacy?

603

(3)

How Do the Media Relate to the Communication Model?

606

(2)

Why Study Media Literacy?

608

(7)

The Media Provide Instant News

608

(1)

The Media Shape Culture

609

(1)

The Media Shape Attitudes

610

(2)

The Media Influence Behavior

612

(2)

The Media Connect Us with the Global Community

614

(1)

The Media Promote Responsible Citizenship

614

(1)

The Media Create Productive Workers

615

(1)

How Does Assessment Relate to the Media?

615

(2)

How Should One Assess the Media?

617

(6)

Evaluating Information

617

(1)

Assessing Information on Television and in the Newspapers

618

(1)

Assessing Information on the Internet

619

(4)

How Do Ethics Relate to the Media?

623

(6)

Summary

624

(1)

Questions to Review

625

(1)

Notes

626

(1)

Further Reading

627

(2)

Glossary

629

(8)

Illustration Credits

637

(2)

Index

639

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