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The Business Writer's Handbook

by: Alred, Gerald J.; Oliu, Walter E.; Brusaw, Charles T.

The Business Writer's Handbook

by: Alred, Gerald J.; Oliu, Walter E.; Brusaw, Charles T.

ISBN 13:
9781457675515
ISBN 10:
145767551X
Edition: 11th
Format: Spiral Bound
Copyright: 02/12/2015
Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
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The Business Writer's Handbook > ISBN13: 9781457675515

Summary

Clarifying the ways we write today, the Business Writer's Handbook breaks down the best-practices, models, and real-world skills you can use to communicate clearly and persuasively through your writing.

Author Biography

Gerald J. Alred is Professor Emeritus of English at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, where he teaches courses in the Professional Writing Program. He is the author of numerous scholarly articles and several standard bibliographies on business and technical communication, and is a founding member of the editorial board of the Journal of Business and Technical Communication. He is co-author of The Business Writer's Handbook and Handbook of Technical Writing. He is a recipient of the prestigious Jay R. Gould Award for "profound scholarly and textbook contributions to the teaching of business and technical writing."
Walter E. Oliu served as chief of the Publishing Services Branch at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, where he managed the agency’s printing, graphics, editing, and publishing programs. He also developed the public-access standards for and managed daily operations of the agency’s public Web site. He has taught at Miami University of Ohio, Slippery Rock State University, and as an adjunct faculty member at Montgomery College and George Mason University. His books include Writing That Works, Tenth Edition (reprinted chapters appear in Kevin J. Harty’s Strategies for Business and Technical Writing, Fifth Edition, , and Brenda D. Smith and Laura C. Headley’s The Lifelong Reader, Second Edition); The Handbook of Technical Writing, Ninth Edition; The Business Writer’s Handbook, Ninth eEdition (Fortune and Book-of-the-Month Club selections); The Business Writer’s Companion, Sixth Edition; The Technical Writer’s Companion, Third Edition; Writing from A-Z, Fifth Edition; and The Professional Writer. Charles T. Brusaw was a faculty member at NCR Corporation's Management College, where he developed and taught courses in professional writing, editing, and presentation skills for the corporation worldwide. Previously, he worked in advertising, technical writing, public relations, and curriculum development. He has been a communications consultant, an invited speaker at academic conferences, and a teacher of business writing at Sinclair Community College.

*New

A
a/an
a lot
abbreviations
　　　　 Using Abbreviations
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Using Abbreviations
　　　　 Forming Abbreviations
　　　　　　　　　 Names of Organizations
　　　　　　　　　 Measurements
　　　　　　　　　 Personal Names and Titles
　　　　　　　　　 Common Scholarly Abbreviations
above
absolutely
abstract/concrete words
abstracts
　　　　 Types of Abstracts
　　　　 Figure A-1. Informative Abstract (from a Report)
　　　　 Writing Strategies
accept/except　
acceptance/refusal letters (for employment)
　　　　 Figure A-2. Acceptance Letter (for Employment)
　　　　 Figure A-3. Refusal Letter (for Employment)

　　　　 Professionalism Note
acknowledgment letters
　　　　 Figure A-4. Acknowledgement
acronyms and initialisms

active voice (see voice)
ad hoc
adapt/adept/adopt
adapting to new technologies
　　　　 Technology You Need to Know
　　　　 *Writer’s Checklist: Strategies for Learning a New Technology

　　　　 Digital Tip: Assessing Hardware and Software
adjectives
　　　　 Limiting Adjectives
　　　　　　　　　 Articles
　　　　　　　　　 Demonstrative Adjectives
　　　　　　　　　 Possessive Adjectives
　　　　　　　　　 Numeral Adjectives
　　　　　　　　　 Indefinite Adjectives
　　　　 Comparison of Adjectives

　　　　 Placement of Adjectives
　　　　 Use of Adjectives

　　　　 ESL Tip for Using Adjectives
adjustment letters
　　　　　Figure A-5. Adjustment Letter (Company Takes Responsibility)
　　　　 Figure A-6. Partial Adjustment (Accompanying a Product)
　　　　 Full Adjustment

*Figure A-8. Application Cover Letter (Graduate Applying for a Graphic Design Job)
　　　　 Figure A-9. Application Cover Letter Sent as E-mail (College Student Applying for an Internship)
　　　　 Figure A-10. Application Cover Letter (Applicant with Years of Experience)
　　　　 *Writer’s Checklist: Tailoring a Cover Letter to a Job Ad
Opening
　　　　 Body
　　　　 Closing

