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Cognition

by: Willingham, Daniel T.

Cognition

by: Willingham, Daniel T.

ISBN 13:
9780130286994
ISBN 10:
0130286990
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2001
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Summary

For undergraduate courses in Introductory Cognitive Psychology. Using an interesting, lively approach that assumes no prior knowledge of cognitive psychology, this highly readable text offers comprehensive coverage of classic cognitive psychology and up-to-the-minute coverage of controversies in the field.

Preface

The Approach of Cognitive Psychology

(53)

Why Make Assumptions?

(3)

How Did Philosophers and Early Psychologists Study the Mind?

(15)

Philosophical Underpinnings

(7)

The Beginnings of Modern Psychology

(2)

The Response: Behaviorism

(2)

Behaviorism's Success

(4)

How Do Cognitive Psychologists Study the Mind?

(15)

What Behaviorism Couldn't Do

(2)

Failures of Behaviorism to Account for Human Behavior

(3)

The Computer Metaphor and Information Processing

(2)

The Behaviorist Response

(1)

Abstract Constructs in Other Fields

(3)

So What, Finally, Is the Cognitive Perspective?

(4)

Interlude: The Brain

(2)

Where Is the Damage?

(3)

Where Is the Activation?

(3)

The Behavioral Side of the Equation

(2)

Lesion Studies

(1)

Imaging Studies

(1)

Problems and Limitations

(2)

Cognitive Neuropsychology

(1)

The Five-Minute Brain Anatomy Lesson

(5)

Visual Perception

(46)

What Makes Visual Perception Hard?

(4)

Is Face Perception Special?

(2)

How Are These Ambiguities Resolved?

(21)

Shape

(2)

Brightness Perception

(4)

Distance and Size

(6)

Top-Down Influences in Vision

(3)

An Alternative Point of View: The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception

(5)

What Is Visual Perception For?

(13)

Identifying Objects

(1)

Older Theories

(7)

Navigation

(4)

Functional Imaging Evidence Bearing on the Representation of Space in the Temporal Lobe

(4)

Attention

100

(45)

In What Way Is Attention Limited?

103

(18)

Parallel Performance

104

(2)

Changes in Task Performance

106

(3)

Consistent Attention Requirements

109

(4)

Summary of Difficulties

113

(1)

Allocation of Attention

114

(1)

Reduction in Attention Demands with Practice: Automaticity

115

(6)

What Is the Fate of Sensory Stimuli That Are Not Selected to Receive Attention?

121

(10)

Early Filter Theories

123

(1)

Late Filter Theories

124

(3)

Movable Filter

127

(1)

What Is Selected?

128

(3)

Neural Evidence for Selection of Objects by Attention

131

(4)

How Does Selection Operate?

132

(3)

Why Does Selection Fail?

135

(6)

Stimuli That Capture Attention

136

(1)

Feature Singletons

137

(1)

Ironic Process of Mental Control

138

(2)

Maintaining Attention: Vigilance

140

(1)

Vigilance and Laterality

141

(4)

Sensory Memory and Primary Memory

145

(47)

What Is Sensory Memory?

147

(13)

Early Span of Apprehension Studies

148

(1)

Sperling's Partial Report Procedure

149

(5)

Further Work

154

(3)

What Is Iconic Memory For?

157

(2)

Echoic Memory

159

(1)

Tracking Auditory Sensory Memory

160

(4)

What Are the Characteristics of Primary Memory?

164

(12)

Impetus to Study Primary Memory

164

(2)

How Forgetting Occurs

166

(4)

Representation

170

(2)

Capacity

172

(4)

How Does Primary Memory Work?

176

(3)

Models of Primary Memory

177

(1)

Working Memory

178

(1)

The Neural Basis of Working Memory

179

(3)

The Loss of the Phonological Store

182

(10)

Primary Memory Contributions to Secondary Memory Tasks

185

(2)

Working Memory as a Workspace

187

(5)

Memory Encoding

192

(43)

What Determines What We Encode in Memory?

194

(3)

Factor 1: Emotion Engendered by the Material

194

(3)

Emotional Processing and Recall of Emotional Information

197

(15)

Factor 2: Repetition of the Material

200

(2)

Factor 3: Depth, or Thinking About the Meaning of the Material

202

(3)

Factor 4: Effort to Learn the Material

205

(1)

Interim Summary

206

(1)

Depth and Elaboration

207

(2)

Problems with the Levels of Processing Theory

209

(1)

Match Between Encoding and Retrieval: Transfer Appropriate Processing

209

(3)

What Is Remembered, What Is Forgotten?

212

(4)

Match Between Encoding and Retrieval: Physical Environment

213

(2)

Conclusion

215

(1)

Why Do We Encode Things as We Do?

216

(9)

Prior Knowledge Reduces What You Have to Remember

218

(1)

Prior Knowledge Guides Your Interpretation of Details

219

(3)

Prior Knowledge Makes Unusual Things Stand Out

222

(3)

What Happens After We Encode Something?

225

(5)

Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia

225

(2)

Proving That There Is a Temporal Gradient

227

(3)

Direct Evidence of Changes in Memory Across Time

230

(5)

Consolidation

231

(2)

What Does Consolidation Mean for Memory?

233

(2)

Memory Retrieval

235

(44)

How Come Sometimes We Can Retrieve a Memory and Other Times We Can't Retrieve the Same Memory?

