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Compact Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing,

by: Kirszner, Laurie G.

ISBN: 9781413022827 | 1413022820

Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Pub. Date: 3/13/2006

Newer Edition Available

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Summary Table of Contents

This compact edition retains all the features that have made the full edition so successful in a smaller, affordable volume: The first compact three-genre introduction to literature text to address the changing canon is now the first to include a guide for writing about literature-with handbook coverage of critical thinking, argument, and the writing process. Combining the broadest selection of literature available with time-proven and class-tested instruction, the sixth edition remains the most responsive introduction to literature text available.

... MORE

Authors Represented by Multiple Works

xxxvii

Preface

xliii

PART 1 A GUIDE TO WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE

1

(134)

1 UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE

3

(14)

Imaginative Literature

3

(2)

Conventional Themes

5

(1)

The Literary Canon

6

(3)

Luisa Valenzuela, All about Suicide

7

(1)

Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation

8

(1)

Interpreting Literature

9

(2)

Evaluating Literature

11

(3)

The Function of Literary Criticism

14

(3)

Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism

15

(2)

2 READING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE

17

(26)

Reading Literature

17

(4)

Previewing

17

(1)

Highlighting

18

(1)

Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols

19

(1)

Maya Angelou, My Arkansas

19

(2)

Annotating

20

(1)

Writing about Literature

21

(22)

Planning an Essay

22

(6)

Drafting an Essay

28

(1)

Revising and Editing an Essay

29

(14)

Checklist: Using Sources

34

(1)

Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature

35

(1)

Exercise: Two Student Papers

36

(1)

Student Paper: Initiation into Adulthood

37

(3)

Student Paper: Hard Choices

40

(3)

3 WRITING SPECIAL KINDS OF PAPERS

43

(35)

Writing a Comparison-Contrast

43

(8)

Checklist: Writing a Comparison-Contrast

44

(1)

Comparing Two Fictional Characters

45

(5)

Student Paper: The Dangerous Consequences of Societal Limbo

45

(5)

Suggested Topics for Comparison-Contrast Papers

50

(1)

Writing an Explication

51

(7)

Checklist: Writing an Explication

51

(1)

Explicating a Poem

51

(6)

Student Paper: A Lingering Doubt

52

(5)

Suggested Topics for Explication Papers

57

(1)

Writing a Character Analysis

58

(5)

Checklist: Writing a Character Analysis

58

(1)

Analyzing a Character in a Play

59

(4)

Student Paper: Linda Loman: Breaking the Mold

59

(4)

Suggested Topics for Character Analysis Papers

63

(1)

Writing about a Work's Historical Context

63

(8)

Checklist: Writing about a Work's Historical Context

64

(1)

Setting a Literary Work in Its Historical Context

64

(6)

Student Paper: Dreaming of Home

65

(5)

Suggested Topics for Historical Context Papers

70

(1)

4 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT YOUR WRITING

71

(3)

Distinguishing Fact from Opinion

71

(2)

Evaluating Supporting Evidence

73

(1)

Detecting Bias in Your Writing

73

(1)

Understanding Logic

74

(4)

Inductive Reasoning

74

(1)

Deductive Reasoning

75

(1)

Toulmin Logic

76

(1)

Recognizing Logical Fallacies

76

(2)

5 WRITING LITERARY ARGUMENTS

78

(16)

Planning a Literary Argument

78

(3)

Choosing a Debatable Topic

78

(1)

Developing an Argumentative Thesis

79

(1)

Checklist: Developing an Argumentative Thesis

79

(1)

Defining Your Terms

80

(1)

Considering Your Audience

80

(1)

Refuting Opposing Arguments

81

(1)

Using Evidence Effectively

81

(3)

Supporting Your Literary Argument

81

(1)

Establishing Credibility

82

(1)

Being Fair

83

(1)

Using Visuals as Evidence

84

(1)

Organizing a Literary Argument

84

(10)

Writing a Literary Argument

85

(10)

Student Paper: The Politics of "Everyday Use"

86

(8)

6 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

94

(15)

Choosing a Topic

94

(1)

Doing Exploratory Research

94

(1)

Narrowing Your Topic

95

(1)

