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Pathophysiology for the Health Professions

by:
ISBN: 9781416002109 | 1416002103
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Saunders
Pub. Date: 2/3/2006

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SummaryTable of Contents
Barbara E. Gould is Professor Emeritus, School of Health Sciences, Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Completely updated, with a new companion CD-ROM bound into the back, Pathophysiology for the Health Professions continues to present the essential concepts of disease processes. Intentionally not meant to be inclusive, this popular text focuses on major disorders and other selected disorders to provide a concise, easy-to-understand introduction to the fundamentals. Understandin... MORE
Section I Basic Concepts of Disease Processes
Introduction to Pathophysiology
2(16)
What Is Pathophysiology?
... MORE(6)
Health and Disease
4(1)
The Study of Pathophysiology
4(2)
A Medical History
6(1)
New Developments
6(1)
The Language of Pathophysiology
7(3)
Introduction to Cellular Changes
10(5)
Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations
10(2)
Cell Damage and Necrosis
12(3)
Chapter Summary
15(1)
Study Questions
15(1)
Additional Resources
16(2)
Inflammation and Healing
18(26)
Review of Normal Defenses in the Body
20(1)
Review of Normal Capillary Exchange
21(1)
Inflammation
21(1)
Definition
21(1)
Causes
21(1)
Acute Inflammation
21(7)
Pathophysiology
21(3)
Local Effects
24(1)
Systemic Effects
24(1)
Diagnostic Tests
25(1)
Course of the Inflammatory Response
26(1)
Potential Complications
27(1)
Chronic Inflammation
28(1)
Pathophysiology
28(1)
Treatment of Inflammation
28(3)
Drugs
28(2)
Other Therapies
30(1)
Healing
31(3)
Types of Healing
31(1)
The Healing Process
31(2)
Factors Affecting Healing
33(1)
Complications of Healing by Scar Formation
33(1)
Loss of Function
33(1)
Contractures and Obstructions
33(1)
Adhesions
33(1)
Hypertrophic Scar Tissue
33(1)
Ulceration
34(1)
Example of Inflammation and Healing
34(7)
Burns
34(1)
Classification of Burns
35(3)
Effects of Burn Injury
38(2)
Healing of Burns
40(1)
Case Studies
41(1)
Chapter Summary
41(1)
Study Questions
42(1)
Additional Resources
43(1)
Immunity and Abnormal Responses
44(32)
Review of the Immune System
46(8)
Purpose of the Immune System
46(1)
The Immune Response
46(1)
Components of the Immune System
46(1)
Antigens
46(1)
Cells
47(3)
Antibodies or Immunoglobulins
50(1)
Complement System
50(1)
Chemical Mediators
50(1)
Diagnostic Tests
51(1)
The Process of Acquiring Immunity
51(3)
Tissue and Organ Transplant Rejection
54(1)
Hypersensitivity Reactions
55(6)
Type I Hypersensitivity---Allergic Reactions
55(1)
Causative Mechanism
56(1)
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
56(1)
Anaphylaxis or Anaphylactic Shock
56(3)
Treatment
59(1)
Type I---Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
59(1)
Type III---Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
60(1)
Type IV---Cell-Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity
60(1)
Autoimmune Disorders
61(4)
Mechanism
61(1)
Example: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
62(1)
Pathophysiology
63(1)
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
64(1)
Diagnostic Tests
64(1)
Treatment
64(1)
Immunodeficiency
65(7)
Causes of Immunodeficiency
65(1)
Effects of Immunodeficiency
66(1)
Treatment
66(1)
Example: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
66(1)
History
66(1)
The Agent
67(1)
Transmission
68(1)
Diagnostic Tests
69(1)
