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Developmental Biology

by: Gilbert, Scott F.

Developmental Biology

by: Gilbert, Scott F.

ISBN 13:
9780878932580
ISBN 10:
0878932585
Edition: CD
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 03/01/2003
Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc
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Summary

Explores the organismal, cellular, and molecular aspects of animal development. Includes new material on vertebrate limb cell specification and the developmental origins of feathers, jaws, and teeth during evolution. Includes a new chapter on the medical implications of developmental biology, such as the identification of genetic defects that affect development. Previous ed: c2000.

part 1 Principles of developmental biology

Developmental biology: The anatomical tradition

(22)

The Questions of Developmental Biology

(1)

Approaches to Developmental Biology

(1)

The Anatomical Approach

(9)

Comparative embryology

(1)

Epigenesis and preformation

(2)

Naming the parts: The primary germ layers and early organs

(1)

The four principles of Karl Ernst von Baer

(2)

Fate mapping the embryo

(3)

Cell migration

(1)

Evolutionary Embryology

(2)

Embryonic homologies

(1)

Medical Embryology and Teratology

(2)

Mathematical Modeling of Development

(7)

The mathematics of organismal growth

(1)

The mathematics of patterning

(6)

Life cycles and the evolution of developmental patterns

(26)

The Circle of Life: The Stages of Animal Development

(1)

The Frog Life Cycle

(4)

The Evolution of Developmental Patterns in Unicellular Protists

(3)

Control of developmental morphogenesis: The role of the nucleus

(2)

Unicellular protists and the origins of sexual reproduction

(1)

Multicellularity: The Evolution of Differentiation

(11)

The Volvocaceans

(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Sex and Individuality in Volvox

(3)

Differentiation and morphogenesis in Dictyostelium: Cell adhesion

(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: Rules of Evidence I

(1)

Differentiation in Dictyostelium

(1)

Developmental Patterns among the Metazoa

(7)

The diploblasts

(1)

Protostomes and deuterostomes

(5)

Principles of experimental embryology

(30)

Environmental Developmental Biology

(5)

Environmental sex determination

(1)

Adaptation of embryos and larvae to their environments

(4)

The Developmental Dynamics of Cell Specification

(13)

Autonomous specification

(2)

Conditional specification

(9)

Sidelights & Speculations: Rules of Evidence II

(1)

Stem cells and commitment

(1)

Syncytial specification

(1)

Morphogenesis and Cell Adhesion

(12)

Differential cell affinity

(1)

The thermodynamic model of cell interactions

(3)

Cadherins and cell adhesion

(7)

The genetic core of development

(26)

The Embryological Origins of the Gene Theory

(4)

Nucleus or cytoplasm: Which controls heredity?

(2)

The split between embryology and genetics

(1)

Early attempts at developmental genetics

(1)

Evidence for Genomic Equivalence

(7)

Amphibian cloning: The restriction of nuclear potency

(1)

Amphibian cloning: The totipotency of somatic cells

(1)

Cloning mammals

(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Why Clone Mammals?

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Exception to the Rule: Immunoglobulin Genes

(2)

Differential Gene Expression

(1)

RNA Localization Techniques

(5)

Northern blotting

(1)

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

(3)

Microarrays and macroarrays

(1)

In situ hybridization

(1)

Determining the Function of Genes During Development

(6)

Transgenic cells and organisms

(3)

Determining the function of a message: Antisense RNA

101

(3)

Coda

104

(3)

The paradigm of differential gene expression

107

(36)

Differential Gene Transcription

107

(14)

Anatomy of the gene: Exons and introns

107

(4)

Anatomy of the gene: Promoters and enhancers

111

(3)

Transcription factors

114

(3)

Transcription factor cascades

117

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Studying DNA Regulatory Elements

118

(2)

Silencers

120

(1)

Methylation Pattern and the Control of Transcription

121

(6)

DNA methylation and gene activity

121

(1)

Chromatin modification

122

(1)

Insulators

123

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Genomic Imprinting

123

(1)

Transcriptional regulation of an entire chromosome: Dosage compensation

124

(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Mechanisms of X Chromosome Inactivation

126

(1)

Differential RNA Processing

127

(5)

Control of early development by nuclear RNA selection

128

(1)