*Proofreading and Follow-up
appositives
articles
　　　　 ESL Tip for Using Articles
as/because/since
as much as/more than
as such
as well as
audience
　　　　 Analyzing Your Audience's Needs
　　　　 Writing for Varied and Multiple Audiences
augment/supplement
average/median/mean
awhile/a while
awkwardness
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Eliminating Awkwardness

B
bad/badly
balance/remainder
be sure to
beside/besides
between/among
between you and me
bi-/semi-
biannual/biennial
biased language
　　　　 Professionalism Note
　　　　 Sexist Language
　　　　 Other Types if Biased Language
bibliographies
blogs and forums
　　　　 Organizational Uses
　　　　 Writing Style

*Figure B-1. Corporate Blog
　　　　 Ethics Note
both…and
brackets
brainstorming
　　　　 Figure B-2. Cluster Map from a Brainstorming Session
brochures
　　　　 Types of Brochures
　　　　 Designing the Brochure
　　　　　　　　　 Cover Panel
　　　　 Figure B-3. Brochure (Cover Panel)
　　　　　　　　　 First Inside Panel
　　　　　　　　　 Subsequent Panels
　　　　 Figure B-4. Brochure (Inside Panels)
　　　　　　　　　 Design Style and Unity
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Designing a Brochure
bulleted lists (see lists)

business plans

　　　　 Purposes and Audience

　　　　 Format, Length, and Sections

　　　　 Company Description and Strategy

　　　　　　　　　Business Description

　　　　　　　　　Vision and Mission Statement

　　　　　　　　　Goals and Milestones

　　　　　　　　　Management and Key Team Members

　　　　 Market Analysis and Strategy

　　　　 Marketing Plan

　　　　 Financial Analysis

　　　　 Supporting Documents

　　　　 Writer’s Checklist: Preparing Business Plans

business writing style

　　　　 Ethics Note
buzzwords

C
can/may
cannot
capital/capitol
capitalization
　　　　 Proper Nouns
　　　　 Common Nouns
　　　　 First Words
　　　　 Specific Groups
　　　　 Specific Places
　　　　 Specific Institutions, Events, Concepts
　　　　 Titles of Works
　　　　 Professional and Personal Titles
　　　　 Abbreviations and Letters
　　　　 Miscellaneous Capitalizations
case　
　　　　 Figure C-1. Pronoun Case Chart
　　　　 Subjective Case
　　　　 Objective Case
　　　　 Possessive Case
　　　　 Appositives
　　　　 Determining the Case of Pronouns
cause-and-effect method of development
　　　　 Evaluating Evidence
　　　　 Linking Causes to Effects
center on
chronological method of development
　　　　 Figure C-2. Chronological Method of Development
cite/sight/site
clarity
clauses
clichés
coherence
collaborative writing

　　　　 Tasks of the Collaborative Writing Team
　　　　　　　　　 Planning
　　　　　　　　　 Professionalism Note
　　　　　　　　　 Research Writing
　　　　　　　　　 Reviewing
　　　　　　　　　 Revising
　　　　 Professionalism Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing Collaboratively

Digital Tip: Using Collaborative Software
collection letters
　　　　 Figure C-3. First-Stage Collection Letter
　　　　 Figure C-4. Second-Stage Collection Letter
　　　　 Figure C-5. Third-Stage Collection Letter

colons
　　　　 Colons in Sentences
　　　　 Colons with Salutations, Titles, Citations, and Numbers
　　　　 Punctuation and Capitalization with Colons
　　　　 Unnecessary Colons
comma splice
commas
　　　　 Linking Independent Clauses
　　　 Enclosing Elements
　　　　 Introducing Elements
　　　　　　　　　 Clauses and Phrases
　　　　　　　　　 Words and Quotations
　　　　 Separating Items in a Series
　　　　 Clarifying and Contrasting
　　　　 Showing Omissions
　　　　 Using with Numbers and Names
　　　　 Using with Other Punctuation
　　　　 Avoiding Unnecessary Commas
compare/contrast
comparison
comparison method of development
　　　　 Figure C-6. Whole-by-Whole Method of Comparison
　　　　 Figure C-7. Part-by-Part Method of Comparison
　　　　 Figure C-8. Comparison Using a Table to Illustrate Key Differences
complaint letters
　　　　 Figure C-9. Complaint Letter
complement/compliment
complements
compose/constitute/comprise
compound words
conciseness
　　　　 Causes of Wordiness
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Achieving Conciseness
conclusions
　　　　 Figure C-10. Conclusion
conjunctions
connotation/denotation
consensus
context
　　　　 Assessing Context
　　　　 Signaling Context
continual/continuous
contractions
copyrights, patents, and trademarks
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Permissions
　　　　 Exceptions
　　　　 Ethics Note