Doing Focused Research

95

(3)

Library Research

95

(1)

Internet Research

96

(2)

Taking Notes

98

(1)

Integrating Sources

99

(1)

Drafting a Thesis Statement

100

(1)

Making an Outline

100

(1)

Drafting Your Paper

101

(1)

Sample Research Paper with MLA Documentation

102

(7)

Student Paper: And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and Act in Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"

102

(7)

7 DOCUMENTING SOURCES AND AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

109

(17)

Avoiding Plagiarism

109

(3)

Document All Material That Requires Documentation

110

(1)

Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks

110

(1)

Do Not Imitate a Source's Syntax and Phrasing

111

(1)

Differentiate Your Words from Those of Your Source

111

(1)

Checklist: Plagiarism and Internet Sources

112

(1)

Documenting Sources

112

(14)

Parenthetical References in the Text

112

(4)

Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References

113

(3)

The Works-Cited List

116

(9)

Content Notes

125

(1)

8 WRITING ESSAY EXAMS ABOUT LITERATURE

126

(9)

Planning an Essay Exam Answer

126

(3)

Review Your Material

126

(1)

Consider Your Audience and Purpose

127

(1)

Read through the Entire Exam

127

(1)

Read Each Question Carefully

127

(2)

Brainstorm to Find Ideas

129

(1)

Shaping an Essay Exam Answer

129

(1)

State Your Thesis

129

(1)

Make a Scratch Outline

130

(1)

Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer

130

(7)

Sample Student Essay Exam Answer

131

(4)

PART 2 FICTION

135

(520)

9 UNDERSTANDING FICTION

137

(12)

Origins of Modern Fiction

137

(5)

The History of the Novel

138

(4)

The History of the Short Story

142

(1)

Defining the Short Story

142

(1)

Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants

143

(4)

Recognizing Kinds of Fiction

147

(2)

10 FICTION SAMPLER: THE SHORT-SHORT

149

(1)

Gary Gildner, Sleepy Time Gal

150

(2)

Jonathan Safran Foer, A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease

152

(5)

Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings

157

(3)

Jamaica Kincaid, Girl

160

(1)

Amanda Holzer, Love and Other Catastrophes: A Mix Tape

161

(1)

Monica Ware, Mislaid Plans

162

(2)

11 READING AND WRITING ABOUT FICTION

164

(1)

Reading Fiction

164

(1)

Active Reading

165

(1)

Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion

165

(6)

Writing about Fiction

171

(18)

Planning an Essay

171

(4)

Drafting an Essay

175

(4)

Student Paper: Symbols in "The Secret Lion" (First Draft)

176

(3)

Revising and Editing an Essay

179

(26)

Student Paper: Symbols in "The Secret Lion" (Second Draft)

180

(4)

Student Paper: "The Secret Lion": Everything Changes (Final Draft)

184

(5)

12 PLOT

189

(3)

Conflict

189

(1)

Stages of Plot

190

(1)

Order and Sequence

191

(1)

Checklist: Writing about Plot

192

(1)

Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour

192

(3)

Naguib Mahfouz, Half a Day

195

(4)

Stephen Dobyns, Kansas

199

(6)

William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily

205

(11)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Plot

213

(3)

13 CHARACTER

216

(22)

Round and Flat Characters

216

(1)

Dynamic and Static Characters

217

(1)

Motivation

218

(1)

Checklist: Writing about Character

218

(1)

John Updike, A&P

219

(6)

Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill

225

(5)

Gish Jen, The Water Faucet Vision

230

(8)

Charles Baxter, Gryphon

238

(14)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Character

250

(1)

14 SETTING

251

(31)

Historical Setting

252

(1)

Geographical Setting

252

(1)

Physical Setting

253

(2)

Checklist: Writing about Setting

254

(1)

Kate Chopin, The Storm

255

(5)

Sherman J. Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona

260

(10)

Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal

270

(12)

Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing

282

(9)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Setting

290

(1)

15 POINT OF VIEW

291

(1)

First-Person Narrators

291

(3)

Unreliable Narrators

292

(2)

Third-Person Narrators

294

(2)

Omniscient Narrators

294

(1)