Creating families of proteins through differential nRNA splicing

129

(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Differential nRNA Processing and Drosophila Sex Determination

131

(1)

Control of Gene Expression at the Level of Translation

132

(11)

Differential mRNA longevity

132

(1)

Selective inhibition of mRNA translation

132

(2)

Control of RNA expression by cytoplasmic localization

134

(1)

Posttranslational regulation of gene expression

135

(8)

Cell-cell communication in development

143

(40)

Induction and Competence

143

(6)

Cascades of induction: Reciprocal and sequential inductive events

145

(1)

Instructive and permissive interactions

145

(2)

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

147

(2)

Paracrine Factors

149

(5)

The fibroblast growth factors

150

(1)

The Hedgehog family

151

(1)

The Wnt family

152

(1)

The TGF-β superfamily

153

(1)

Other paracrine factors

153

(1)

Cell Surface Receptors and Their Signal Transduction Pathways

154

(10)

The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway

154

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The RTK Pathway and Cell-to-Cell Induction

155

(4)

The Smad pathway

159

(1)

The JAK-STAT pathway

159

(2)

The Wnt pathway

161

(1)

The Hedgehog pathway

161

(3)

Cell Death Pathways

164

(2)

Juxtacrine Signaling

166

(6)

The Notch pathway: Juxtaposed ligands and receptors

166

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Cell-Cell Interactions and Chance in the Determination of Cell Types

167

(1)

The extracellular matrix as a source of critical developmental signals

168

(3)

Direct transmission of signals through gap junctions

171

(1)

Cross-Talk between Pathways

172

(1)

Maintenance of the Differentiated State

173

(1)

Coda

174

(9)

part 2 Early embryonic development

Fertilization: Beginning a new organism

183

(38)

Structure of the Gametes

183

(6)

Sperm

183

(3)

The egg

186

(3)

Recognition of Egg and Sperm

189

(8)

Sperm attraction: Action at a distance

189

(2)

The acrosome reaction in sea urchins

191

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Action at a Distance: Mammalian Gametes

192

(2)

Species-specific recognition in sea urchins

194

(1)

Gamete binding and recognition in mammals

195

(2)

Gamete Fusion and the Prevention of Polyspermy

197

(6)

Fusion of the egg and sperm cell membranes

197

(1)

The prevention of polyspermy

198

(5)

The Activation of Egg Metabolism

203

(6)

Early responses

204

(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Activation of Gamete Metabolism

206

(2)

Late responses

208

(1)

Fusion of the Genetic Material

209

(1)

Fusion of genetic material in sea urchins

209

(1)

Fusion of genetic material in mammals

209

(1)

Rearrangement of the Egg Cytoplasm

210

(11)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Nonequivalence of Mammalian Pronuclei

212

(9)

Early development in selected invertebrates

221

(42)

An Introduction To Early Developmental Processes

221

(1)

Cleavage

221

(5)

From fertilization to cleavage

222

(1)

The cytoskeletal mechanisms of mitosis

223

(1)

Patterns of embryonic cleavage

224

(2)

Specification of cell fates during cleavage

226

(1)

Gastrulation

226

(1)

Cell Specification and Axis Formation

226

(1)

The Early Development Of Sea Urchins

227

(1)

Cleavage in Sea Urchins

227

(6)

Blastula formation

227

(1)

Fate maps and the determination of sea urchin blastomeres

228

(5)

Sea Urchin Gastrulation

233

(6)

Ingression of primary mesenchyme

233

(3)

First stage of archenteron invagination

236

(1)

Second and third stages of archenteron invagination

237

(2)

The Early Development Of Snails

239

(1)

Cleavage in Snail Embryos

239

(6)

Fate map of Ilyanassa obsoleta

241

(1)

The polar lobe: Cell determination and axis formation

242

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Adaptation by Modifying Embryonic Cleavage

242

(3)

Gastrulation in Snails

245

(1)

Early Development In Tunicates

246

(1)

Tunicate Cleavage

246

(4)

The tunicate fate map

246

(1)

Autonomous and conditional specification of tunicate blastomeres

247

(2)

Specification of the embryonic axes

249

(1)

Gastrulation in Tunicates

250

(1)

Early Development Of The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans

251

(1)

Why C. elegans?

