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C++ HOW TO PROGRAM, 8/e

by: DEITEL & DEITEL

C++ HOW TO PROGRAM, 8/e

by: DEITEL & DEITEL

ISBN 13:
9780132662369
ISBN 10:
0132662361
Edition: 8th
Format: Package
Copyright: 01/01/2012
Publisher: PEARSON
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C++ HOW TO PROGRAM, 8/e > ISBN13: 9780132662369

Summary

For Introduction to Programming (CS1) and other more intermediate courses covering programming in C++. Also appropriate as a supplement for upper-level courses where the instructor uses a book as a reference for the C++ language.

This best-selling comprehensive text is aimed at readers with little or no programming experience. It teaches programming by presenting the concepts in the context of full working programs and takes an early-objects approach. The authors emphasize achieving program clarity through structured and object-oriented programming, software reuse and component-oriented software construction.

The Eighth Edition encourages students to connect computers to the community, using the Internet to solve problems and make a difference in our world. All content has been carefully fine-tuned in response to a team of distinguished academic and industry reviewers.

Author Biography

Paul J. Deitel, CEO and Chief Technical Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., is a graduate of MIT’s Sloan School of Management, where he studied Information Technology. He holds the Java Certified Programmer and Java Certified Developer certifications, and has been designated by Sun Microsystems as a Java Champion. Through Deitel & Associates, Inc., he has delivered Java, C, C++, C# and Visual Basic courses to industry clients, including IBM, Sun Microsystems, Dell, Lucent Technologies, Fidelity, NASA at the Kennedy Space Center, the National Severe Storm Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, Rogue Wave Software, Boeing, Stratus, Cambridge Technology Partners, Open Environment Corporation, One Wave, Hyperion Software, Adra Systems, Entergy, CableData Systems, Nortel Networks, Puma, iRobot, Invensys and many more. He has also lectured on Java and C++ for the Boston Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery. He and his father, Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, are the world’s best-selling programming language textbook authors.

Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, Chairman and Chief Strategy Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., has 45 years of academic and industry experience in the computer field. Dr. Deitel earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from the MIT and a Ph.D. from Boston University. He has 20 years of college teaching experience, including earning tenure and serving as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department at Boston College before founding Deitel & Associates, Inc., with his son, Paul J. Deitel. He and Paul are the co-authors of several dozen books and multimedia packages and they are writing many more. With translations published in Japanese, German, Russian, Spanish, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Korean, French, Polish, Italian, Portuguese, Greek, Urdu and Turkish, the Deitels’ texts have earned international recognition. Dr. Deitel has delivered hundreds of professional seminars to major corporations, academic institutions, government organizations and the military.

Preface xxi

1 Introduction to Computers and C++ 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Computers: Hardware and Software 5