Limited Omniscient Narrators

295

(1)

Objective Narrators

295

(1)

Selecting an Appropriate Point of View

296

(4)

Checklist: Selecting an Appropriate Point of View: Review

299

(1)

Checklist: Writing about Point of View

300

(1)

Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man

300

(11)

Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado

311

(7)

William Faulkner, Barn Burning

318

(14)

Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Disappearance

332

(9)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Point of View

340

(1)

16 STYLE, TONE, AND LANGUAGE

341

(38)

Style and Tone

341

(1)

The Uses of Language

341

(2)

Formal and Informal Diction

343

(2)

Imagery

345

(1)

Figures of Speech

345

(2)

Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language

346

(1)

James Joyce, Araby

347

(6)

Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find

353

(13)

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper

366

(13)

Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried

379

(15)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Style, Tone, and Language

393

(1)

17 SYMBOL, ALLEGORY, AND MYTH

394

(1)

Symbol

394

(2)

Literary Symbols

395

(1)

Recognizing Symbols

395

(1)

Allegory

396

(2)

Myth

398

(2)

Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, and Myth

399

(1)

Jorge Luis Borges, The Book of Sand

400

(4)

Shirley Jackson, The Lottery

404

(8)

Alice Walker, Everyday Use

412

(8)

Raymond Carver, Cathedral

420

(12)

Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown

432

(13)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Symbol, Allegory, and Myth

443

(1)

18 THEME

444

(37)

Interpreting Themes

445

(1)

Identifying Themes

446

(2)

Checklist: Writing about Theme

448

(1)

Eudora Welty, A Worn Path

448

(8)

David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season

456

(12)

D.H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner

468

(13)

Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables

481

(15)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Theme

492

(2)

19 FICTION IN FILM

494

(50)

Fiction in Film: John Updike's "A&P"

496

(2)

Fiction in Film: Tillie Olsen's "I Stand Here Ironing"

498

(2)

Fiction in Film: Alice Walker's "Everyday Use"

500

(2)

Fiction in Film: Raymond Carver's "Cathedral"

502

(2)

Fiction in Film: Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"

504

(2)

20 JOYCE CAROL OATES'S "WHERE ARE YOU GOING, WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?": A CASEBOOK FOR READING, RESEARCH, AND WRITING

506

(3)

Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?

509

(13)

Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen

522

(4)

Gretchen Schulz and R.J.R. Rockwood, from In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie's Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"

526

(4)

Mike Tierce and John Michael Crafton, from Connie's Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend

530

(3)

Bob Dylan, It's All Over Now, Baby Blue

533

(1)

Laura Kalpakian, from a review of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?: Selected Early Stories

534

(3)

Don Moser, from The Pied Piper of Tucson

537

(5)

Anonymous, The Pied Piper of Hamelin

542

(2)

Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood

544

(10)

Topics for Further Research

545

(122)

Student Paper: Mesmerizing Men and Vulnerable Teens: Power Relationships in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and "Teenage Wasteland"

547

(7)

21 FICTION FOR FURTHER READING

554

(128)

James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues

554

(22)

Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson

576

(6)

T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake

582

(7)

Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible

589

(7)

Gabriel Garcia M�rquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

596

(5)

James Joyce, Eveline

601

(4)

Franz Kafka, A Hunger Artist

605

(6)

Flannery O'Connor, Everything That Rises Must Converge

611

(11)

Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart

622

(3)

Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

625

(7)

John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums

632

(8)

Amy Tan, Two Kinds

640

(8)

Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland

648

(7)

PART 3 POETRY

655

(1)

22 UNDERSTANDING POETRY

657

(366)

Marianne Moore, Poetry

657

(1)

Nikki Giovanni, Poetry

658

(1)

Origins of Modern Poetry

659

(5)

Defining Poetry

664

(1)

William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold

665

(1)

Louis Zukofsky, I walk in the old street

665

(1)

E.E. Cummings, I(a

666

(1)

Recognizing Kinds of Poetry

667

(4)

Narrative Poetry

667

(1)

Lyric Poetry

667

(2)

23 POETRY SAMPLER: VISUAL POETRY

669

(7)

George Herbert, Easter Wings

671

(1)