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
69(2)
Women with AIDS
71(1)
Children with AIDS
72(1)
Treatment
72(1)
Case Studies
72(1)
Chapter Summary
73(1)
Study Questions
74(1)
Additional Resources
74(2)
Infection
76(28)
Review of Microbiology
78(11)
Microorganisms
78(1)
Types of Microorganisms
79(1)
Bacteria
79(2)
Viruses
81(3)
Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Mycoplasmas
84(1)
Fungi
85(1)
Protozoa
85(2)
Other Parasites---Helminths
87(1)
Resident Flora (Indigenous or Normal Flora, Resident Microbiota)
88(1)
Principles of Infection
89(5)
Transmission of Infectious Agents
89(2)
Host Resistance
91(1)
Virulence and Pathogenicity of Microorganisms
91(1)
New Threats
92(1)
Control of Transmission and Infection
92(2)
Development of Infection
94(7)
Onset and Course
94(2)
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Infection
96(1)
Local Signs
96(1)
Systemic Signs
96(1)
Diagnostic Tests
97(1)
Antimicrobial Drugs
97(1)
Guidelines for Use
97(1)
Classification
98(1)
Mode of Action
98(2)
Example of Infection: Influenza (Flu)
100(1)
Case Studies
101(1)
Chapter Summary
101(1)
Study Questions
102(1)
Additional Resources
102(2)
Neoplasms
104(24)
Review of Normal Cells
106(1)
Benign and Malignant Tumors
107(1)
Nomenclature
107(1)
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors
107(1)
Malignant Tumors---Cancer
107(16)
Pathophysiology
107(2)
Effects of Malignant Tumors
109(1)
Local Effects of Tumors
109(1)
Systemic Effects of Malignant Tumors
110(1)
Diagnostic Tests
111(1)
Spread of Malignant Tumors
111(1)
Staging of Cancer
112(2)
Etiology
114(1)
Carcinogenesis
114(1)
Risk Factors and Prevention
115(1)
Host Defenses
115(2)
Treatment
117(2)
Radiation Therapy
119(1)
Chemotherapy
120(2)
Other Drugs
122(1)
Nutrition
123(1)
Prognosis
123(1)
Examples of Malignant Tumors
123(2)
Skin Cancer
123(1)
Ovarian Cancer
124(1)
Brain Tumors
124(1)
Case Study
125(1)
Chapter Summary
125(1)
Study Questions
126(1)
Additional Resources
126(2)
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-base Imbalances
128(32)
Fluid Imbalance
130(7)
Review of Fluid Balance
130(1)
Fluid Compartments
130(1)
Movement of Water
130(3)
Fluid Excess---Edema
133(1)
Causes of Edema
133(2)
Effects of Edema
135(1)
Fluid Deficit---Dehydration
136(1)
Causes of Dehydration
136(1)
Effects of Dehydration
137(1)
Third-Spacing: Fluid Deficit and Fluid Excess
137(1)
Electrolyte Imbalances
137(9)
Sodium Imbalance
137(1)
Review of Sodium
137(1)
Hyponatremia
138(1)
Hypernatremia
139(1)
Potassium Imbalance
140(1)
Review of Potassium
140(1)
Hypokalemia
141(2)
Hyperkalemia
143(1)
Calcium Imbalance
143(1)
Review of Calcium
143(1)
Hypocalcemia
144(1)
Hypercalcemia
145(1)
Other Electrolytes
145(1)
Magnesium
145(1)
Phosphate
145(1)
Chloride
146(1)
Acid-Base Imbalance
146(8)
Review of Acid-Base Balance
146(1)
Control of Serum pH
147(1)
Buffer Systems
148(1)
The Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System and Maintenance of Serum pH
149(1)
Respiratory System
149(1)
Renal System
149(1)
Acid-Base Imbalance
150(1)
Compensation
151(1)
Decompensation
151(1)
Acidosis
151(1)
Alkalosis
151(3)
Treatment of Imbalances
154(1)
Case Studies
154(1)
Chapter Summary
155(1)
Study Questions
156(1)
Additional Resources
157(3)
Section II The Effects of Altered Status/Growth and Development on Disease Processes
Congenital and Genetic Disorders
160(16)
Review of Genetic Control
162(3)
Congenital Defects
165(2)
Genetic Disorders
167(2)
Single-Gene Disorders
167(1)
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
167(1)