251

(1)

Cleavage and Axis Formation in C. elegans

251

(6)

Rotational cleavage of the C. elegans egg

251

(2)

Anterior-posterior axis formation

253

(1)

Formation of the dorsal-ventral and right-left axes

253

(1)

Control of blastomere identity

254

(3)

Integration of autonomous and conditional specification: The differentiation of the C. elegans pharynx

257

(1)

Gastrulation in C. elegans

257

(1)

Coda

258

(5)

The genetics of axis specification in Drosophila

263

(42)

Early Drosophila Development

263

(1)

Cleavage

264

(2)

The mid-blastula transition

265

(1)

Gastrulation

266

(2)

The Origins Of Anterior-Posterior Polarity

268

(2)

The Maternal Effect Genes

270

(8)

Embryological evidence of polarity regulation by oocyte cytoplasm

270

(1)

The molecular model: Protein gradients in the early embryo

270

(3)

The anterior organizing center: The Bicoid gradient

273

(3)

The posterior organizing center: Localizing and activating nanos

276

(1)

The terminal gene group

277

(1)

The Segmentation Genes

278

(7)

The gap genes

279

(2)

The pair-rule genes

281

(2)

The segment polarity genes

283

(2)

The Homeotic Selector Genes

285

(5)

Patterns of homeotic gene expression

285

(1)

Initiating the patterns of homeotic gene expression

286

(2)

Maintaining the patterns of homeotic gene expression

288

(1)

Realisator genes

288

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Homeodomain Proteins

289

(1)

The Generation Of Dorsal-Ventral Polarity

290

(1)

Dorsal: The Morphogenetic Agent for Dorsal-Ventral Polarity

291

(6)

Translocation of Dorsal to the nucleus

291

(2)

The signal cascade

293

(1)

Establishing the dorsal patterning gradient

294

(3)

Axes and Organ Primordia: The Cartesian Coordinate Model

297

(1)

Coda

297

(8)

Early development and axis formation in amphibians

305

(40)

Early Amphibian Development

305

(1)

Cleavage in Amphibians

305

(2)

Amphibian Gastrulation

307

(10)

The Xenopus fate map

308

(1)

Cell movements during amphibian gastrulation

309

(1)

The mid-blastula transition: Preparing for gastrulation

310

(1)

Positioning the blastopore

311

(1)

Invagination and involution

312

(1)

The convergent extension of the dorsal mesoderm

313

(2)

Migration of the involuting mesoderm

315

(1)

Epiboly of the ectoderm

315

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Fibronectin and the Pathways for Mesodermal Migration

316

(1)

Axis Formation In Amphibians: The Phenomenon Of The Organizer

317

(1)

The Progressive Determination of the Amphibian Axes

317

(3)

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold: Primary Embryonic Induction

320

(1)

Mechanisms of Axis Determination in Amphibians

321

(4)

The origin of the Nieuwkoop center

321

(1)

The molecular biology of the Nieuwkoop center

322

(3)

The Functions of the Organizer

325

(9)

The diffusible proteins of the organizer I: The BMP inhibitors

327

(3)

The diffusible proteins of the organizer II: The Wnt inhibitors

330

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: BMP4 and Geoffroy's Lobster

330

(2)

Conversion of the ectoderm into neural plate cells

332

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Competence, Bias, and Neurulation

333

(1)

The Regional Specificity of Induction

334

(3)

The determination of regional differences

334

(1)

The posterior transforming proteins: Wnt signals and retinoic acid

334

(2)

The anterior transforming proteins: Insulin-like growth factors

336

(1)

Specifying the Left-Right Axis

337

(8)

The early development of vertebrates: Fish, birds, and mammals

345

(44)

Early Development In Fish

345

(2)

Cleavage in Fish Eggs

347

(2)

Gastrulation in Fish Embryos

349

(2)

The formation of germ layers

349

(2)

Axis Formation in Fish Embryos

351

(3)

Dorsal-ventral axis formation: The embryonic shield

351

(1)

The fish Nieuwkoop center

352

(1)

Anterior-posterior patterning

353

(1)

Early Development In Birds

354

(1)