1.3 Data Hierarchy 6

1.4 Computer Organization 7

1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 9

1.6 Introduction to Object Technology 10

1.7 Operating Systems 13

1.8 Programming Languages 15

1.9 C++ and a Typical C++ Development Environment 17

1.10 Test-Driving a C++ Application 21

1.11 Web 2.0: Going Social 27

1.12 Software Technologies 29

1.13 Future of C++: TR1, the New C++ Standard and the Open Source Boost Libraries 31

1.14 Keeping Up-to-Date with Information Technologies 32

1.15 Wrap-Up 32

2 Introduction to C++ Programming 37

2.1 Introduction 38

2.2 First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text 38

2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program 42

2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers 43

2.5 Memory Concepts 47

2.6 Arithmetic 48

2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 51

2.8 Wrap-Up 55

3 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings 64

3.1 Introduction 65

3.2 Defining a Class with a Member Function 65

3.3 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 68

3.4 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions 71

3.5 Initializing Objects with Constructors 77

3.6 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 81

3.7 Separating Interface from Implementation 84

3.8 Validating Data with set Functions 90

3.9 Wrap-Up 95

4 Control Statements: Part1 101

4.1 Introduction 102

4.2 Algorithms 102

4.3 Pseudocode 103

4.4 Control Structures 104

4.5 if Selection Statement 107

4.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 108

4.7 while Repetition Statement 113

4.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 114

4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 120

4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 130

4.11 Assignment Operators 134

4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 135

4.13 Wrap-Up 138

5 Control Statements: Part2 152

5.1 Introduction 153

5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 153

5.3 for Repetition Statement 155

5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 158

5.5 do…while Repetition Statement 162

5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 164

5.7 break and continue Statements 173

5.8 Logical Operators 174

5.9 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 179

5.10 Structured Programming Summary 180

5.11 Wrap-Up 185

6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 194

6.1 Introduction 195

6.2 Program Components in C++ 196

6.3 Math Library Functions 197

6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 198

6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 203

6.6 C++ Standard Library Headers 205

6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation 207

6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum 212

6.9 Storage Classes 215

6.10 Scope Rules 218

6.11 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 221

6.12 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists 225

6.13 Inline Functions 225

6.14 References and Reference Parameters 227

6.15 Default Arguments 231

6.16 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 232

6.17 Function Overloading 234

6.18 Function Templates 236

6.19 Recursion 239

6.20 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 242

6.21 Recursion vs. Iteration 245

6.22 Wrap-Up 248

7 Arrays and Vectors 267

7.1 Introduction 268

7.2 Arrays 269

7.3 Declaring Arrays 270

7.4 Examples Using Arrays 271

7.4.1 Declaring an Array and Using a Loop to Initialize the Array’s Elements 271

7.4.2 Initializing an Array in a Declaration with an Initializer List 272

7.4.3 Specifying an Array’s Size with a Constant Variable and Setting Array Elements with Calculations 273

7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 275

7.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically 276

7.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 277

7.4.7 Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results 278

7.4.8 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays 281

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 283

7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 287

7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search 293

7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort 294

7.9 Multidimensional Arrays 297

7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array 300

7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 307

7.12 Wrap-Up 313

8 Pointers 330

8.1 Introduction 331

8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 331

8.3 Pointer Operators 332

8.4 Pass-by-Reference with Pointers 335

8.5 Using const with Pointers 339

8.6 Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 343

8.7 sizeof Operator 347

8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 349

8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays 352

8.10 Pointer-Based String Processing 354

8.11 Arrays of Pointers 357

8.12 Function Pointers 358

8.13 Wrap-Up 361

9 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part1 379

9.1 Introduction 380

9.2 Time Class Case Study 381

9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 388

9.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 389

9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 390

9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 393

9.7 Destructors 398

9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 399

9.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap–Returning a Reference to a private Data Member 402