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
168(1)
X-linked Recessive Disorders
168(1)
Chromosomal Disorders
168(1)
Multifactorial Disorders
168(1)
Developmental Disorders
169(1)
Diagnostic Tools
170(1)
Gene Technology
171(1)
Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy
171(1)
Gene and DNA Testing
171(1)
Example: Down Syndrome
172(1)
Chapter Summary
173(1)
Study Questions
174(1)
Additional Resources
174(2)
Diseases Associated with Adolescence
176(12)
Review of Normal Changes in Adolescence
178(1)
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
179(4)
Kyphosis and Lordosis
179(1)
Scoliosis
179(1)
Osteomyelitis
180(2)
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
182(1)
Eating Disorders
183(1)
Anorexia Nervosa
183(1)
Bulimia Nervosa
184(1)
Skin Disorders
184(1)
Acne Vulgaris
184(1)
Infection
185(1)
Infectious Mononucleosis
185(1)
Disorders Affecting Sexual Development
185(1)
Chromosomal Disorders
185(1)
Tumors
186(1)
Menstrual Abnormalities
186(1)
Chapter Summary
186(1)
Study Questions
187(1)
Additional Resources
187(1)
The Relationship Between Pregnancy and Diseases
188(12)
Fetal Development
190(1)
Significant Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy
190(4)
Diagnosis of Pregnancy
191(1)
Physiologic Changes and Their Implications
191(1)
Hormonal Changes
191(1)
Reproductive System Changes
191(1)
Weight Gain and Nutrition
192(1)
Digestive System Changes
192(1)
Musculoskeletal Changes
193(1)
Cardiovascular Changes
193(1)
Potential Complications of Pregnancy
194(3)
Ectopic Pregnancy
194(1)
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
194(1)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
194(1)
Placental Problems
194(1)
Blood Clotting Problems
195(1)
Thrombophlebitis and Thromboembolism
195(1)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
195(1)
Rh Incompatibility
195(1)
Infection
195(2)
Adolescent Pregnancy
197(1)
Case Study
197(1)
Chapter Summary
197(1)
Study Questions
198(1)
Additional Resources
198(2)
Aging and Disease Processes
200(10)
The Aging Process
202(1)
Significant Physiologic Changes with Aging
202(6)
Hormonal Changes
202(1)
Reproductive System Changes
203(1)
Changes in the Skin and Mucosa
203(1)
Cardiovascular Changes
204(1)
Musculoskeletal Changes
204(1)
Osteoporosis
204(1)
Osteoarthritis
205(1)
Herniated Intervertebral Disc
206(1)
Other Changes
206(1)
Respiratory Changes
206(1)
Neurologic Changes
206(2)
Gastrointestinal Changes and Nutrition, Urinary System Changes
208(1)
Other Factors
208(1)
Chapter Summary
209(1)
Study Questions
209(1)
Additional Resources
209(1)
Effects of Immobility
210(6)
Musculoskeletal Effects
212(1)
Cuaneous Effects
213(1)
Cardiovascular Effects
213(1)
Respiratory Effects
214(1)
Gastrointestinal Effects
214(1)
Urinary Effects
215(1)
Effects of Immobility on Children
215(1)
Chapter Summary
215(1)
Study Questions
215(1)
Additional Resources
215(1)
The Influence of Stress
216(8)
Review of the Stress Response
218(2)
Stress and Disease
220(3)
Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe
221(1)
Coping with Stress
222(1)
Chapter Summary
223(1)
Study Questions
223(1)
Additional Resources
223(1)
Pain
224(14)
Causes of Pain
226(1)
Pain Pathways
226(2)
Theory of Pain and Pain Control
228(2)
Characteristics of Pain
230(2)
Signs and Symptoms
230(1)
Young Children and Pain
230(1)
Referred Pain
230(2)
Phantom Pain
232(1)
Factors Affecting Pain Perception and Response
232(1)
Acute Pain
232(1)
Chronic Pain
232(1)
Headache
233(1)
Pain Control
234(2)
Methods of Managing Pain
234(1)
Anesthesia