*Patents

*Trademarks

*Figure C-11. Sample Trademarks
correspondence
　　　　 Audience and Writing Style

　　　　 Openings and Closings
　　　　 Goodwill and the "You" Viewpoint
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Using Tone to Build Goodwill
　　　　 Direct and Indirect Patterns

　　　　　　　　　Direct Pattern

　　　　 Figure C-12. A Good-News Message

Indirect Pattern

　　　　 Figure C-13. A Courteous Bad-News Message
　　　　 Clarity and Emphasis
　　　　　　　　　 Lists
　　　　　　　　　 Headings
　　　　　　　　　 Subject Lines
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Correspondence and Accuracy　
cover letters (or transmittals)
　　　　 Figure C-14. Cover Message
credible/creditable
criteria/criterion
critique
　

D
dangling modifiers
dashes
data
dates

de facto/de jure
defective/deficient
defining terms
definite/definitive
definition method of development
　　　　 Extended Definition
　　　　 Definition by Analogy
　　　　 Definition by Cause
　　　　 Definition by Components
　　　　 Definition by Exploration of Origin
　　　　 Negative Definition
description
　　　　 Figure D-1. Simple Description
　　　　 Figure D-2. Illustrated Description
design (see layout and design)
despite/in spite of
diagnosis/prognosis
dictionaries
　　　　 Abridged Dictionaries
　　　　 Unabridged Dictionaries
　　　　 ESL Dictionaries
　　　　 Subject and Specialized Dictionaries
differ from/differ with
different from/different than
direct address
discreet/discrete
disinterested/uninterested
division-and-classification method of development
　　　　 Division
　　　　 Classification

　　　　 Figure D-3. Classification (Tools Placed into Categories)
*document management

　　　　 *Document Management Systems

　　　　 *Document Naming Conventions

*Writer’s Checklist: Naming Files

documenting sources
　　　　 APA Documentation
　　　　　　　　　 APA In-Text Citations
　　　　　　　　　 APA Documentation Models
　　　　　　　　　 APA Sample Pages
　　　　 Figure D-4. APA Sample Page　　　　　　　
　　　　 Figure D-5. APA Sample List of References　
　　　　 CMS Documentation
　　　　　　　　 CMS In-Text Citations

　　　　　　　　　CMS Documentation Models

　　　　　　　　 CMS Sample Pages
　　　　 Figure D-6. CMS Sample Page from Report
　　　　 Figure D-7. CMS Sample Bibliography
　　　　 MLA Documentation
　　　　　　　　　 MLA In-Text Citations
　　　　　　　　　 MLA Documentation Models
　　　　　　　　　 MLA Sample Pages
　　　　 Figure D-8. MLA Sample Page
　　　　 Figure D-9. MLA Sample List of Works Cited
　　　　 Ethics Note
double negatives
drawings
　　　　 Figure D-10. Conventional Line Drawing Illustrating Instructions
　　　　 Figure D-11. Exploded-View Drawing
　　　　 Figure D-12. Cutaway Drawing

　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Creating and Using Drawings
due to/because of
　

E
each
economic/economical
editing (see both revision and proofreading)
e.g./i.e.
ellipses
e-mail
　　　　 Review and Confidentiality
　　　　 Professionalism Note
　　　　 *Writer's Checklist: Maintaining Professionalism
　　　　 *Digital Tip: Sharing Electronic Files

　　　　 Writing and Design
　　　　 Figure E-1. E-mail Signature Block
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Managing Your E-mail and Reducing Overload

equal/unique/perfect
etc.
ethics in writing
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing Ethically

euphemisms
　　　　 Ethics Note
everybody/everyone
*everyday/every day
exclamation marks
executive summaries
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing Executive Summaries
expletives
explicit/implicit
exposition

