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Pharmaceutical Calculations

by: Ansel, Howard C.; Stoklosa, Mitchell J.

Pharmaceutical Calculations

by: Ansel, Howard C.; Stoklosa, Mitchell J.

ISBN 13:
9780781762656
ISBN 10:
0781762650
Edition: 12th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/30/2005
Publisher: LWW
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Summary

This essential text is your best resource for mastering the basic calculations used in contemporary pharmacy practice. Now in continuous publication for 60 years, this fully revised 12th Edition builds on its reputation as the gold standard text for pharmaceutical calculations. Every chapter in this new edition has been updated to reflect the latest information in the field. The sequence of chapters has been reorganized to improve the flow and organization of the text.

Introduction

Scope of Pharmaceutical Calculations

Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Calculations

(24)

Numbers and Numerals

(1)

Kinds of Numbers

(1)

Arabic Numerals

(1)

Roman Numerals

(1)

Common and Decimal Fractions

(4)

Percent

(2)

Exponential Notation

(2)

Ratio, Proportion, and Variation

(2)

Dimensional Analysis

(5)

Significant Figures

(2)

Estimation

(4)

International System of Units

(14)

Guidelines for the Correct Use of the SI

(1)

Special Considerations of the SI in Pharmacy

(1)

Measure of Length

(1)

Measure of Volume

(1)

Measure of Weight

(1)

Fundamental Computations

(3)

Relation of the SI to Other Systems of Measurement

(5)

Pharmaceutical Measurement

(12)

Measurement of Volume

(2)

Measurement of Weight

(1)

Aliquot Method of Weighing and Measuring

(4)

Least Weighable Quantity Method of Weighing

(1)

Percentage of Error

(4)

Interpretation of Prescriptions and Medication Orders

(16)

Range of Prescription and Medication Order Calculations

(3)

Prescription and Medication Order Accuracy

(2)

Use of Abbreviations and Symbols

(4)

Medication Scheduling and Patient Compliance

(6)

Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Volume

(12)

Density

(1)

Specific Gravity

(2)

Density Versus Specific Gravity

(1)

Calculating the Specific Gravity of Liquids

(2)

Use of Specific Gravity in Calculations of Weight and Volume

(1)

Special Considerations of Specific Gravity

(1)

Calculating Specific Volume

(6)

Percentage, Ratio Strength, and Other Expressions of Concentration

(20)

Percentage

(1)

Percentage Preparations

(1)

Special Considerations in Percentage Calculations

(1)

Percentage Weight-in-Volume

(2)

Percentage Volume-in-Volume

(1)

Percentage Weight-in-Weight

(3)

Use of Percent in Compendial Standards

(1)

Ratio Strength

(2)

Simple Conversions of Concentration to ``mg/mL''

(2)

Milligrams Percent

(1)

Parts Per Million (PPM) and Parts Per Billion (PPB)

(8)

Calculation of Doses: General Considerations

(16)

Dose Definitions

(3)

Routes of Drug/Dose Administration and Dosage Forms

102

(1)

Dose Measurement

102

(3)

General Dose Calculations

105

(3)

Dosing Options

108

(7)

Calculation of Doses: Patient Parameters

115

(20)

Pediatric Patients

115

(1)

Geriatric Patients

116

(1)

Dosage Forms Applicable to Pediatric and Geriatric Patients

117

(1)

Drug Dosage Based on Age

118

(1)

Drug Dosage Based on Body Weight

119

(2)

Drug Dosage Based on Body Surface Area

121

(5)

Special Dosing Considerations in Cancer Chemotherapy

126

(9)

Some Calculations Involving ``Units,'' ``μg/mg,'' and Other Measures of Potency

135

(8)

Selected Clinical Calculations

143

(14)

Heparin-Dosing Calculations

143

(3)

Dosage Calculations Based on Creatinine Clearance

146

(4)

Clinical Laboratory Tests

150

(7)

Isotonic and Buffer Solutions

157

(20)

Special Clinical Considerations of Tonicity

157

(1)

Physical/Chemical Considerations in the Preparation of Isotonic Solutions

158

(9)

Buffers and Buffer Solutions

167

(10)

Electrolyte Solutions: Milliequivalents, Millimoles, and Milliosmoles

177

(18)

Milliequivalents

177

(5)

Millimoles

182

(1)

Osmolarity

182

(3)