235(1)
Chapter Summary
236(1)
Study Questions
236(1)
Additional Resources
236(2)
Substance Abuse
238(8)
Terminology
240(1)
Predisposing Factors
241(1)
Recognition of Abuse
242(1)
Potential Complications of Substance Abuse
243(1)
Overdose
243(1)
Withdrawal
243(1)
Pregnancy
243(1)
Cardiovascular Problems
243(1)
Psychedelic Experiences
243(1)
Infection
244(1)
Alcohol
244(1)
Cirrhosis (Laennec's Cirrhosis)
244(1)
Nervous System Damage
244(1)
Assistance with Substance Abuse
244(1)
Chapter Summary
244(1)
Study Questions
245(1)
Additional Resources
245(1)
Environmental Hazards
246(8)
Chemicals
248(2)
Heavy Metals
249(1)
Inhalants
249(1)
Physical Agents
250(2)
Hyperthermia
250(1)
Hypothermia
250(1)
Radiation
251(1)
Noise
252(1)
Biologic Agents
252(1)
Bites and Stings
252(1)
Food Poisoning
252(1)
Chapter Summary
253(1)
Study Questions
253(1)
Additional Resources
253(1)
Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies
254(16)
Pharmacology
256(7)
Basic Principles
256(1)
Drug Effects
256(1)
Administration and Distribution of Drugs
257(4)
Drugs and Receptors
261(1)
Prescriptions and Medication Orders
261(2)
Other Common Traditional Forms of Therapy
263(1)
Physiotherapist
263(1)
Occupational Therapist
263(1)
Speech/Language Pathologist
263(1)
Nutritionist/Dietitian
264(1)
Complementary or Alternative Therapies
264(3)
Osteopathy
264(1)
Chiropractic
264(1)
Swedish or Western Massage
264(1)
Therapeutic Touch (TT) or Healing Touch
264(1)
Naturopathy
265(1)
Homeopathy
265(1)
Herbal Medicine
265(1)
Aromatherapy
265(1)
Asian Concepts of Disease and Healing
265(1)
Acupuncture
265(1)
Shiatsu
266(1)
Yoga
266(1)
Reflexology
266(1)
Cranio-Sacral Therapy
266(1)
Emergency Assessment
267(1)
Chapter Summary
267(1)
Study Questions
267(1)
Additional Resources
268(2)
Section III Pathophysiology of the Systems
Blood and Lymphatic Disorders
270(32)
Review of the Blood
272(7)
Blood
272(1)
Blood Cells
272(4)
Blood Clotting
276(1)
Blood Types
277(1)
Diagnostic Tests
278(1)
Blood Therapies
279(1)
Review of the Lymphatic System
279(1)
Blood Dyscrasias
280(16)
The Anemias
280(1)
Iron Deficiency Anemia
280(2)
Pernicious Anemia---Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Megaloblastic Anemia)
282(2)
Aplastic Anemia
284(1)
Hemolytic Anemias
285(4)
Polycythemia
289(1)
Blood-Clotting Disorders
290(1)
Hemophilia A
291(1)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
292(1)
The Leukemias
293(3)
Lymphatic Disorders
296(3)
Lymphomas
296(1)
Hodgkin's Disease/Hodgkin's Lymphoma
296(1)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
297(1)
Multiple Myeloma or Plasma Cell Myeloma
297(2)
Case Study
299(1)
Chapter Summary
299(1)
Study Questions
300(1)
Additional Resources
300(2)
Cardiovascular Disorders
302(60)
Review of the Normal Cardiovascular System
304(10)
Heart
304(1)
Anatomy
304(1)
Conduction System
304(1)
Control of the Heart
305(1)
Coronary Circulation
305(2)
Cardiac Cycle
307(2)
Blood Vessels
309(3)
Blood Pressure
312(2)
Heart Disorders
314(31)
Diagnostic Tests for Cardiovascular Function
314(1)
General Treatment Measures for Cardiac Disorders
315(2)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
317(1)
Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis
318(4)
Angina Pectoris
322(2)
Myocardial Infarction
324(4)
Cardiac Arrhythmias (Dysrhythmias)
328(1)
Sinus Node Abnormalities
328(1)
Atrial Conduction Abnormalities
328(1)
Atrioventricular Node Abnormalities---Heart Blocks
329(1)
Ventricular Conduction Abnormalities
329(1)
Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias
330(1)
Cardiac Arrest or Standstill
330(1)
Congestive Heart Failure
331(4)
Young Children with CHF
335(1)
Congenital Heart Defects
336(2)
Ventricular Septal Defect
338(1)
Valvular Defects
338(2)
Tetralogy of Fallot
340(1)
Inflammation and Infection in the Heart
341(1)
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
341(2)
Infective Endocarditis
343(1)
Pericarditis
344(1)
Vascular Disorders
345(7)
Arterial Diseases
345(1)
Hypertension
345(3)
Peripheral Vascular Disease and Atherosclerosis
348(1)
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)
348(1)
Raynaud's Syndrome
349(1)
Aortic Aneurysms
349(1)
Venous Disorders
350(1)
Varicose Veins
350(1)
Thrombophlebitis and Phlebothrombosis
351(1)
Shock
352(6)
Case Studies
358(1)
Chapter Summary
358(2)
Study Questions
360(1)
Additional Resources
360(2)
Respiratory Disorders
362(60)
Review of Normal Structures in the Respiratory System
364(8)
Purpose and General Organization
364(1)
Structures in the Respiratory System
364(1)
The Upper Respiratory Tract
364(1)
The Lower Respiratory Tract
365(1)
Ventilation
366(1)
The Process of Inspiration and Expiration
366(1)
Pulmonary Volumes
367(1)
Control of Ventilation
368(2)
Gas Exchange
370(1)
Factors Affecting Diffusion of Gases
370(1)
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
371(1)
Diagnostic Tests
371(1)
General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease
372(3)
Common Treatment Measures For Respiratory Disorders
375(1)
Infectious Diseases
375(3)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
375(1)
Common Cold (Infectious Rhinitis)
375(1)
Sinusitis
376(1)
Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
377(1)
Epiglottitis
377(1)
Influenza (Flu)
378(1)
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
378(8)
Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection)
378(1)
Pneumonia
379(3)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
382(1)
Tuberculosis
383(3)
Histoplasmosis
386(1)
Obstructive Lung Diseases
386(11)
Cystic Fibrosis
386(3)
Lung Cancer
389(2)
Aspiration
391(2)
Asthma
393(4)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
397(5)
Emphysema
398(3)
Chronic Bronchitis
401(1)
Bronchiectasis
401(1)
Restrictive Lung Disorders
402(1)
Pneumoconioses
402(1)
Vascular Disorders
403(3)
Pulmonary Edema
403(1)
Pulmonary Embolus
404(2)
Expansion Disorders
406(10)
Atelectasis
406(2)
Pleural Effusion
408(1)
Pneumothorax
409(1)
Flail Chest
410(3)
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
413(1)
Adult or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
414(1)
Acute Respiratory Failure
415(1)
Case Studies
416(2)
Chapter Summary
418(1)
Study Questions
419(1)
Additional Resources
420(2)
Digestive System Disorders
422(70)
Review of the Digestive System
424(7)
Structures and Their Functions
424(1)
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
425(2)
Liver
427(1)
Pancreas
428(1)
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
428(1)
Neural and Hormonal Controls
429(2)
Digestion and Absorption
431(1)
Common Manifestations of Digestive System Disorders
431(5)
Anorexia, Nausea, and Vomiting
431(2)
Diarrhea
433(1)
Constipation
434(1)
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
434(1)
Pain
435(1)
Malnutrition
435(1)
Basic Diagnostic Tests
436(1)
Common Therapies
436(2)
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
438(16)
Disorders of the Oral Cavity
438(1)
Congenital Defects
438(1)
Inflammatory Lesions
438(1)
Infections
438(3)
Dental Problems
441(2)
Hyperkeratosis
443(1)
Cancer of the Oral Cavity
443(1)