F
fact
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Questions to Include
　　　　 Organization
　　　　 Placement
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Developing an FAQ
feasibility reports
　　　　 Figure F-1. Feasibility Report
　　　　 Report Sections
　　　　　　　　　Introduction
　　　　　　　　　Body
　　　　　　　　　 Conclusion
　　　　　　　　　 Recommendation
few/a few
fewer/less
figuratively/literally
figures of speech
　　　　 Types of Figures of Speech
fine
first/firstly
flowcharts
　　　　 Figure F-2. Flowchart Using Labeled Blocks
　　　　 Figure F-3. Flowchart Using Pictorial Symbols
　　　　 Figure F-4. Common ISO Flowchart Symbols (with Annotations)
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Creating Flowcharts
footnotes (see documenting sources)
forceful/forcible
foreign words in English
foreword/forward
form letters

　　　　 When to Use Form Letters

　　　　 Professionalism Note

　　　 Writing Form Letters

　　　　 Figure F-5. Headline Lead
　　　　 Repurposing Form Letters

formal reports

　　　　 *Digital Tip: Digitally Enhancing Formal Reports

*Digital Tip: Creating an Index

Sample Formal Report
　　　　 Figure F-6. Formal Report

*Digital Tip: Creating Styles and Templates
format
former/latter
forms
　　　　 Figure F-7. Form (for a Medical Claim)

　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 *Choosing Paper or Digital

　　　　 Designing a Form
　　　　　　　　　 Entry Lines and Fields

*Sequencing Entries

　　　　 *Writing Questions
*forums (see blogs and forums)

fragments (see sentence fragments)
functional shift

G
garbled sentences
gender
　　　　 ESL Tip for Assigning Gender
general and specific methods of development

　　　　 Figure G-1. General to Specific Method of Development

　　　　 Figure G-2. Specific to General Method of Development
　　　　 General to Specific
　　　　 Specific to General
global communication
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Communicating Globally
global graphics
　　　　 Figure G-3. Graphics for U.S. and Global Audiences
　　　　 Figure G-4. ISO Symbols

　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Using Appropriate Global Graphics
glossaries
gobbledygook
good/well
grammar
grant proposals
　　　　 Cover Letter
　　　　 Title Page
　　　　 Application Form
　　　　 Introduction
　　　　 Literature Review
　　　　 Project Narrative

　　　　　　　　　 Project Description

　　　　　　　　　 Project Outcomes
　　　　　　　　　 Budget Narrative

　　　　　　　　　 Task Schedule

　　　　 Organization Description
　　　　 Conclusion
　　　　 Attachments (appendixes)

　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing Grant Proposals
graphs
　　　　 Line Graphs
　　　　 Figure G-5. Double-Line Graph (with Shading)
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Figure G-6. Distorted and Distortion-Free Expressions of Data
　　　　 Bar Graphs

　　　　 Figure G-7. Bar Graph
　　　　 Figure G-8. Bar (Column) Graph
　　　　 Figure G-9. Gantt Chart
　　　　 Pie Graphs
　　　　 Figure G-10. Pie Graph (Showing Percentages of the Whole)
　　　　 Picture Graphs
　　　　 Figure G-11. Picture Graph
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Creating Graphs

H
he/she
headers and footers
　　　　 Figure H-1. Header and Footer
headings
　　　　 Figure H-2. Headings Used in a Document
　　　　 General Heading Style
　　　　 Decimal Numbering System
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Using Headings
hyphens
　　　　 Hyphens with Compound Words
　　　　 Hyphens with Modifiers
　　　　 Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes
　　　　 Hyphens and Clarity
　　　　 Other Uses of the Hyphen
　

I
idioms
illegal/illicit
illustrations (see visuals)
imply/infer
in/into
in order to
in terms of
*incident reports

　　　　 *Figure I-1. Incident Report

　　　　 *Ethics Note

indexing
　　　　 Figure I-2. Index Entry (with Main Entry, Subentries, and Sub-subentries)

　　　　 Digital Tip: Creating an Index

indiscreet/indiscrete
*infographics
　　　　 *Figure I-3. Infographic Describing a Process

　　　　 *Writer’s Checklist: Creating Infographics

inquiries and responses
　　　　 Figure I-4. Inquiry
　　　　 Figure I-5. Response to an Inquiry
　　　　 *Writer’s Checklist: Writing Inquiries and Responding
inside/inside of
instant messaging
　　　　 Figure I-6. Instant Messaging Exchange
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Instant Messaging Privacy and Security
instructions
　　　　 Writing Instructions
　　　　 Illustrating Instructions
　　　　 Figure I-7. Illustrated Instructions　