9.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 405

9.11 Wrap-Up 407

10 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part2 414

10.1 Introduction 415

10.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 415

10.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 423

10.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 429

10.5 Using the this Pointer 431

10.6 static Class Members 436

10.7 Proxy Classes 441

10.8 Wrap-Up 445

11 Operator Overloading; Class string 451

11.1 Introduction 452

11.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string 453

11.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 456

11.4 Overloading Binary Operators 457

11.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 458

11.6 Overloading Unary Operators 462

11.7 Overloading the Unary Prefix and Postfix ++ and -- Operators 463

11.8 Case Study: A Date Class 464

11.9 Dynamic Memory Management 469

11.10 Case Study: Array Class 471

11.10.1 Using the Array Class 472

11.10.2 Array Class Definition 475

11.11 Operators as Member Functions vs. Non-Member Functions 483

11.12 Converting between Types 483

11.13 explicit Constructors 485

11.14 Building a String Class 487

11.15 Wrap-Up 488

12 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 499

12.1 Introduction 500

12.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 500

12.3 protected Members 503

12.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 503

12.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 504

12.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance 508

12.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 514

12.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data 519

12.4.5 CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data 522

12.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 527

12.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 527

12.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 528

12.8 Wrap-Up 529

13 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 534

13.1 Introduction 535

13.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game 536

13.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 536

13.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 537

13.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 540

13.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 541

13.3.4 Virtual Functions 543

13.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 549

13.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 549

13.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 551

13.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 552

13.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 556

13.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 558

13.6.4 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 560

13.6.5 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 562

13.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood” 566

13.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 569

13.9 Virtual Destructors 573

13.10 Wrap-Up 573

14 Templates 579

14.1 Introduction 580

14.2 Function Templates 580

14.3 Overloading Function Templates 583

14.4 Class Templates 584

14.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates 590

14.6 Wrap-Up 591

15 Stream Input/Output 595

15.1 Introduction 596

15.2 Streams 597

15.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 597

15.2.2 iostream Library Headers 598

15.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 598

15.3 Stream Output 601

15.3.1 Output of char * Variables 601

15.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put 601

15.4 Stream Input 602

15.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 602

15.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 605

15.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 605

15.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 605

15.6 Introduction to StreamManipulators 606

15.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 607

15.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 607

15.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 609

15.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 610

15.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 612

15.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 612

15.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 613

15.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 615

15.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 616

15.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) 617

15.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 618

15.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 618

15.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags 619

15.8 Stream Error States 620

15.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 622

15.10 Wrap-Up 623

16 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 632

16.1 Introduction 633

16.2 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 633

16.3 When to Use Exception Handling 639

16.4 Rethrowing an Exception 640

16.5 Exception Specifications 641

16.6 Processing Unexpected Exceptions 642

16.7 Stack Unwinding 642

16.8 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 644

16.9 Exceptions and Inheritance 645

16.10 Processing new Failures 645

16.11 Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 648

16.12 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 650

16.13 Wrap-Up 652

17 File Processing 658

17.1 Introduction 659

17.2 Files and Streams 659

17.3 Creating a Sequential File 660

17.4 Reading Data from a Sequential File 664

17.5 Updating Sequential Files 669

17.6 Random-Access Files 670

17.7 Creating a Random-Access File 671

17.8 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 675

17.9 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially 677

17.10 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program 679

17.11 Object Serialization 686

17.12 Wrap-Up 686

18 Class string and String Stream Processing 696

18.1 Introduction 697

18.2 string Assignment and Concatenation 698

18.3 Comparing strings 700

18.4 Substrings 703

18.5 Swapping strings 703

18.6 string Characteristics 704

18.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string 706

18.8 Replacing Characters in a string 708

18.9 Inserting Characters into a string 710

18.10 Conversion to C-Style Pointer-Based char * Strings 711

18.11 Iterators 713

18.12 String Stream Processing 714

18.13 Wrap-Up 717

19 Searching and Sorting 724

19.1 Introduction 725

19.2 Searching Algorithms 725

19.2.1 Efficiency of Linear Search 726

19.2.2 Binary Search 727

19.3 Sorting Algorithms 732

19.3.1 Efficiency of Selection Sort 733

19.3.2 Efficiency of Insertion Sort 733

19.3.3 Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation) 733

19.4 Wrap-Up 740

20 Custom Templatized Data Structures 746