236

(16)

Measures of Memory

237

(3)

Sensitivity of Memory Measures

240

(3)

Differences in Cues

243

(2)

Encoding and Retrieval Redux

245

(2)

Retrieval Cues and Memory Test Sensitivity

247

(5)

The Frontal Lobe and Memory Retrieval

252

(4)

Retrieval and Prior Knowledge

253

(3)

Functional Imaging Studies of the Frontal Lobe and Memory

256

(3)

Mnemonics: A Framework for Retrieval

257

(2)

Why Do We Forget?

259

(20)

Decay Theory

259

(2)

Interference Theory

261

(4)

The Permanence of Memory

265

(6)

Forgetting Caused by Repression

271

(8)

Memory Storage

279

(54)

What Is in the Storehouse?

280

(16)

The Classical View

282

(2)

Typicality Effects

284

(3)

Category Hierarchy

287

(3)

Prototypes

290

(2)

Exemplar Models

292

(3)

Problems with Similarity Models

295

(1)

Functional Imaging Evidence on the Difference Between Rule Application and Similarity Judgments in Categorization

296

(4)

Summary

299

(1)

How Is Memory Organized?

300

(14)

Addressing System

300

(1)

Content-Addressable Storage

301

(2)

Hierarchical Theory

303

(2)

Spreading Activation Theories

305

(2)

Spreading Activation Models: An Example

307

(2)

Evidence of Activation

309

(2)

Criticisms of Spreading Activation

311

(1)

Distributed Representation (Parallel Distributed Processing)

311

(3)

How Are Concepts Organized in the Brain?

314

(3)

Criticisms of Parallel Distributed Processing Models

316

(1)

What Else Is in Memory?

317

(5)

What Are Separate Memory Systems?

318

(1)

Procedural and Declarative Memory

318

(4)

Functional Imaging Evidence of Procedural/Declarative Memory

322

(11)

Support from Studies with Control Participants

325

(4)

Criticism of the Multiple-System Approach

329

(2)

Coda

331

(2)

Visual Imagery

333

(49)

What Purpose Does Visual Imagery Serve?

335

(9)

Imagery in Early Psychology

336

(1)

Imagery Reenters Psychology

336

(7)

Imagery and Perception

343

(1)

The Overlap of Imagery and Perceptual Processes

344

(5)

Are Visual Images Supported by a Separate Representation System?

349

(11)

The Role of Introspection: Imagery as an Epiphenomenon

350

(1)

The Metaphor Is Misleading

351

(1)

Demand Characteristics and Tacit Knowledge

351

(1)

Propositional Versus Analog Representation

352

(3)

Imagery Theorists Fight Back

355

(5)

The Visual Angle of the Mind's Eye and Available Cortex

360

(4)

How Does Visual Imagery Work?

364

(14)

Image Generation

364

(6)

Image Inspection

370

(4)

Image Transformation

374

(4)

Direct Evidence for Smooth Rotation

378

(4)

Decision Making and Deductive Reasoning

382

(54)

Do People Consistently Make Optimal Decisions?

384

(9)

Normative or Rational Models

384

(3)

Demonstrations of Human Irrationality

387

(6)

What Shortcuts Do People Use to Make Decisions?

393

(9)

Representativeness

393

(1)

Availability

394

(2)

Anchoring and Adjustment

396

(1)

Information That We Ignore

397

(5)

Decision Making and Emotion: The Somatic Marker Hypothesis

402

(7)

Summary

403

(1)

Alternative Concepts of Optimality

404

(5)

Do People Reason Logically?

409

(27)

Formal Logic

410

(2)

Are Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Supported by Different Brain Structures?

412

(4)

Human Success and Failure in Reasoning: Conditional Statements

416

(5)

Human Success and Failure in Reasoning: Syllogisms

421

(3)

General Models of Reasoning

424

(7)

Rational Analysis Models

431

(1)

Mental Models, Spatial Reasoning, and Brain Imaging

432

(2)

Summary

434

(2)

Problem Solving

436

(49)

How Do You Solve a Problem if You Have Had No Experience With Similar Problems?

438

(10)

Problem Spaces

438

(10)

What Do You Do When You Have Knowledge That Seems to Apply to a Problem but No Experience with the Specific Problem?

448

(2)

How Background Knowledge Helps

448

(2)

Using Background Knowledge: The Role of the Frontal Lobe

450

(20)

Thinking About the Relationships Between Objects in a Problem: Analogy

452

(5)

Thinking About the Attributes of Individual Objects in a Problem: Functional Fixedness

457

(13)

What Makes People Good at Solving Problems?

470

(8)

How Do Experts Differ From Novices?

470

(3)

How Do You Get to Be an Expert?

473

(3)

What Makes Nonexperts Good at Solving Problems?

476

(2)

Functional Imaging of Problem Solving and Working Memory

478

(7)

Language

485

(52)

What Is Language, and What Makes Language Processing Difficult?

487

(12)

What Is Language?

488

(5)

Grammar

493

(6)

How Are Ambiguities Resolved?

499

(7)

Words

502

(4)

Functional Imaging of Single Word Processing

506

(6)

Sentences

509

(7)

Texts

516

Functional Activation of Syntactic Processing

512

(12)

How Are Language and Thought Related?

524

(13)

Ape Language

525

(4)

Language and Thought

529

(8)

Appendix

537

(3)

Answers to Questions

540

(16)

Glossary

556

(12)

References

568

(22)

Credits

590

(4)

Author Index

594

(7)

Subject Index

601

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Cognition

Cognition

9780130286994

0130286990

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Cognition

Cognition

9780130286994

0130286990

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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