　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing Instructions
insure/ensure/assure
intensifiers
interface
interjections
international correspondence
　　　　 Cultural Differences in Correspondence
　　　　 Cross-Cultural Examples
　　　　 Figures I-8. Inappropriate International Correspondence (Draft Marked for Revision)
　　　　 Figure I-9. Appropriate International Correspondence

　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing International Correspondence
interviewing for information
　　　　 Determining the Proper Person to Interview
　　　　 Preparing for the Interview
　　　　 *Professionalism Note
　　　　 Conducting the Interview

　　　　 Professionalism Note

　　　　 Expanding Your Notes Soon After the Interview
　　　　 Interviewing by Phone or E-mail
　　　　 *Writer's Checklist: Interviewing Successfully
interviewing for a job
　　　　 Before the Interview
　　　　 Professionalism Note
　　　　 During the Interview
　　　　 *Professionalism Note
　　　　　　　　　 Behavior
　　　　　　　　　 Responses

　　　　　　　　　*Ethics Note

investigative reports
　　　　 Figure I-11. Investigative Report
italics
　　　　 Foreign Words and Phrases
　　　　 Titles
　　　　 Proper Names
　　　　 Words, Letters, and Figures
　　　　 Subheads
　　　　 *Exceptions

its/it's
　

J
jargon
job descriptions
　　　　 Figure J-1. Job Description
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing Job Descriptions
job search
　　　　 *Professionalism Note
　　　　 Networking and Informational Interviews
　　　　 Campus Career Services
　　　　 *Strategic Web Searches
　　　　 Social Media
　　　　 Professionalism Note

　　　　 Job Advertisements

　　　　Trade and Professional Journal Listings
　　　　 Employment Agencies (Private, Temporary, Government)
　　　　 Internships
　　　　 Direct Inquiries

Job or Internship Applications

　　　　 Figure J-2. Sections from a Job Application Form
　　　　 *Ethics Note
　　　　 *Writer's Checklist: Completing Job Applications: In Print and Online

　　　　 *Ethics Note
*journal articles (see trade journal articles)

K
kind of/sort of
know-how
　

L
lay/lie
layout and design
　　　　 *Design Principles

like/as
listening
　　　　 Fallacies about Listening
　　　　 Active Listening
　　　　　　　　　 Step 1: Make a Conscious Decision
　　　　　　　　　 Step 2: Define Your Purpose
　　　　　　　　　 Step 3: Take Specific Actions
　　　　　　　　　 Step 4: Adapt to the Situation
lists
　　　　 Figure L-5. Bulleted List in a Paragraph

　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Using Lists

logic errors
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Lack of Reason
　　　　 Sweeping Generalizations
　　　　 Non Sequiturs
　　　　 False Cause
　　　　 Biased or Suppressed Evidence　
　　　　 Fact Versus Opinion
　　　　 Loaded Arguments
loose/lose
　

M
malapropisms

maps
　　　　 Figure M-1. Map
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Creating and Using Maps
maybe/may be
media/medium
meetings
　　　　 Planning a Meeting
　　　　　　　　　 Determine the Purpose of the Meeting
　　　　　　　　　 Decide Who Should Attend
　　　　　　　　　 Choose the Meeting Time
　　　　 *Digital Tip: Scheduling Meetings Online
　　　　　　　　　 Choose the Meeting Location

　　　　 *Digital Tip: Conducting Online Meetings
　　　　　　　　　 Establish the Agenda.
　　　　　　　　　 Figure M-2. Meeting Agenda
　　　　　　　　　 Figure M-3. E-mail Announcing a Meeting with Attached Agenda
　　　　　　　　　 Assign the Minute-Taking
　　　　 Conducting the Meeting
　　　　　　　　　 Deal with Conflict
　　　　　　　　　 Close the Meeting
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Planning and Conducting Meetings
memos
　　　　 Memo Format

　　　　 Figure M-4. Typical Memo Format
　　　　 Professionalism Note
　　　　 Additional Pages
　　　　 Figure M-5. Alternate Headers for the Second Page of Memos
methods of development
minutes of meetings
　　　　 Figure M-6. Minutes of a Meeting
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Items to Include in Minutes of Meetings

mission statements

　　　　 Figure M-7. Mission Statement

　　　　 Writing a Mission Statement

　　　　 Format and Length
mixed constructions
modifiers
　　　　 Stacked (Jammed) Modifiers
　　　　 Misplaced Modifiers
　　　　 Squinting Modifiers
mood
　　　　 ESL Tip for Determining Mood
Ms./Miss/Mrs.
mutual/common
　