Cleavage in Bird Eggs

354

(2)

Gastrulation of the Avian Embryo

356

(4)

The hypoblast

356

(1)

The primitive streak

356

(2)

Epiboly of the ectoderm

358

(2)

Axis Formation in the Chick Embryo

360

(3)

The role of pH in forming the dorsal-ventral axis

360

(1)

The role of gravity in forming the anterior-posterior axis

360

(3)

Left-Right Axis Formation

363

(1)

Early Mammalian Development

363

(1)

Cleavage in Mammals

363

(5)

The unique nature of mammalian cleavage

364

(2)

Compaction

366

(2)

Escape from the zona pellucida

368

(1)

Gastrulation in Mammals

368

(7)

Modifications for development within another organism

368

(2)

Formation of extraembryonic membranes

370

(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: Twins and Embryonic Stem Cells

373

(2)

Mammalian Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation

375

(5)

Two signaling centers

375

(2)

Patterning the anterior-posterior axis: The Hox code hypothesis

377

(1)

Expression of Hox genes along the dorsal axis

377

(1)

Experimental analysis of the Hox code

377

(3)

The Dorsal-Ventral and Right-Left Axes in Mice

380

(9)

The dorsal-ventral axis

380

(1)

The left-right axis

381

(8)

part 3 Later embryonic development

The emergence of the ectoderm: The central nervous system and the epidermis

389

(38)

Establishing the Neural Cells

391

(2)

Formation of the Neural Tube

393

(5)

Primary neurulation

393

(5)

Secondary neurulation

398

(1)

Differentiation of the Neural Tube

398

(4)

The anterior-posterior axis

398

(3)

The dorsal-ventral axis

401

(1)

Tissue Architecture of the Central Nervous System

402

(8)

Spinal cord and medulla organization

403

(1)

Cerebellar organization

404

(1)

Cerebral organization

405

(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Unique Development of the Human Brain

408

(1)

Adult neural stem cells

409

(1)

Differentiation of Neurons

410

(3)

Development of the Vertebrate Eye

413

(3)

The dynamics of optic development

413

(1)

Neural retina differentiation

414

(1)

Lens and cornea differentiation

414

(2)

The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures

416

(11)

The origin of epidermal cells

416

(2)

Cutaneous appendages

418

(1)

Developmental genetics of hair formation

419

(8)

Neural crest cells and axonal specificity

427

(38)

The Neural Crest

427

(1)

Specification and Regionalization of the Neural Crest

427

(2)

The Trunk Neural Crest

429

(5)

Migration pathways of trunk neural crest cells

429

(2)

The mechanisms of trunk neural crest migration

431

(1)

Trunk neural crest cell differentiation

432

(2)

The Cranial Neural Crest

434

(7)

Cranial neural crest cell migration and specification: The first wave

436

(1)

Intramembranous ossification

437

(1)

Innervation of the placodes: The second wave of cranial neural crest migration

438

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Tooth Development

439

(2)

The Cardiac Neural Crest

441

(1)

Neuronal Specification And Axonal Specificity

442

(1)

The Generation of Neuronal Diversity

442

(2)

Pattern Generation in the Nervous System

444

(13)

Cell adhesion and contact guidance by attractive and permissive molecules

445

(1)

Guidance by specific growth cone repulsion

445

(1)

Guidance by diffusible molecules

446

(4)

Target selection

450

(1)

Forming the synapse: Activity-dependent development

451

(1)

Differential survival after innervation: Neurotrophic factors

451

(2)

Paths to glory: Migration of the retinal ganglion axons

453

(4)

The Development of Behaviors: Constancy and Plasticity

457

(8)

Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm

465

(26)

Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites And Their Derivatives

466

(1)

The Formation of Somites

467

(6)

The periodicity of somite formation

467

(1)

The separation of somites from the unsegmented mesoderm

468

(1)

The epithelialization of the somite

469

(2)

Specification of the somite along the anterior-posterior axis

471

(1)

The derivatives of the somite

471

(1)

Determination of the sclerotome and dermatome

472

(1)

Determination of the myotome

473

(1)

Myogenesis: The Development of Muscle

473

(1)

Specification and differentiation by the myogenic bHLH proteins

473

(1)