May Swenson, Women

672

(1)

Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees

672

(1)

Charles Bernstein, this poem intentionally left blank

673

(1)

Ian Hamilton Finlay, Acrobats

673

(1)

Reed Altemus and Jim Leftwich, Flake upper phase

674

(1)

Bob Grumman, Mathemaku No. 10

675

(1)

24 READING AND WRITING ABOUT POETRY

676

(1)

Reading Poetry

676

(1)

Active Reading

677

(1)

Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays

677

(1)

Seamus Heaney, Digging

678

(1)

Writing about Poetry

679

(18)

Planning an Essay

679

(3)

Drafting an Essay

682

(5)

Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft)

683

(4)

Revising and Editing an Essay

687

(15)

Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)

688

(4)

Student Paper: Digging for Memories (Final Draft)

692

(5)

25 VOICE

697

(27)

Emily Dickinson, I'm nobody! Who are you?

697

(1)

The Speaker in the Poem

697

(1)

Louise Gl�ck, Gretel in Darkness

698

(2)

Leonard Adam�, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum

700

(1)

Langston Hughes, Negro

701

(1)

Robert Browning, My Last Duchess

702

(3)

FURTHER READING: The Speaker in the Poem

705

(1)

Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer

705

(3)

Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note 706 Pat Mora, Veiled

708

(1)

The Tone of the Poem

709

(1)

Robert Frost, Fire and Ice

709

(1)

Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed

710

(1)

Amy Lowell, Patterns

711

(3)

FURTHER READING: The Tone of the Poem

714

(1)

Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World

714

(1)

William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us

715

(1)

Claude McKay, The White City

716

(1)

Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time

717

(1)

Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me

718

(1)

Irony

719

(1)

Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover

719

(2)

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias

721

(1)

Ariel Dorfman, Hope

722

(2)

FURTHER READING: Irony

724

(1)

W.H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen

724

(1)

Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham

725

(4)

Checklist: Writing about Voice

726

(1)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Voice

727

(2)

26 WORD CHOICE, WORD ORDER

729

(3)

Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words

729

(1)

Word Choice

730

(1)

Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer

731

(1)

William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone

732

(2)

FURTHER READING: Word Choice

734

(1)

James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio

734

(1)

Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin

735

(2)

E.E. Cummings, in Just

737

(1)

Robert Pinsky, ABC

738

(1)

Levels of Diction

739

(1)

Margaret Atwood, The City Planners

739

(2)

Jim Sagel, Baca Grande

741

(2)

FURTHER READING: Levels of Diction

743

(1)

Wanda Coleman, Sears Life

743

(1)

Mark Halliday, The Value of Education

744

(1)

Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight

745

(1)

Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool

746

(1)

Word Order

747

(1)

Edmund Spenser, One day I wrote her name upon the strand

748

(1)

E.E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town

749

(1)

FURTHER READING: Word Order

750

(1)

A.E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young

750

(1)

Checklist: Writing about Word Choice and Word Order

751

(2)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Word Choice, Word Order

752

(1)

27 IMAGERY

753

(5)

Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter

753

(2)

William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow

755

(1)

Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro

756

(1)

Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to Be Said for the Iron Age

756

(1)

Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal

757

(1)

William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure

758

(2)

FURTHER READING: Imagery

760

(1)

Michael Chitwood, Division

760

(1)

Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay

760

(1)

Kobayashi Issa, Haiku

761

(1)

William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun

762

(1)

Octavio Paz, Daybreak

763

(1)

Octavio Paz, Nightfall

763

(3)

Checklist: Writing about Imagery

764

(1)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Imagery

765

(1)

28 FIGURES OF SPEECH

766

(3)

William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

766

(1)

Simile, Metaphor, and Personification

767

(1)

Langston Hughes, Harlem

767

(1)

Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity

768

(1)

Audre Lorde, Rooming houses are old women

769

(2)

FURTHER READING: Simile, Metaphor, and Personification

771

(1)

Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose

771

(1)

N. Scott Momaday, Simile

771

(1)

Sylvia Plath, Metaphors

772

(1)

John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player

773

(1)

Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

774

(1)

Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant

775

(1)

