Rent 9780534379377 | Chemistry in Focus: A Molecular View of Our World (Non-InfoTrac Version)

Summary Table of Contents

From the opening example to the closing chapter, the Second Edition of CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS maintains a consistent focus on explaining the connections between the macroscopic world (what we can see) and the molecular world (what we cannot see). With multi-

Molecular Reasons	p. xxii
Firesticks	p. 2
Molecular Reasons	p. 2
The Scientist and the Artist	p. 4
The First People to Wonder About Molecular Reasons	p. 5
Immortality and Endless Riches	p. 7
The Beginning of Understanding	p. 7
The Classification of Matter	p. 8
The Atomic Theory	p. 11
Chapter Summary	p... MORE. 17
Key Terms	p. 17
References	p. 18
Exercises	p. 18
The Chemist's Tool Box	p. 22
Curious About Oranges	p. 24
Feynman's Ants	p. 25
Measurement	p. 26
Theorizing	p. 30
Reading Graphs	p. 31
Mathematics in Chemistry	p. 34
Scientific Notation	p. 35
Algebraic Manipulations	p. 38
Solving Word Problems	p. 39
A Ton of Bricks and a Ton of Feathers	p. 41
Chapter Summary	p. 43
Key Terms	p. 43
References	p. 43
Exercises	p. 44
Atoms and Elements	p. 48
A Walk on the Beach	p. 50
Protons Determine the Element	p. 51
Electrons	p. 53
Neutrons	p. 55
Specifying an Atom	p. 56
Atomic Weight	p. 57
Periodic Law	p. 58
A Theory That Explains the Periodic Law: The Bohr Model	p. 59
Families of Elements	p. 63
A Dozen Nails and a Mole of Atoms	p. 64
Chapter Summary	p. 69
Key Terms	p. 70
References	p. 70
Exercises	p. 70
Molecules and Compounds	p. 76
What Matter Does, Molecules Do	p. 78
Compounds	p. 79
Chemical Formulas	p. 80
Ionic Compounds	p. 81
Covalent Compounds	p. 81
Molecular Weight	p. 83
Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors	p. 84
Naming Simple Compounds	p. 86
Forming and Transforming Compounds: Chemical Reactions	p. 89
Chemical Equations as Conversion Factors	p. 91
Chapter Summary	p. 95
Key Terms	p. 96
References	p. 96
Exercises	p. 96
The Bonds That Change	p. 100
From Poison to Seasoning	p. 102
Chemical Bonding and Professor G. N. Lewis	p. 103
Ionic Lewis Structures	p. 105
Covalent Lewis Structures	p. 106
The Lewis Structure of Ozone	p. 111
The Shapes of Molecules	p. 111
Water: Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules	p. 115
Chapter Summary	p. 118
Key Terms	p. 118
References	p. 119
Exercises	p. 119
Organic Chemistry	p. 122
A Monstrous Thicket	p. 124
A Vital Force	p. 124
The Simplest Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons	p. 126
Naming Hydrocarbons	p. 135
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Kekule's Dream	p. 137
Functional Groups	p. 138
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Pesticides and Solvents	p. 138
Alcohols: To Drink and to Disinfect	p. 140
Aldehydes and Ketones: Smoke and Raspberries	p. 142
Carboxylic Acids: Vinegar and Bee Stings	p. 144
Esters and Ethers: Fruits and Anesthesia	p. 145
Amines: The Smell of Rotten Fish	p. 147
A Look at a Label	p. 147
Chapter Summary	p. 149
Key Terms	p. 149
References	p. 150
Exercises	p. 151
Light and Color	p. 154
A New England Fall	p. 156
Light	p. 159
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 161
Excited Electrons	p. 163
Identifying Molecules and Atoms with Light	p. 165
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Spectroscopy of the Human Body	p. 165
Lasers	p. 168
Lasers in Medicine	p. 170
Chapter Summary	p. 173
Key Terms	p. 173
References	p. 174
Exercises	p. 174
Nuclear Chemistry	p. 178
A Tragedy	p. 180
An Accidental Discovery	p. 181