20.1 Introduction 747

20.2 Self-Referential Classes 748

20.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Structures 749

20.4 Linked Lists 749

20.5 Stacks 764

20.6 Queues 768

20.7 Trees 772

20.8 Wrap-Up 780

21 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs 791

21.1 Introduction 792

21.2 Structure Definitions 792

21.3 typedef 794

21.4 Example: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 794

21.5 Bitwise Operators 797

21.6 Bit Fields 806

21.7 Character-Handling Library 810

21.8 Pointer-Based String Manipulation Functions 815

21.9 Pointer-Based String-Conversion Functions 822

21.10 Search Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 827

21.11 Memory Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 831

21.12 Wrap-Up 835

22 Standard Template Library (STL) 850

22.1 Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) 851

22.2 Introduction to Containers 853

22.3 Introduction to Iterators 856

22.4 Introduction to Algorithms 861

22.5 Sequence Containers 863

22.5.1 vector Sequence Container 864

22.5.2 list Sequence Container 871

22.5.3 deque Sequence Container 875

22.6 Associative Containers 877

22.6.1 multiset Associative Container 877

22.6.2 set Associative Container 880

22.6.3 multimap Associative Container 881

22.6.4 map Associative Container 883

22.7 Container Adapters 885

22.7.1 stack Adapter 885

22.7.2 queue Adapter 887

22.7.3 priority_queue Adapter 888

22.8 Algorithms 890

22.8.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n 890

22.8.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare 892

22.8.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if 895

22.8.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if 897

22.8.5 Mathematical Algorithms 900

22.8.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms 903

22.8.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges 905

22.8.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse 906

22.8.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy 909

22.8.10 Set Operations 910

22.8.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range 913

22.8.12 Heapsort 915

22.8.13 min and max 918

22.8.14 STL Algorithms Not Covered in This Chapter 919

22.9 Class bitset 920

22.10 Function Objects 924

22.11 Wrap-Up 927

23 Boost Libraries, Technical Report 1 and C++0x 936

23.1 Introduction 937

23.2 Deitel Online C++ and Related Resource Centers 937

23.3 Boost Libraries 937

23.4 Boost Libraries Overview 938

23.5 Regular Expressions with the regex Library 941

23.5.1 Regular Expression Example 942

23.5.2 Validating User Input with Regular Expressions 944

23.5.3 Replacing and Splitting Strings 947

23.6 Smart Pointers 950

23.6.1 Reference Counted shared_ptr 950

23.6.2 weak_ptr: shared_ptr Observer 954

23.7 Technical Report 1 960

23.8 C++0x 961

23.9 Core Language Changes 962

23.10 Wrap-Up 967

24 Other Topics 974

24.1 Introduction 975

24.2 const_cast Operator 975

24.3 mutable Class Members 977

24.4 namespaces 979

24.5 Operator Keywords 982

24.6 Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*) 984

24.7 Multiple Inheritance 986

24.8 Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes 991

24.9 Wrap-Up 996

Chapters on the Web 1001

A Operator Precedence and Associativity 1002

B ASCII Character Set 1004

C Fundamental Types 1005

D Number Systems 1007

D.1 Introduction 1008

D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 1011

D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1012

D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1012

D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 1013

D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation 1015

E Preprocessor 1020

E.1 Introduction 1021

E.2 #include Preprocessor Directive 1021

E.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 1022

E.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 1022

E.5 Conditional Compilation 1024

E.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 1025

E.7 Operators # and ## 1026

E.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants 1026

E.9 Assertions 1027

E.10 Wrap-Up 1027

Appendices on theWeb 1033

Index 1035

Chapters 25—26 and Appendices F—I are PDF documents posted online at the book’s

Companion Website, which is accessible from www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel.

25 ATM Case Study, Part 1:

Object-Oriented Design with the UML 25-1

25.1 Introduction 25-2

25.2 Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 25-2

25.3 Examining the ATM Requirements Document 25-3

25.4 Identifying the Classes in the ATM Requirements Document 25-10

25.5 Identifying Class Attributes 25-17

25.6 Identifying Objects’ States and Activities 25-21

25.7 Identifying Class Operations 25-25

25.8 Indicating Collaboration Among Objects 25-32

25.9 Wrap-Up 25-39

26 ATM Case Study, Part 2:

Implementing an Object-Oriented Design 26-1

26.1 Introduction 26-2

26.2 Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System 26-2

26.3 Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System 26-8

26.4 ATMCase Study Implementation 26-15

26.4.1 Class ATM 26-16

26.4.2 Class Screen 26-23

26.4.3 Class Keypad 26-25

26.4.4 Class CashDispenser 26-26

26.4.5 Class DepositSlot 26-28

26.4.6 Class Account 26-29

26.4.7 Class BankDatabase 26-31

26.4.8 Class Transaction 26-35

26.4.9 Class BalanceInquiry 26-37

26.4.10 Class Withdrawal 26-39

26.4.11 Class Deposit 26-44

26.4.12 Test Program ATMCaseStudy.cpp 26-47

26.5 Wrap-Up 26-47

F C Legacy Code Topics F-1

F.1 Introduction F-2

F.2 Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X

and Windows Systems F-2

F.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists F-3

F.4 Using Command-Line Arguments F-5

F.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs F-7

F.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit F-9

F.7 Type Qualifier volatile F-10

F.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants F-10

F.9 Signal Handling F-11

F.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc and realloc F-13

F.11 Unconditional Branch: goto F-14

F.12 Unions F-15

F.13 Linkage Specifications F-18

F.14 Wrap-Up F-19

G UML 2: Additional Diagram Types G-1

G.1 Introduction G-1

G.2 Additional Diagram Types G-2

H Using the Visual Studio Debugger H-1

H.1 Introduction H-2

H.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command H-2

H.3 Locals and Watch Windows H-8

H.4 Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out

and Continue Commands H-11

H.5 Autos Window H-13

H.6 Wrap-Up H-14

I Using the GNU C++ Debugger I-1

I.1 Introduction I-2

I.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands I-2

I.3 print and set Commands I-8

I.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and

next Commands I-10

I.5 watch Command I-13

I.6 Wrap-Up I-15

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