Salivary Gland Disorders
443(1)
Dysphagia
444(1)
Esophageal Cancer
444(1)
Hiatal Hernia
444(2)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
446(1)
Gastritis
446(1)
Acute Gastritis
446(1)
Gastroenteritis
447(1)
Chronic Gastritis
448(1)
Peptic Ulcer
449(1)
Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
449(3)
Stress Ulcers
452(1)
Gastric Cancer
452(1)
Dumping Syndrome
453(1)
Pyloric Stenosis
453(1)
Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas
454(16)
Gallbladder Disorders
454(2)
Jaundice
456(1)
Hepatitis
457(1)
Viral Hepatitis
457(5)
Toxic or Nonviral Hepatitis
462(1)
Cirrhosis
462(5)
Liver Cancer
467(1)
Acute Pancreatitis
468(1)
Pancreatic Cancer
469(1)
Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders
470(16)
Celiac Disease
470(1)
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
471(1)
Crohn's Disease (Regional lleitis or Regional Enteritis)
471(2)
Ulcerative Colitis
473(1)
Appendicitis
474(1)
Diverticular Disease
475(2)
Colorectal Cancer
477(2)
Intestinal Obstruction
479(5)
Peritonitis
484(2)
Case Studies
486(2)
Chapter Summary
488(1)
Study Questions
488(1)
Additional Resources
489(3)
Urinary System Disorders
492(30)
Review of the Urinary System
494(5)
Incontinence and Retention
499(1)
Diagnostic Tests
500(1)
Urinalysis
500(1)
Blood Tests
500(1)
Other Tests
501(1)
Diuretic Drugs
501(1)
Dialysis
502(2)
Disorders of the Urinary System
504(6)
Urinary Tract Infections
504(1)
Etiology
504(1)
Cystitis
504(2)
Pyelonephritis
506(1)
Inflammatory Disorders
507(1)
Glomerulonephritis (Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis)
507(1)
Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis)
508(2)
Urinary Tract Obstructions
510(2)
Urolithiasis (Calculi, or Kidney Stones)
510(1)
Hydronephrosis
511(1)
Tumors
511(1)
Renal Cell Carcinoma
511(1)
Bladder Cancer
512(1)
Vascular Disorders
512(1)
Nephrosclerosis
512(1)
Congential Disorders
513(1)
Adult Polycystic Kidney
514(1)
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
514(1)
Renal Failure
514(5)
Acute Renal Failure
514(2)
Chronic Renal Failure
516(3)
Case Studies
519(1)
Chapter Summary
519(1)
Study Questions
520(1)
Additional Resources
520(2)
Acute Neurologic Disorders
522(48)
Review of the Nervous System
524(12)
Brain
524(1)
Protection for the Brain
524(1)
Functional Areas
525(3)
Blood Supply to the Brain
528(1)
Cranial Nerves
528(2)
Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves
530(1)
Spinal Cord
530(1)
Spinal Nerves
530(1)
Reflexes
530(2)
Neurons and Conduction of Impulses
532(1)
Neurons
532(1)
Conduction of Impulses
532(1)
Synapses and Chemical Neurotransmitters
533(1)
Autonomic Nervous System
533(1)
Sympathetic Nervous System
533(3)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
536(1)
General Effects of Neurologic Dysfunction
536(8)
Local (Focal) Effects
536(1)
Supratentorial and Infratentorial Lesions
536(1)
Left and Right Hemispheres
536(1)
Level of Consciousness
537(1)
Motor Dysfunction
538(1)
Sensory Deficits
538(1)
Visual Loss: Hemianopia
539(1)
Language Disorders
539(1)
Seizures
540(1)
Increased Intracranial Pressure
540(1)
Early Signs
541(1)
Vital Signs
542(1)
Visual Signs
543(1)
Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid
543(1)
Herniation
543(1)
Diagnostic Tests
544(1)
Acute Neurologic Problems
544(21)
Brain Tumors
544(1)
Vascular Disorders
545(1)
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
546(1)
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
546(3)
Cerebral Aneurysms
549(1)
Infections
550(1)
Meningitis
550(2)
Brain Abscess
