1 Occurrence and Resources 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Origin of Coal 8

1.3 Occurrence 12

1.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 14

1.5 Resources 23

1.6 Reserves 27

References 34

2 Classification 37

2.1 Introduction 37

2.2 Classification Systems 40

2.3 Coal Petrography 58

2.4 Correlation of the Various Systems 63

References 67

3 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 69

3.1 Introduction 69

3.2 Coal Recovery 71

3.3 Coal Preparation 79

3.4 Size Reduction 92

3.5 Coal Cleaning 98

3.6 Coal Drying 106

3.7 Desulfurization 113

3.8 Transportation 115

References 121

4 Storage 127

4.1 Introduction 127

4.2 Oxidation and Spontaneous Ignition 129

4.3 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 140

4.4 Stockpiling 144

4.5 Effect of Storage 149

4.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 151

References 153

5 General Properties 159

5.1 Introduction 159

5.2 Sampling 164

5.3 Proximate Analysis 171

5.4 Ultimate Analysis 187

5.5 Calorific Value 195

5.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 198

References 204

6 Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties 211

6.1 Introduction 211

6.2 Physical Properties 215

6.3 Mechanical Properties 225

6.4 Thermal Properties 234

6.5 Epilogue 245

References 245

7 Combustion 251

7.1 Introduction 251

7.2 General Aspects 255

7.3 Chemistry and Physics 258

7.4 Catalytic Combustion 279

7.5 Fuels 280

References 307

8 Combustion Systems 315

8.1 Introduction 315

8.2 Combustion Systems 319

8.3 Fuel Feeders 352

References 353

9 Gasification 355

9.1 Introduction 355

9.2 General Aspects 358

9.3 Chemistry and Physics 364

9.4 Catalytic Gasification 371

9.5 Plasma Gasification 373

9.6 Gasification Systems 374

9.7 Gaseous Products 383

9.8 Gasification of Coal with Biomass and Waste 390

9.9 Underground Gasification 397

References 401

10 Gasification Systems 407

10.1 Introduction 407

10.2 Fixed-Bed Processes 409

10.3 Fluidized-Bed Processes 416

10.4 Entrained-Bed Processes 429

10.5 Molten Salt Processes 434

10.6 Underground Gasification 437

References 442

11 Electric Power Generation 445

11.1 Introduction 445

11.2 Electricity From Coal 448

11.3 Steam Generation 452

11.4 Control of Emissions 461

References 474

12 Gas Cleaning 477

12.1 Introdution 477

12.2 Environmental Legislation 482

12.3 General Aspects 485

12.4 Air Pollution Control Devices 490

12.5 Particulate Matter Removal 493

12.6 Acid Gas Removal 505

12.7 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 511

12.8 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 515

References 517

13 Environmental Aspects of Power Generation 521

13.1 Introduction 521

13.2 Coal Preparation 525

13.3 Transportation and Storage 529

13.4 Combustion 532

13.5 Gasification 540

13.6 Power Plant Waste 547

13.7 The Future 571

References 575

14 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 579

14.1 Introduction 579

14.2 Historical Perspectives 588

14.3 Modern Perspectives 590

14.4 Clean Coal Technology 593

14.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 624

14.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 626

References 637

15 Coal and Energy Security 645

15.1 Introduction 645

15.2 Energy Security 649

15.3 National Energy Plan and Coal Utilization 656

15.4 Electric Power Generation 659

15.5 Hydrogen from Coal 661

15.6 Energy Security and Sustainable Development 664

References 673

Glossary 675

Common Conversion Factors Used in Coal Technology 723

Index 727

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