John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

776

(2)

Hyperbole and Understatement

778

(1)

Sylvia Plath, Daddy

778

(3)

David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling

781

(1)

FURTHER READING: Hyperbole and Understatement

782

(1)

Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband

782

(1)

Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress

783

(2)

Robert Frost, "Out, Out�"

785

(1)

Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner

786

(1)

Margaret Atwood, you fit into me

787

(1)

Metonymy and Synecdoche

787

(1)

Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars

788

(1)

FURTHER READING: Metonymy and Synecdoche

788

(1)

Thomas Lux, Henry Clay's Mouth

788

(1)

Apostrophe

789

(1)

Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa.

790

(1)

FURTHER READING: Apostrophe

791

(1)

Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California

791

(3)

Checklist: Writing about Figures of Speech

792

(1)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Figures of Speech

793

(1)

29 SOUND

794

(5)

Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice

794

(1)

Rhythm

794

(1)

Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud

795

(1)

Meter

796

(3)

Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles

799

(3)

FURTHER READING: Rhythm and Meter

802

(1)

Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

802

(1)

Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After

803

(1)

Frank O'Hara, To the Poem

804

(1)

Alliteration and Assonance

805

(1)

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle

806

(1)

N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives

806

(1)

Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder

807

(1)

Rhyme

808

(1)

Ogden Nash, The Lama

809

(1)

Richard Wilbur, A Sketch

809

(2)

FURTHER READING: Alliteration, Assonance, and Rhyme

811

(1)

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty

811

(1)

W.H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening

812

(2)

Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating

814

(1)

Robert Francis, Pitcher

815

(1)

Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky

816

(3)

Checklist: Writing about Sound

817

(1)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Sound

818

(1)

30 FORM

819

(2)

John Keats, On the Sonnet

819

(1)

Billy Collins, Sonnet

819

(2)

Closed Form

821

(3)

Blank Verse

821

(1)

Stanza

822

(1)

The Sonnet

823

(1)

William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes

824

(1)

FURTHER READING: The Sonnet

824

(1)

John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer

824

(2)

Gwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle

826

(1)

The Sestina

826

(1)

Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani

827

(1)

FURTHER READING: The Sestina

828

(1)

Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina

828

(1)

The Villanelle

829

(1)

Theodore Roethke, The Waking

829

(2)

The Epigram

830

(1)

FURTHER READING: The Epigram

831

(1)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?

831

(1)

William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram

831

(1)

Martin Espada, Why I Went to College

831

(1)

Haiku

832

(1)

FURTHER READING: Haiku

832

(1)

Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku

832

(1)

Carolyn Kizer, After Basho

833

(1)

Jos� Juan Tablada, Haiku

833

(1)

Jack Kerouac, American Haiku

834

(1)

Open Form

835

(1)

Carl Sandburg, Chicago

836

(1)

E.E. Cummings, the sky was candy

837

(1)

FURTHER READING: Open Form

838

(1)

Walt Whitman, from "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"

838

(1)

Diane Wakoski, Sleep

839

(1)

Robert Hayden, Monet's "Waterlilies"

840

(2)

William Carlos Williams, Spring and All

842

(1)

Carolyn Forch� The Colonel

843

(4)

Checklist: Writing about Form

844

(1)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Form

845

(2)

31 SYMBOL, ALLEGORY, ALLUSION, MYTH

847

(4)

William Blake, The Sick Rose

847

(1)

Symbol

847

(1)

Robert Frost, For Once, Then, Something

848

(1)

Jim Simmerman, Child's Grave, Hale County, Alabama

849

(2)

Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes be in Sicily

851

(1)

FURTHER READING: Symbol

851

(1)

Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven

851

(4)

Allegory

855

(1)

Christina Rossetti, Uphill

855

(1)

FURTHER READING: Allegory

856

(1)

Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck

856

(3)

Allusion

859

(1)

Wok Soyinka, Future Plans

859

(1)

William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide

860

(1)

FURTHER READING: Allusion

861

(1)

Maxine Kumin, Where Any of Us

861

(1)

Myth

862

(1)

Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel

863

(1)

FURTHER READING: Myth

864

(1)

William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan

864

(1)

Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes

865

(1)

W.H. Auden, Muse� des Beaux Arts

866

(2)

T.S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi

868

(4)

Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth

870

(1)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth

871

(1)

32 DISCOVERING THEMES IN POETRY

872

(55)

Poems about Parents

872

(1)

Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz

873

(1)

Edna St. Vincent Millay, The courage that my mother had

874

(1)

Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty-Second Year

874

(1)

Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory

875

(1)

Mitsuye Yamada, The Night Before Good-bye

875

(1)

Wanda Coleman, Dear Mama

876

(1)

Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night

877

(1)

Poems about Nature

878

(1)

William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud

878

(1)

Christina Rossetti, Summer

879

(1)

Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover

880

(1)

Robert Frost, Birches

880

(2)

William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark

882

(1)

Joy Harjo, Morning Song

882

(1)

Poems about Love

883

(1)

Robert Browning, Meeting at Night

883

(1)

Robert Browning, Parting at Morning

884

(1)

Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee?

884

(1)

Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed

884

(1)

Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation

885

(1)

Poems of War

885

(1)

Rupert Brooke, The Soldier

886

(1)

Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est

887

(1)

William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death

888

(1)

Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead

888

(2)

Denise Levertov, What Were They Like?

890

(1)

Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It

891

(1)

Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime

892

(1)

Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning

892

(2)

33 THE POETRY OF LANGSTON HUGHES: A CASEBOOK FOR READING, RESEARCH, AND WRITING

894

(5)

Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers

899

(1)

Langston Hughes, Mother to Son

899

(1)

Langston Hughes, Dream Variations

900

(1)

Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues

900

(1)

Langston Hughes, I, Too

901

(1)

Langston Hughes, Song for a Dark Girl

902

(1)

Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord

902

(1)

Langston Hughes, Theme for English B

903

(1)

Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie

904

(1)

Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963)

905

(2)

Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight

907

(1)

Langston Hughes, Un-American Investigators

908

(1)

Langston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me

909

(1)

Langston Hughes, from The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain

910

(2)

Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers

912

(2)

Langston Hughes, from My Adventures as a Social Poet

914

(3)

Arnold Rampersad, from The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes

917

(4)

Herman Beavers, from Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes

921

(2)

Steven C. Tracy from "Midnight Ruffles of Cat-Gut Lace": The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes

923

(1)

Karen Jackson Ford, from Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity

924

(3)

George B. Hutchinson, from Langston Hughes and the 'Other' Whitman

927

(8)

Topics for Further Research

928

(97)

Student Paper: Challenging the Father/ Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes's "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"

929

(6)

34 POETRY FOR FURTHER READING

935

(154)

Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo

935

(1)

Sherman J. Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman

936

(1)

Maya Angelou, Africa

937

(1)

Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan

938

(1)

Anonymous, Go Down Moses

939

(1)

Anonymous, Western Wind

940

(1)

Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach

940

(1)

Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish

941

(2)

William Blake, The Lamb

943

(1)

William Blake, To see a World in a Grain of Sand

944

(1)

William Blake, The Tyger

944

(1)

Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book

945

(1)

Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers

945

(1)

George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty

946

(1)

Thomas Campion, There is a garden in her face

946

(1)

Geoffrey Chaucer, from The Canterbury Tales

947

(2)

Lucille Clifton, Praise Song

949

(1)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan

949

(2)

Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry

951

(1)

Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge

951

(1)

E.E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill's

952

(1)

E.E. Cummings, next to of course god america i

953

(1)

Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes

953

(1)

Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death

954

(1)

Emily Dickinson, "Faith" is a fine invention

954

(1)

Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility

955

(1)

Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz�when I died

955

(1)

Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest

956

(1)

Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant

956

(1)

Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights�Wild Nights!

956

(1)

John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God

957

(1)

John Donne, Death Be Not Proud

957

(1)

John Donne, The Flea

957

(1)

Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays

958

(1)

Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask

959

(1)

Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born

959

(1)

T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

960

(4)

James A. Emanuel, Emmett Till

964

(1)

Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways

964

(1)

Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night

965

(1)

Robert Frost, Design

966

(1)

Robert Frost, Mending Wall

966

(1)

Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken

967

(1)

Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

968

(1)

Federico Garcia Lorca, Arbol� Arbol�...