552(1)
Encephalitis
553(1)
Other Infections
553(1)
Infection-Related Syndromes
554(1)
Head Injuries
555(1)
Types of Head Injuries
555(5)
Spinal Cord Injury
560(5)
Case Studies
565(1)
Chapter Summary
566(1)
Study Questions
567(1)
Additional Resources
568(2)
Chronic Neurologic Disorders
570(24)
Congenital Neurologic Disorders
572(5)
Hydrocephalus
572(1)
Spina Bifida
573(2)
Cerebral Palsy
575(2)
Seizure Disorders
577(3)
Pathophysiology
577(1)
Etiology
578(1)
Signs and Symptoms
578(1)
Generalized Seizures
578(1)
Partial Seizures
579(1)
Diagnostic Tests
579(1)
Treatment
579(1)
Chronic Degenerative Disorders
580(6)
Multiple Sclerosis
580(2)
Parkinson's Disease (Paralysis Agitans)
582(2)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
584(1)
Myasthenia Gravis
584(1)
Huntington's Disease
585(1)
Dementia
586(2)
Alzheimer's Disease
586(2)
Other Forms of Dementia
588(1)
Vascular Dementia
588(1)
Creutzfeldt--Jakob Disease (CJD)
588(1)
AIDS Dementia
588(1)
Mental Disorders
588(2)
Schizophrenia
588(1)
Depression
589(1)
Panic Disorder
590(1)
Spinal Cord Problems
590(1)
Herniated Intervertebral Disc
590(1)
Case Studies
591(1)
Chapter Summary
592(1)
Study Questions
593(1)
Additional Resources
593(1)
Disorders of the Eye and Ear
594(18)
The Eye
596(8)
Review of Normal Structure and Function
596(1)
Protection for the Eye
596(1)
The Eyeball
596(1)
Fluids in the Eye
597(1)
The Visual Pathway
598(1)
Diagnostic Tests
598(1)
Structural Defects
599(1)
Infections and Trauma
600(1)
Conjunctivitis
600(1)
Keratitis
601(1)
Glaucoma
601(2)
Cataracts
603(1)
Detached Retina
603(1)
Macular Degeneration
604(1)
The Ear
604(6)
Review of Normal Structure and Function
604(1)
Parts of the Ear
604(1)
Pathway for Sound
605(1)
The Semicircular Canals
605(1)
Hearing Loss
606(2)
Ear Infections
608(1)
Otitis Media
608(1)
Otitis Externa
609(1)
Chronic Disorders of the Ear
609(1)
Otosclerosis
609(1)
Meniere's Syndrome
609(1)
Case Studies
610(1)
Chapter Summary
611(1)
Study Questions
611(1)
Additional Resources
611(1)
Endocrine Disorders
612(32)
Review of the Endocrine System
614(3)
Endocrine Disorders
617(1)
Diagnostic Tests
617(1)
Treatment
617(1)
Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus
617(11)
Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
618(1)
Pathophysiology
619(1)
Initial Stage
619(1)
Progressive Effects
619(1)
Signs and Symptoms
619(1)
Diagnostic Tests
619(1)
Treatment
620(1)
Diet
620(1)
Exercise
620(1)
Oral Medications
620(1)
Insulin Injections
620(1)
Complications
621(1)
Acute Complications
621(3)
Chronic Complications
624(4)
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium
628(1)
Pituitary Hormones
629(1)
Growth Hormone
629(3)
Antidiuretic Hormone
632(1)
Diabetes Insipidus
632(1)
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
632(1)
Thyroid Disorders
632(4)
Goiter
633(2)
Hyperthyroidism (Graves' Disease)
635(1)
Hypothyroidism
635(1)
Diagnostic Tests
636(1)
Adrenal Glands
636(3)
Adrenal Medulla
636(1)
Adrenal Cortex
636(1)
Cushing's Syndrome
636(2)
Addison's Disease
638(1)
Case Studies
639(2)
Chapter Summary
641(1)
Study Questions
642(1)
Additional Resources
642(2)
Musculoskeletal Disorders
644(26)
Review of the Musculoskeletal System
646(6)
Bone
646(2)
Skeletal Muscle
648(2)
Joints
650(1)
Diagnostic Tests
651(1)
Trauma
652(5)
Fractures
652(1)
Pathophysiology
652(2)
Factors Affecting the Healing of Bone
654(1)
Signs and Symptoms
655(1)
Diagnostic Tests
655(1)
Treatment
655(1)
Dislocations
656(1)
Sprains and Strains
656(1)
Other Injuries
656(1)
Bone Disorders
657(2)
Osteoporosis