N
narration
　　　　 Figure N-1. Narration from an Accident Report
nature
needless to say
newsletter articles
　　　　 Figure N-2. Newsletter Article
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing Newsletter Articles
newsletters
　　　　 Types of Newsletters
　　　　 Figure N-3. Company Newsletter (Front Page)
　　　　 Developing Newsletters
　　　　 Professionalism Note
nominalizations
none
nor/or
note-taking
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Taking Notes
nouns
　　　　 Types of Nouns
　　　　 Noun Functions
　　　　 Collective Nouns
　　　　 Plural Nouns
number (grammar)
numbers
　　　　 Numerals or Words
　　　　 Plurals
　　　　 Measurements
　　　　 Fractions
　　　　 Money
　　　　 ESL Tip for Punctuating Numbers
　　　　 Time
　　　　 Dates
　　　　 Addresses
　　　　 Documents

O
objects
OK/okay
on/onto/upon
one
one of those . . . who
only
order-of-importance method of development

　　　　 Figure O-1. Decreasing Order-of-Importance Method of Development　
　　　　 Decreasing Order
　　　　 Increasing Order
　　　　 Figure O-2. Increasing Order-of-Importance Method of Development　
organization
organizational charts
　　　　 Figure O-3. Organizational Chart
outlining
　　　　 Advantages of Outlining
　　　　 Types of Outlines
　　　　 Creating an Outline
　　　　 Digital Tip: Creating an Outline
outside [of ]
over [with]
　

P
pace
paragraphs
　　　　 Topic Sentence
　　　　 Paragraph Length
　　　　 Writing Paragraphs
　　　　 Paragraph Unity and Coherence
parallel structure
　　　　 Faulty Parallelism
paraphrasing
　　　　 Ethics Note
parentheses
parts of speech
party
per
percent/percentage
periods
　　　　 Periods in Quotations
　　　　 Periods with Parentheses
　　　　 Other Uses of Periods
　　　　 Period Faults
person

personal/personnel
persons/people
persuasion

　　　　 Figure P-1. Persuasive Memo
　　　　 Ethics Note
phenomenon/phenomena
photographs
　　　　 Figure P-2. Photo (of Aircraft Door)
　　　　 Ethics Note
phrases
　　　　 Prepositional Phrases
　　　　 Participial Phrases
　　　　　　　　　 Dangling Participial Phrases
　　　　　　　　　 Misplaced Participial Phrases
　　　　 Infinitive Phrases
　　　　 Gerund Phrases
　　　　 Verb Phrases
　　　　 Noun Phrases
plagiarism
　　　　 Citing Sources
　　　　 Common Knowledge
　　　　 Ethics Note
plain language
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Using Plain Language
point of view
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 ESL Tip for Stating an Opinion

policies and procedures

　　　　 Policies

　　　　 Procedures

　　　　 Figure P-3. Procedures Chart
positive writing
　　　　 Ethics Note
possessive case
　　　　 Singular Nouns
　　　　 Plural Nouns
　　　　 Compound Nouns
　　　　 Coordinate Nouns
　　　　 Possessive Pronouns
　　　　 Indefinite Pronouns
prefixes
preparation
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Preparing to Write　
prepositions
　　　　 Prepositions at the End of a Sentence
　　　　 Prepositions in Titles
　　　　 Preposition Errors
presentations
　　　　 Determining Your Purpose
　　　　 Analyzing Your Audience
　　　　 Gathering Information
　　　　 Structuring the Presentation
　　　　　　　　　 The Introduction
　　　　　　　　　 The Body

　　　　　　　　　 Transitions
　　　　　　　　　 The Closing
　　　　 Using Visuals
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　　　　　　 Flip Charts
　　　　　　　　　 Whiteboard or Chalkboard

　　　　　　　　　 Presentation Software

　　　　 Figure P-4. Presentation Slides

*Professionalism Note

　　　　　Writer's Checklist: Using Visuals in a Presentation　　
　　　　 Delivering a Presentation
　　　　　　　　　 Practice
　　　　　　　　　 Delivery Techniques That Work
　　　　　　　　　 Presentation Anxiety
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Preparing for and Delivering a Presentation　　

press releases

　　　　 Figure P-5. Press Release
　　　　 Writer’s Checklist: Preparing Press Releases
principal/principle
process explanation
progress and activity reports
　　　　 Figure P-6. Progress Report
　　　　 Figure P-7. Activity Report
　　　　 Progress Reports
　　　　 Activity Reports

promotional writing

　　　　 *Writer’s Checklist: Promotional Writing

　　　　 Ethics Note
pronoun reference
pronouns
　　　　 Case
　　　　 ESL Tip for Using Possessive Pronouns
　　　　 Gender
　　　　 Number
　　　　 Person
proofreading