968

(2)

Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa

970

(1)

H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Helen

971

(1)

Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain

971

(2)

Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break

973

(1)

Edward Hirsch, Fast Break

973

(1)

Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur

974

(1)

Ha Jin, Ways of Talking

975

(1)

Mary Karr, A Blessing from My Sixteen Years' Son

975

(2)

John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad

977

(1)

John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn

978

(2)

John Keats, When I Have Fears

980

(1)

Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street

980

(1)

Yusef Komunyakaa, Ignis Fatuus

981

(1)

Ted Kooser, Selecting a Reader

982

(1)

Philip Larkin, Aubade

982

(2)

Li-Young Lee, The Gift

984

(1)

Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica

985

(1)

Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

985

(1)

Claude McKay, If We Must Die

986

(1)

James Merrill, Page from the Koran

987

(1)

W.S. Merwin, To My Brother

987

(1)

Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co.

988

(1)

Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys' Party

989

(1)

Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims

990

(1)

Linda Pastan, Marks

990

(1)

Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll

991

(1)

Robert Pinsky, Shirt

991

(2)

Sylvia Plath, Mirror

993

(1)

Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter

993

(1)

Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd

994

(1)

Henry Reed, Naming of Parts

995

(1)

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy

996

(1)

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory

997

(1)

Sonia Sanchez, right on: white america

997

(1)

Carl Sandburg, Fog

998

(1)

William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds

998

(1)

William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments

999

(1)

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind

999

(2)

Charles Simic, Old Soldier

1001

(1)

Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning

1002

(1)

Cathy Song, Lost Sister

1002

(2)

Gary Soto, Saturday at the Canal

1004

(1)

William Stafford, An Afternoon in the Stacks

1005

(1)

Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar

1005

(1)

Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream

1005

(1)

Mark Strand, 2032

1006

(1)

Virgil Su�rez, La Florida

1006

(1)

Wislawa Szymborska, ABC

1007

(1)

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses

1008

(1)

Mona Van Duyn, In Bed with a Book

1009

(1)

Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America

1010

(1)

Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider

1010

(1)

Walt Whitman, from "Song of Myself"

1011

(1)

Richard Wilbur, Man Running

1012

(1)

C.K. Williams, Doves

1013

(2)

William Carlos Williams, The Dance

1015

(1)

William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802

1015

(1)

William Wordsworth, London, 1802

1016

(1)

William Wordsworth, My heart leaps up when I behold

1016

(1)

William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper

1016

(1)

Charles Wright, In Praise of Han Shan

1017

(1)

William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop

1018

(1)

William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree

1018

(1)

William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium

1019

(1)

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

1020

(1)

Adam Zagajewski, Poetry Searches for Radiance

1020

(3)

PART 4 DRAMA

1023

(1)

35 UNDERSTANDING DRAMA

1025

(604)

Origins of Modern Drama

1025

(9)

The Ancient Greek Theater

1025

(2)

The Elizabethan Theater

1027

(4)

The Modern Theater

1031

(3)

Tragedy and Comedy

1034

(6)

Tragedy

1034

(3)

Comedy

1037

(3)

Defining Drama

1040

(1)

A Note on Translations

1040

(2)

Recognizing Kinds of Drama

1042

(1)

Anton Chekhov, The Brute

1043

(12)

36 DRAMA SAMPLER: TEN-MINUTE PLAYS

1055

(1)

Jane Martin, Beauty

1055

(5)

Jos� Rivera, Tape

1060

(4)

Arlene Hutton, I Dream Before I Take the Stand

1064

(14)

Warren Leight, Nine Ten

1078

(6)

37 READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA

1084

(1)

Reading Drama

1084

(2)

Active Reading

1085

(1)

Writing about Drama

1086

(18)

Planning an Essay

1086

(3)

Drafting an Essay

1089

(3)

Student Paper: The Women's Role in Trifles (First Draft)

1090

(2)

Revising and Editing an Essay

1092

(12)

Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft)

1093

(5)

Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft)

1098

(6)