657(1)
Rickets and Osteomalacia
658(1)
Paget's Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
658(1)
Bone Tumors
659(1)
Disorders of Muscle, Tendons, and Ligaments
659(2)
Muscular Dystrophy
659(2)
Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome
661(1)
Joint Disorders
661(7)
Osteoarthritis
661(2)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
663(3)
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
666(1)
Infectious (Septic) Arthritis
666(1)
Gout (Gouty Arthritis)
666(1)
Ankylosing Spondylitis
667(1)
Case Studies
668(1)
Chapter Summary
668(1)
Study Questions
669(1)
Additional Resources
669(1)
Skin Disorders
670(20)
Review of Normal Skin
672(2)
Skin Lesions
674(2)
Diagnostic Tests
674(1)
General Treatment Measures
674(2)
Inflammatory Disorders
676(4)
Contact Dermatitis
676(1)
Urticaria (Hives)
677(1)
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
677(1)
Psoriasis
678(1)
Lichen Planus
678(1)
Discoid (Cutaneous) Lupus Erythematosus
679(1)
Pemphigus
679(1)
Scleroderma
680(1)
Skin Infections
680(5)
Bacterial Infections
680(1)
Cellulitis (Erysipelas)
680(1)
Furuncles (Boils)
680(1)
Impetigo
681(1)
Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis
681(1)
Viral Infections
682(1)
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)
682(1)
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
682(1)
Verrucae (Warts)
682(1)
Fungal Infections (Mycoses)
682(2)
Tinea
684(1)
Other Infections
685(1)
Scabies
685(1)
Pediculosis (Lice)
685(1)
Skin Tumors
685(3)
Keratoses
686(1)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
687(1)
Malignant Melanoma
687(1)
Kaposi's Sarcoma
688(1)
Case Studies
688(1)
Chapter Summary
689(1)
Study Questions
689(1)
Additional Resources
689(1)
Reproductive System Disorders
690(35)
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
692(7)
Review of the Normal Male Reproductive System
692(1)
Structure and Function
692(1)
Hormones
693(1)
Infertility
693(1)
Congenital Abnormalities of the Penis
693(1)
Epispadias and Hypospadias
693(1)
Disorders of the Testes and Scrotum
694(1)
Cryptorchidism
694(1)
Hydrocele, Spermatocele, and Varicocele
694(1)
Inflammation and Infections
695(1)
Prostatitis
695(1)
Tumors
696(1)
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
696(1)
Cancer of the Prostate
697(1)
Cancer of the Testes
698(1)
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
699(17)
Review of the Normal Female Reproductive System
699(1)
Structure and Function
699(4)
Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
703(1)
Infertility
703(1)
Structural Abnormalities
704(1)
Menstrual Disorders
705(1)
Menstrual Abnormalities
705(1)
Endometriosis
706(1)
Infections
707(1)
Candidiasis
707(1)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
707(2)
Benign Tumors
709(1)
Leiomyoma (Fibroids)
709(1)
Ovarian Cysts
709(1)
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
710(1)
Malignant Tumors
711(1)
Carcinoma of the Breast
711(2)
Carcinoma of the Cervix
713(2)
Carcinoma of the Uterus (Endometrial Carcinoma)
715(1)
Ovarian Cancer
716(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
716(5)
Bacterial Infections
716(1)
Chlamydial Infection
716(1)
Gonorrhea
717(1)
Syphilis
718(1)
Viral Infections
719(1)
Genital Herpes
719(2)
Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)
721(1)
Protozoan Infection
721(1)
Trichomoniasis
721(1)
Case Studies
721(1)
Chapter Summary
722(1)
Study Questions
723(1)
Additional Resources
723(2)
Appendices725(24)
Glossary749(10)
Index759

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