Radioactivity	p. 182
Half-Life	p. 185
Nuclear Fission	p. 188
The Manhattan Project	p. 189
Nuclear Power	p. 191
Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy	p. 195
Fusion	p. 195
The Effect of Radiation on Human Life	p. 196
Carbon Dating and the Shroud of Turin	p. 199
Uranium and the Age of the Earth	p. 201
Nuclear Medicine	p. 202
Chapter Summary	p. 203
Key Terms	p. 204
References	p. 204
Exercises	p. 204
Energy for Today	p. 208
Molecules in Motion	p. 210
Our Absolute Reliance on Energy	p. 211
The Total Amount of Energy Is Constant: You Cannot Get Something for Nothing	p. 213
The Total Amount of Disorder Increases: Nature's Heat Tax	p. 214
Some Units and Definitions	p. 216
Chemistry and Energy	p. 220
Energy for Our Society	p. 221
Electricity from Fossil Fuels	p. 224
Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil-Fuel Use: Smog	p. 224
Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil-Fuel Use: Acid Rain	p. 226
Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil-Fuel Use: Global Warming	p. 228
Chapter Summary	p. 233
Key Terms	p. 233
References	p. 234
Exercises	p. 234
Energy for Tomorrow: Solar and Other Renewable Energy Sources	p. 240
Earth's Ultimate Energy Source: The Sun	p. 242
Hydroelectric Power: The World's Most Used Solar Energy Source	p. 242
Wind Power	p. 244
Solar Thermal Energy: Focusing and Storing the Sun	p. 244
Photovoltaic Energy: From Light to Electricity with No Moving Parts	p. 247
Energy Storage: The Plague of Solar Sources	p. 248
Biomass: Energy from Plants	p. 250
Geothermal Power	p. 250
Nuclear Power	p. 251
Efficiency and Conservation	p. 251
2040 World: A Speculative Glimpse into the Future	p. 254
Chapter Summary	p. 256
Key Terms	p. 256
References	p. 257
Exercises	p. 257
The Air Around Us	p. 260
Air Bags	p. 262
A Gas Is a Swarm of Particles	p. 263
Pressure	p. 264
The Relationships Between Gas Properties	p. 266
The Atmosphere: What Is in It?	p. 270
The Atmosphere: A Layered Structure	p. 271
Air Pollution: An Environmental Problem in the Troposphere	p. 273
Cleaning Up Air Pollution: The Clean Air Act	p. 275
Ozone Depletion: An Environmental Problem in the Stratosphere	p. 277
The Montreal Protocol: The End of Chlorofluorocarbons	p. 281
Myths Concerning Ozone Depletion	p. 282
Chapter Summary	p. 284
Key Terms	p. 284
References	p. 284
Exercises	p. 285
The Liquids and Solids Around Us: Especially Water	p. 288
No Gravity, No Spills	p. 290
Liquids and Solids	p. 291
Separating Molecules: Melting and Boiling	p. 292
The Forces That Hold Us--And Everything Else--Together	p. 294
Smelling Molecules: The Chemistry of Perfume	p. 299
Chemists Have Solutions	p. 300
Water: An Oddity Among Molecules	p. 303
Water: Where Is It and How Did It Get There?	p. 304
Water: Pure or Polluted?	p. 304
Hard Water: Good for Our Health, Bad for Our Pipes	p. 305
Biological Contaminants	p. 307
Chemical Contaminants	p. 307
Ensuring Good Water Quality: The Safe Drinking Water Act	p. 310
Public Water Treatment	p. 310
Home Water Treatment	p. 312
Chapter Summary	p. 314
Key Terms	p. 314
References	p. 315
Exercises	p. 315
Acids and Bases: The Molecules Responsible for Sour and Bitter	p. 318
If It Is Sour, It Is Probably an Acid	p. 320
The Properties of Acids: Tasting Sour and Dissolving Metals	p. 320
The Properties of Bases: Tasting Bitter and Feeling Slippery	p. 321
Acids and Bases: Molecular Definitions	p. 323
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases	p. 324
Specifying the Concentration of Acids and Bases: The pH Scale	p. 326
Some Common Acids	p. 326