Clinical Considerations of Water and Electrolyte Balance

185

(10)

Intravenous Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, and Rate-of-Flow Calculations

195

(18)

Intravenous Infusions

195

(3)

Intravenous Push (IVP) Drug Administration

198

(1)

Special Considerations in Pediatric IV Infusion Delivery

199

(1)

Intravenous Admixtures

200

(2)

Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids

202

(11)

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition, Body Mass Index, and the Food Nutrition Label

213

(22)

Enteral Nutrition

213

(2)

Parenteral Nutrition

215

(1)

Nutritional Requirements

216

(2)

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Calculations

218

(5)

Body Mass Index (BMI)

223

(2)

The Nutrition Label

225

(10)

Dilution, Concentration, and Alligation

235

(28)

Special Considerations of Dilution and Concentration in Pharmaceutical Compounding

235

(1)

Relationship Between Strength and Total Quantity

236

(1)

Dilution and Concentration of Liquids

236

(2)

Stock Solutions

238

(5)

Dilution of Alcohol

243

(1)

Dilution of Acids

244

(1)

Dilution and Concentration of Solids and Semisolids

244

(2)

Triturations

246

(1)

Alligation

247

(5)

Specific Gravity of Mixtures

252

(11)

Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

263

(8)

Formulas That Specify Proportional Parts

265

(6)

Selected Calculations in Contemporary Compounding

271

(20)

General Considerations in Compounding Practice

271

(1)

Constitution of Dry Powders

271

(5)

Use of Prefabricated Dosage Forms in Compounding

276

(2)

Special Calculations: Capsule Filling and Suppository Molding

278

(3)

Compounding Specialized Formulas

281

(10)

Selected Calculations Involving Veterinary Pharmaceuticals

291

(6)

Special Considerations in Compounding Veterinary Pharmaceuticals

292

(5)

Selected Calculations Associated with Plant Extractives

297

(6)

Extracts, Fluidextracts, and Tinctures

298

(2)

Botanic Dietary Supplements

300

(3)

Calculation of Active Drug Moiety

303

(8)

Atomic and Molecular Weights

303

(1)

Chemically Equivalent Quantities

304

(1)

Active Drug Moiety Equivalence

305

(6)

Selected Calculations Involving Radiopharmaceuticals

311

(10)

Radioisotopes

311

(1)

Radioactivity

311

(3)

Units of Radioactivity

314

(7)

Selected Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Calculations

321

(12)

Drug Availability From Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems

321

(4)

Introductory Concepts and Calculations Involved in Pharmacokinetics

325

(8)

Selected Pharmacoeconomic Calculations

333

(16)

Pharmacoeconomic Methods of Analysis

333

(1)

Cost Considerations of Drug and Drug Product Selection

334

(3)

Drug Acquisition Costs

337

(1)

Markup

338

(1)

Prescription Pricing

339

(2)

Pharmacoeconomic Aspect of Proof Strength

341

(8)

Appendix A Common Systems of Measurement and Intersystem Conversion

349

(12)

Apothecaries' Fluid Measure

349

(1)

Apothecaries' Measure of Weight

349

(1)

Avoirdupois Measure of Weight

350

(1)

Fundamental Operations and Calculations

350

(2)

Relationship Between Avoirdupois and Apothecaries' Weights

352

(1)

Intersystem Conversion

353

(1)

Conversion of Linear Quantities

354

(1)

Conversion of Liquid Quantities

355

(1)

Conversion of Weights

355

(1)

Conversion of Temperatures

356

(5)

Appendix B Graphical Methods

361

(10)

Linear Relationships on Rectangular Graph Paper

361

(3)

Linear Relationships on Semilogarithmic Graph Paper

364

(1)

Other Methods of Data Presentation: Tables and Charts

364

(7)

Appendix C Basic Statistical Concepts

371

(12)

The Array

371

(1)

The Frequency Distribution

371

(1)

Averages

372

(1)

Measures of Variation

373

(1)

Aspects of Probability

374

(9)

Appendix D Glossary of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems

383

(6)

Review Problems

389

(18)

Answers to Review Problems

407

(8)

Index

415

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Pharmaceutical Calculations

Pharmaceutical Calculations

9780781762656

0781762650

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Pharmaceutical Calculations

Pharmaceutical Calculations

9780781762656

0781762650

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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