*Professionalism Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Proofreading in Stages
　　　　 Figure P-8. Proofreaders' Marks
　　　　 Digital Tip: Proofreading for Format Consistency
proposals
　　　　 Proposal Strategies
　　　　　　　　　 Audience and Purpose
　　　　　　　　　 Project Management

　　 Proposal Context and Types
　　　　　Writer's Checklist: Writing Persuasive Proposals

　　　　　Internal Proposals
　　　　　　　　　 Informal Interpersonal Proposals

　　　　　　　　　 Formal Internal Proposals

　　　　 Figure P-9. Sales Proposal
　　　　 External Proposals
　　　　　　　　　 Solicited Proposals
　　　　　　　　　 Unsolicited Proposals
　　　　　　　　　 Sales Proposals
　　　　　　　　　Ethics Note
　　　　　　　　　 Ethics Note

　　　　　　　　　 Grant Proposals (see entry grant proposals)
　　　　 Figure P-10. Sales Proposal (Cover Letter)

pseudo-/quasi-
punctuation
purpose

Q
question marks
questionnaires
　　　　 Figure Q-1. Questionnaire
　　　　 Selecting the Recipients
　　　　 Preparing the Questions
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Designing a Questionnaire
quid pro quo
quotation marks
　　　　 Direct Quotations
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Words and Phrases
　　　　 Titles of Works
　　　　 Punctuation
quotations
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Direct Quotations
　　　　 Indirect Quotations
　　　　 Deletions or Omissions
　　　　 Inserting Material into Quotations
　　　　 Incorporating Quotations into Text
　　　　 Figure Q-2. Long Quotation (APA Style)

R
raise / rise　
readers
really
reason is [because]
reference letters
　　　　 Figure R-1. Reference Letter
　　　　 Ethics Note
refusal letters
　　　　 Figure R-2. Refusal with Low Stakes

Figure R-3. Refusal with High Stakes
regarding / with regard to
regardless
repetition
reports
repurposing
　　　　 Repurpose for the Context
　　　　 Repurpose for the Medium　
　　　　 Ethics Note

research
　　　　 Primary Research
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Secondary Research
　　　　 Library Research Strategies
　　　　　　　　　 Digital Tip: Storing Search Results
　　　　　　　　　 Online Catalogs
　　　　　　　　　 Online Databases and Indexes
　　　　　　　　　 Reference Works
　　　　　Web Research Strategies
　　　　　　　　　 Search Engines
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Using Search Engines and Keywords
　　　　　　　　　 Web Subject Directories
　　　　 Evaluating Sources　
　　　　　　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Evaluating Print and Online Sources
resignation letters
　　　　 Figure R-4. Resignation Letter (to Accept a Better Position)
　　　　 Figure R-5. Resignation Memo (Under Negative Conditions)
respective / respectively
restrictive and nonrestrictive elements
résumés
　　　　 Ethics Note

　　　　 Sample Résumés
　　　　 Figure R-6. Student Résumé (for an Entry-Level Position)
　　　　 Figure R-7. Résumé (Highlighting Professional Credentials)
　　　　 Figure R-8. Recent Graduate Résumé (for Graphic Design Job)
　　　　 Figure R-9. Résumé (Applicant with Management Experience)
　　　　 Figure R-10. Résumé (Experienced Applicant Seeking Career Change)

　　　　 Figure R-11. Advanced Résumé (Combining Functional and Chronological Elements)

　　　　　　　　　 *Applicant Tracking System Résumés
　　　　　　　　　 Plain-Text Résumés

　　　　　　　　　 Scannable Résumés
　　　　　　　　　 Web-Posted Résumés
　　　　　　　　　 *Professionalism Note
revision
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Revising Your Draft
　　　　 Digital Tip: Incorporating Tracked Changes
rhetorical questions
run-on sentences