Some Common Bases	p. 330
Acid Rain: Extra Acidity from the Combustion of Fossil Fuels	p. 332
Acid Rain: The Effects	p. 332
Cleaning Up Acid Rain: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990	p. 333
Chapter Summary	p. 336
Key Terms	p. 336
References	p. 336
Exercises	p. 337
Oxidation and Reduction	p. 340
Rust	p. 342
Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions	p. 342
Some Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents	p. 345
Respiration and Photosynthesis	p. 347
Batteries: Making Electricity with Chemistry	p. 347
Fuel Cells	p. 350
Corrosion: The Chemistry of Rust	p. 352
Oxidation, Aging, and Antioxidants	p. 354
Chapter Summary	p. 355
Key Terms	p. 355
References	p. 356
Exercises	p. 356
The Chemistry of Household Products	p. 360
Cleaning Clothes with Molecules	p. 362
Soap: A Surfactant	p. 362
Synthetic Detergents: Surfactants for Hard Water	p. 365
Laundry-Cleaning Formulations	p. 367
Corrosive Cleaners	p. 368
Hair Products	p. 368
Skin Products	p. 370
Facial Cosmetics	p. 372
Perfumes and Deodorants: Producing Pleasant Odors and Eliminating Unpleasant Ones	p. 373
Polymers and Plastics	p. 377
Copolymers: Nylon, Polyethylene Terephthalate, and Polycarbonate	p. 381
Rubber	p. 382
Chapter Summary	p. 384
Key Terms	p. 385
References	p. 385
Exercises	p. 386
Biochemistry and Biotechnology	p. 390
Brown Hair, Blue Eyes, and Big Mice	p. 392
Lipids and Fats	p. 393
Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Sawdust	p. 398
Proteins: More Than Muscle	p. 404
Protein Structure	p. 409
Some Common Proteins	p. 412
Nucleic Acids: The Blueprint for Proteins	p. 414
Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 419
Cloning	p. 422
Chapter Summary	p. 425
Key Terms	p. 426
References	p. 426
Exercises	p. 426
Drugs and Medicine: Healing, Helping, and Hurting	p. 434
Love and Depression	p. 436
Relieving Pain, Reducing Fever, and Lowering Inflammation	p. 437
Killing Microscopic Bugs: Antibiotics	p. 438
Antiviral Drugs and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	p. 440
Sex Hormones and the Pill	p. 444
Steroids	p. 445
Chemicals to Fight Cancer	p. 446
Depressants: Drugs That Dull the Mind	p. 448
Narcotics: Drugs That Diminish Pain	p. 451
Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamine	p. 454
Legal Stimulants: Caffeine and Nicotine	p. 456
Hallucinogenic Drugs: Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide	p. 457
Marijuana	p. 459
The Wonder Drugs of the 1990s: Prozac and Zoloft	p. 459
Chapter Summary	p. 462
Key Terms	p. 463
References	p. 463
Exercises	p. 464
The Chemistry of Food	p. 466
You Are What You Eat, Literally	p. 468
Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibers	p. 469
Proteins	p. 473
Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol	p. 474
Caloric Intake and the First Law: Extra Calories Lead to Fat	p. 477
Vitamins	p. 480
Minerals	p. 484
Food Additives	p. 485
The Molecules Used to Grow Crops: Fertilizers and Nutrients	p. 488
The Molecules Used to Protect Crops: Insecticides and Herbicides	p. 489
Chapter Summary	p. 493
Key Terms	p. 493
References	p. 494
Exercises	p. 494
Nanotechnology	p. 498
Extreme Miniaturization	p. 500
Scanning Tunneling Microscope	p. 501
Atomic Force Microscope	p. 502
Buckyballs--A New Form of Carbon	p. 503
Carbon Nanotubes	p. 504
Nanomedicine	p. 505
Nanoproblems	p. 506
Chapter Summary	p. 507
References	p. 507
Exercises	p. 508
Significant Figures	p. 509
Answers to Selected Exercises	p. 513
Glossary	p. 537
Credits	p. 550
Index	p. 555
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