38 PLOT

1104

(3)

Plot Structure

1104

(2)

Plot and Subplot

1105

(1)

Plot Development

1106

(2)

Flashbacks

1107

(1)

Foreshadowing

1107

(14)

Checklist: Writing about Plot

1107

(1)

Susan Glaspell, Trifles

1108

(13)

Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House

1121

(57)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Plot

1176

(1)

39 CHARACTER

1177

(1)

Characters' Words

1178

(5)

Formal and Informal Language

1179

(1)

Plain and Elaborate Language

1180

(2)

Tone

1182

(1)

Irony

1182

(1)

Characters' Actions

1183

(1)

Stage Directions

1184

(1)

Actors' Interpretations

1185

(3)

Checklist: Writing about Character

1187

(1)

August Strindberg, The Stronger

1188

(5)

David Auburn, Proof

1193

(55)

Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman

1248

(74)

William Shakespeare, Hamlet

1322

(104)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Character

1425

(1)

40 STAGING

1426

(2)

Stage Directions

1426

(2)

The Uses of Staging

1428

(3)

Costumes

1428

(1)

Props and Furnishings

1428

(1)

Scenery and Lighting

1429

(1)

Music and Sound Effects

1429

(2)

Checklist: Writing about Staging

1430

(1)

Sophocles, Oedipus the King

1431

(43)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Staging

1473

(1)

41 THEME

1474

(12)

Titles

1474

(1)

Conflicts

1475

(1)

Dialogue

1476

(1)

Characters

1476

(1)

Staging

1477

(1)

Checklist: Writing about Theme

1478

(1)

David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown

1478

(8)

August Wilson, Fences

1486

(57)

WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Theme

1539

(1)

42 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS'S THE GLASS MENAGERIE: A CASEBOOK FOR READING, RESEARCH, AND WRITING

1540

(74)

Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie

1543

(50)

Tennessee Williams, Author's Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition)

1593

(2)

Jacqueline O'Connor, from Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams

1595

(1)

Tennessee Williams, from Tennessee Williams: Memoirs

1596

(3)

Jean Evans, Interview 1945

1599

(4)

Thomas L.L. King, from Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie 1600 g r

Nancy Marie Patterson Tischler, from Student Companion to Tennessee Williams

1603

(2)

Roger B. Stein, from The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence

1605

(2)

Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams

1607

(3)

James Fisher, from "The Angels of Fructification": Tennessee Williams, Tony Kushner, and Images of Homosexuality on the American Stage

1610

(4)

Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass

1614

(16)

Topics for Further Research

1621

(9)

Student Paper: Laura's Gentleman Caller

1622

(7)

Appendix: Using Literary Criticism in Your Writing

1629

(1)

Formalism

1629

A Formalist Reading: Kate Chopin's "The Storm"

1630

(2)

FOR FURTHER READING: Formalism

1631

(1)

Reader-Response Criticism

1631

(1)

Reader-Response Readings: Kate Chopin's "The Storm"

1632

(4)

FOR FURTHER READING: Reader-Response Criticism

1633

(1)

Sociological Criticism

1634

(1)

Feminist Criticism

1635

(1)

A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen's "I Stand Here Ironing"

1636

(2)

FOR FURTHER READING: Feminist Criticism

1636

(1)

Marxist Criticism

1637

(1)

A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen's "I Stand Here Ironing"

1638

(2)

FOR FURTHER READING: Marxist Criticism

1638

(1)

New Historicism

1639

(1)

A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper"

1640

(3)

FOR FURTHER READING: New Historicist Criticism

1641

(1)

Psychoanalytic Criticism

1641

(2)

A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado"

1643

(2)

FOR FURTHER READING: Psychoanalytic Criticism

1644

(1)

Structuralism

1644

(1)

A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner's "Barn Burning"

1645

(2)

FOR FURTHER READING: Structuralism

1646

(1)

Deconstruction

1646

(1)

A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O'Connor's "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"

1647

FOR FURTHER READING: Deconstruction

1648

Glossary of Literary Terms

G1

Credits

C1

Index of First Lines of Poetry

I1

Index of Authors and Titles

I5

Index of Literary Terms

I14

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