S
salary negotiations (see interviewing for a job)

sales letters

　　　　 Ethics Note

　　　　 Writer’s Checklist: Writing Sales Letters
scope
selecting the medium

　　　　 Figure S-1. Choosing the Appropriate Medium
　　　　 E-mail
　　　　 Memos
　　　　 Letters

　　　　 Text and Instant Messages

　　　　 Phone and Voice Messages

　　　　 Faxing
　　　　 Meetings
　　　　 Web and Video Conferencing
　　　　 *Web Networking and Promotion
semicolons
　　　　 With Strong Connectives
　　　　 For Clarity in Long Sentences
sentence construction
　　　　 Subjects
　　　　 ESL Tip for Understanding the Subject of a Sentence
　　　　 Predicates
　　　　 Sentence Types
　　　　　　　　　 Structure
　　　　　　　　　 Intention
　　　　　　　　　 Stylistic Use
　　　　 Constructing Effective Sentences
　　　　 ESL Tip for Understanding the Requirements of a Sentence
sentence faults
sentence fragments
sentence variety
　　　　 Sentence Length
　　　　 Word Order
　　　　 Loose and Periodic Sentences
sequential method of development

　　　　 Figure S-2. Sequential Method of Development
service
set / sit
shall / will
slashes
so / so that / such
*social media

　　　　 *Choosing the Appropriate Platform

　　　　 *Figure S-3. Comparison of Social Media Platforms

　　　　 *Writing Style and Privacy Considerations

　　　　 *Writer’s Checklist: Judicious Use of Social Media
some / somewhat
some time / sometime / sometimes
spatial method of development
　　　　 Figure S-4. Spatial Method of Development

spelling

style
　　　　 Formal Writing Style
　　　　 Informal Writing Style

　　　　 *Professionalism Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Developing an Effective Style　　
subordination
suffixes
surveys (see questionnaires)
synonyms
syntax

telegraphic style

　　　　 *Professionalism Note
tenant / tenet
tense
　　　　 Past Tense
　　　　 Past Perfect Tense
　　　　 Present Tense
　　　　 Present Perfect Tense
　　　　 Future Tense　
　　　　　Future Perfect Tense
　　　　 Shift in Tense
　　　　 ESL Tip for Using the Progressive Form

text messaging
that / which / who
there / their / they're
thesaurus
titles
　　　　 Reports and Long Documents　
　　　　　E-mail, Memos, and Online Postings
　　　　 Formatting Titles
　　　　　　　　　Capitalization
　　　　　　　　　Italics
　　　　　　　　　 Quotation Marks
　　　　　　　　　 Special Cases
to / too / two
tone

transition
　　　　 Methods of Transition
　　　　 Transition between Sentences
　　　　 Transition between Paragraphs
trip reports
　　　　 Figure T-3. Trip Report Sent as E-mail (with Attachment)
trouble reports (see incident reports)
try to
　

U
unity
up
usage
utilize
　

V
vague words
verbals
　　　　 Gerunds
　　　　 Infinitives
　　　　 Participles
verbs
　　　　 Types of Verbs
　　　　 Forms of Verbs
　　　　　　　　　 Finite Verbs
　　　　　　　　　 Nonfinite Verbs
　　　　 Properties of Verbs
　　　　 ESL Tip for Avoiding Shifts in Voice, Mood, or Tense
very
via
visuals
　　　　 Selecting Visuals
　　　　 Figure V-1. Chart for Choosing Appropriate Visuals
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Integrating Visuals with Text
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Creating and Integrating Visuals
voice
　　　　 Using the Active Voice
　　　　　　　　　 Improving Clarity
　　　　　　　　　Highlighting Subjects
　　　　　　　　　 Achieving Conciseness
　　　　 Using the Passive Voice
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 ESL Tip for Choosing Voice

W
wait for/wait on
Web design (see writing for the Web)

when / where / that
whether
while
who / whom
who’s / whose / of which
word choice
writing a draft
　　　　 Writer's Checklist: Writing a Rough Draft　
writing for the Web

　　　　 Crafting Content for Your Site
　　　　　　　　　 *Text Content
　　　　　　　　　 Headings
　　　　　　　　　 Lists
　　　　　　　　　 Keywords
　　　　　　　　　 *Directional Cues
　　　　　　　　 Graphics
　　　　　　　　　 Fonts
　　　　 Making Use of Links
　　　　 Posting an Existing Document
　　　　 Ethics Note
　　　　 Protecting User Privacy
Writing for a Global Audience
　　　　 Digital Tip: Using PDF Files

Y
"you" viewpoint
your / you're

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