Muscle cell fusion

474

(1)

Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones

474

(3)

Endochondral ossification

475

(2)

Osteoclasts

477

(1)

Intermediate Mesoderm: The Urogenital System

477

(1)

The Specification of the Intermediate Mesoderm

478

(1)

Progression of Kidney Types

479

(1)

Reciprocal Interactions of Developing Kidney Tissues

480

(11)

The mechanisms of reciprocal induction

481

(10)

Lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm

491

(32)

Lateral Plate Mesoderm

491

(1)

The Heart

492

(8)

Specification of heart tissue and fusion of heart rudiments

492

(6)

Sidelights & Speculations: Redirecting Blood Flow in the Newborn Mammal

498

(2)

Formation of Blood Vessels

500

(4)

Constraints on the construction of blood vessels

500

(1)

Vasculogenesis: The initial formation of blood vessels

501

(2)

Angiogenesis: Sprouting of blood vessels and remodeling of vascular beds

503

(1)

Mechanisms of Arterial and Venous Differentiation

504

(1)

The Development of Blood Cells

505

(5)

The stem cell concept

505

(1)

Sites of hematopoiesis

506

(3)

Committed stem cells and their fates

509

(1)

Hematopoietic inductive microenvironments

509

(1)

Endoderm

510

(1)

The Pharynx

511

(1)

The Digestive Tube and Its Derivatives

511

(4)

Specification of the gut tissue

512

(1)

Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

512

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Blood and Guts: The Specification of Liver and Pancreas

513

(2)

The Respiratory Tube

515

(2)

The Extraembryonic Membranes

517

(6)

The amnion and chorion

517

(1)

The allantois and yolk sac

517

(6)

Development of the tetrapod limb

523

(24)

Formation of the Limb Bud

524

(5)

Specification of the limb fields: Hox genes and retinoic acid

524

(1)

Induction of the early limb bud: Wnt proteins and fibroblast growth factors

525

(1)

Specification of forelimb or hindlimb: Tbx4 and Tbx5

526

(3)

Generating the Proximal-Distal Axis of the Limb

529

(5)

The apical ectodermal ridge

529

(1)

FGFs in the induction and maintenance of the AER

530

(1)

Specifying the limb mesoderm: Determining the proximal-distal polarity of the limb

531

(1)

Hox genes, meis genes, and the specification of the proximal-distal axis

532

(2)

Specification of the Anterior-Posterior Limb Axis

534

(3)

The zone of polarizing activity

534

(1)

Sonic hedgehog defines the ZPA

535

(1)

Specification of the ZPA

535

(1)

Specifying digit identity through cell interactions initiated by Sonic hedgehog

536

(1)

Generation of the Dorsal-Ventral Axis

537

(1)

Coordinating the Three Axes

537

(1)

Cell Death and the Formation of Digits and Joints

538

(2)

Sculpting the autopod

538

(1)

Forming the joints

539

(1)

Continued Limb Growth: Epiphyseal Plates

540

(7)

Sidelights & Speculations: Control of Cartilage Maturation at the Growth Plate

541

(6)

Sex determination

547

(28)

Chromosomal Sex Determination In Mammals

548

(1)

Primary and Secondary Sex Determination in Mammals

548

(1)

The Developing Gonads

549

(2)

The Mechanisms of Mammalian Primary Sex Determination

551

(5)

SRY: The Y chromosome sex determinant

551

(1)

SOX9: An autosomal testis-determining gene

552

(1)

Fibroblast growth factor 9

553

(1)

SF1: The link between SRY and the male developmental pathways

554

(1)

DAX1: A potential testis-suppressing gene on the X chromosome

554

(2)

WNT4: A potential ovary-determining gene on an autosome

556

(1)

Secondary Sex Determination: Hormonal Regulation of the Sexual Phenotype

556

(5)

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

557

(1)

Anti-Mullerian duct hormone

558

(1)

Estrogen

559

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Sex Determination and Behaviors

559

(2)

Chromosomal Sex Determination In Drosophila

561

(1)

The Sexual Development Pathway

561

(1)

Mechanisms of Sex Determination

562

(5)

The sex-lethal gene as the pivot for sex determination

562

(1)

The transformer genes

563

(1)

Doublesex: The switch gene of sex determination

564

(3)

Environmental Sex Determination

567

(1)

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles

567

(1)

Aromatase and the production of estrogens

567

(1)

Sex reversal, aromatase, and conservation biology

568

(1)

Location-Dependent Sex Determination in Bonellia and Crepidula

568

(7)

Metamorphosis regeneration, and aging

575

(38)

Metamorphosis: The Hormonal Reactivation of Development

575

(1)

Amphibian Metamorphosis

576

(7)

Morphological changes associated with metamorphosis

576

(1)

Biochemical changes associated with metamorphosis

577

(1)

Hormonal control of amphibian metamorphosis

578

(2)

Regionally specific developmental programs

580

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Variations on the Theme of Amphibian Metamorphosis

581

(2)

Metamorphosis in Insects

583

(9)

Types of insect metamorphosis

583

(1)

Imaginal discs

584

(3)

Determination of the wing imaginal discs

587

(1)

Hormonal control of insect metamorphosis

588

(2)

The molecular biology of 20-hydroxyecdysone activity

590

(2)

Regeneration

592

(1)

Epimorphic Regeneration of Salamander Limbs

592

(5)

Formation of the apical ectodermal cap and regeneration blastema

593

(1)

Proliferation of the blastema cells: The requirement for nerves

594

(1)

Proliferation of the blastema cells: The requirement for FGF10

595

(1)

Pattern formation in the regeneration blastema

595

(2)

Morphallactic Regeneration in Hydra

597

(4)

The head activation gradient

597

(1)

The head inhibition gradient

598

(1)

The hypostome as an ``organizer''

598

(2)

The basal disc activation and inhibition gradients

600

(1)

Compensatory Regeneration in the Mammalian Liver

601

(1)

Aging: The Biology of Senescence

601

(12)

Maximum life span and life expectancy

601

(1)

Causes of aging

602

(1)

Genetically programmed aging

603

(10)

The saga of the germ line

613

(36)

Germ Plasm and the Determination of the Primordial Germ Cells

613

(4)

Germ cell determination in nematodes

614

(1)

Germ cell determination in insects

615

(1)

Germ cell determination in amphibians

616

(1)

The inert genome hypothesis

617

(1)

Germ Cell Migration

617

(7)

Germ cell migration in amphibians

617

(1)

Germ cell formation and migration in mammals

618

(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: EG Cells, ES Cells, and Teratocarcinomas

621

(1)

Germ cell migration in birds and reptiles

622

(1)

Germ cell migration in Drosophila

622

(2)

Meiosis

624

(4)

Sidelights & Speculations: Big Decisions: Mitosis or Meiosis? Sperm or Egg?

627

(1)

Spermatogenesis

628

(3)

Forming the haploid spermatid

628

(2)

Spermiogenesis: The differentiation of the sperm

630

(1)

Oogenesis

631

(18)

Oogenic meiosis

631

(1)

Maturation of the oocyte in amphibians

632

(1)

Completion of amphibian meiosis: Progesterone and fertilization

633

(1)

Gene transcription in oocytes

634

(3)

Meroistic oogenesis in insects

637

(1)

Maturation of the mammalian oocyte

638

(11)

part 4 Ramifications of developmental biology

An overview of plant development

649

(34)

Plant Life Cycles

651

(3)

Gamete Production in Angiosperms

654

(4)

Pollen

654

(1)

The ovary

655

(1)

Pollination

655

(3)

Fertilization

658

(1)

Embryonic Development

659

(5)

Experimental studies

659

(1)

Embryogenesis

659

(5)

Dormancy

664

(1)

Germination

664

(1)

Vegetative Growth

665

(6)

Meristems

665

(2)

Root development

667

(1)

Shoot development

667

(1)

Leaf development

668

(3)

The Vegetative-to-Reproductive Transition

671

(7)

Control of the reproductive transition

672

(2)

Inflorescence meristems

674

(1)

Floral meristem identity genes

675

(1)

Organ identity genes: The ABC model

676

(2)

Senescence

678

(5)

Medical implications of developmental biology

683

(38)

Infertility

683

(1)

Diagnosing Infertility

683

(1)

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

684

(2)

The IVF procedure

684

(1)

Variations on IVF

685

(1)

Success rates and complications of IVF

685

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Ethical Issues and Assisted Reproductive Technology

686

(1)

Genetic Errors Of Human Development

686

(1)

Identifying the Genes for Human Developmental Anomalies

687

(2)

The Nature of Human Syndromes

689

(2)

Pleiotropy

689

(1)

Genetic heterogeneity

690

(1)

Phenotypic variability

690

(1)

Mechanisms of dominance

691

(1)

Gene Expression and Human Disease

691

(2)

Inborn errors in transcriptional regulation

691

(1)

Inborn errors of nuclear RNA processing

692

(1)

Inborn errors of translation

692

(1)

Preimplantation Genetics

693

(1)

Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and preimplantation genetics

693

(1)

Sperm separation and sex selection

694

(1)

Teratogenesis: Environmental Assaults On Human Development

694

(1)

Teratogenic Agents

695

(8)

Retinoic acid as a teratogen

696

(1)

Alcohol as a teratogen

697

(1)

Endocrine disruptors

698

(2)

Other teratogenic agents

700

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The DES Story: Is It Happening Again?

701

(2)

Developmental Biology And The Future Of Medicine

703

(1)

Developmental Cancer Therapies

703

(2)

Cancer as a disease of altered development

703

(1)

Differentiation therapy

703

(1)

Angiogenesis inhibition

704

(1)

Gene Therapy

705

(3)

Somatic cell gene therapy

707

(1)

Germ line gene therapy

707

(1)

Stem Cells and Therapeutic Cloning

708

(13)

Cloning

708

(1)

Embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning

708

(1)

Adult stem cells

709

(2)

Transgenic stem cells

711

(1)

Regeneration therapy

712

(9)

Environmental regulation of animal development

721

(30)

The Environment as Part of Normal Development

721

(6)

Gravity and pressure

722

(1)

Developmental symbiosis

722

(3)

Larval settlement

725

(1)

Sex in its season

726

(1)

Diapause: Suspended development

727

(1)

Phenotypic Plasticity: Control of Development by Environmental Conditions

727

(10)

Polyphenism and reaction norms

727

(1)

Seasonal polyphenism in butterflies

728

(2)

Nutritional polyphenism

730

(1)

Environment-dependent sex determination

731

(1)

Polyphenisms for alternative environmental conditions

732

(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Genetic Assimilation

733

(1)

Predator-induced polyphenisms

734

(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Mammalian Immunity as a Predator-Induced Response

736

(1)

Learning: An Environmentally Adaptive Nervous System

737

(2)

The formation of new neurons

737

(1)

Experiential changes in mammalian visual pathways

737

(2)

Endocrine Disruptors

739

(4)

Environmental estrogens

740

(2)

Environmental thyroid hormone disruptors

742

(1)

Chains of causation

742

(1)

Developmental Biology Meets the Real World

743

(8)

Sidelights & Speculations: Deformed Frogs

744

(7)

Developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change

751

(34)

``Unity of Type'' and ``Conditions of Existence''

751

(3)

Charles Darwin's synthesis

751

(1)

``Life's splendid drama''

752

(1)

The search for the Urbilaterian ancestor

753

(1)

Hox Genes: Descent with Modification

754

(9)

Sidelights & Speculations: How the Chordates Got a Head

761

(2)

Homologous Pathways of Development

763

(3)

Instructions for forming the central nervous system

763

(1)

Instructions for appendage formation

764

(2)

Modularity: The Prerequisite for Evolution through Development

766

(3)

Dissociation: Heterochrony and allometry

766

(2)

Duplication and divergence

768

(1)

Co-option

768

(1)

Generating Evolutionary Novelty

769

(4)

Developmental Constraints

773

(4)

Physical constraints

773

(1)

Morphogenetic constraints

774

(1)

Phyletic constraints

774

(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Canalization and the Release of Developmental Constraints

776

(1)

A New Evolutionary Synthesis

777

(8)

Sources for Chapter-Opening Quotations

785

(2)

Author Index

787

(18)

Subject Index

805

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Developmental Biology

Developmental Biology

9780878932580

0878932585

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Developmental Biology

Developmental Biology

9780878932580

0878932585

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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