Rent 9780495011965 | General Chemistry (With General Chemistrynow) | Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, Larry M.; Stanley, George G. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

The Eighth Edition of CHEMISTRY incorporates a strong molecular reasoning focus, amplified problem-solving exercises, and innovative technological resources. This kind of reasoning helps students think at the molecular level and make connections between molecular structure and macroscopic properties. Molecular reasoning and visualization are emphasized via Molecular-Reasoning icons, chapter objectives, end-of-chapter problems, and new artwork, and are integrated into the accompanying technology, including OWL (online homework management system)... MORE

About the Authors

xvii

To the Instructor

xix

To the Student

xxxi

The Foundations of Chemistry

(46)

... MORE

Matter and Energy

(1)

Chemistry---A Molecular View of Matter

(4)

States of Matter

(2)

Chemical and Physical Properties

(1)

Chemical and Physical Changes

(1)

Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements

(6)

Chemistry in Use The Resources of the Ocean

(5)

Measurements in Chemistry

(1)

Units of Measurement

(2)

Use of Numbers

(5)

The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis)

(4)

Percentage

(1)

Density and Specific Gravity

(3)

Heat and Temperature

(2)

Heat Transfer and the Measurement of Heat

(11)

Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(7)

Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry

(37)

Chemical Formulas

(4)

Ions and Ionic Compounds

(1)

Names and Formulas of Some Ionic Compounds

(2)

Atomic Weights

(1)

The Mole

(5)

Chemistry in Use Avogadro's Number

(1)

Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles

(3)

Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds

(3)

Chemistry in Use Names of the Elements

(2)

Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition

(4)

Determination of Molecular Formulas

(2)

Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

(4)

Purity of Samples

(8)

Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(6)

Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry

(32)

Chemical Equations

(5)

Calculations Based on Chemical Equations

(4)

The Limiting Reactant (Reagent) Concept

(3)

Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions

(1)

Sequential Reactions

(1)

Concentrations of Solutions

(5)

Dilution of Solutions

104

(1)

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

105

(11)

Key Terms

108

(1)

Exercises

108

(8)

Some Types of Chemical Reactions

116

(50)

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

117

(6)

Chemistry in Use The Discovery of Phosphorus

122

(1)

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

123

(6)

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

129

(2)

Oxidation Numbers

131

(3)

Naming Some Inorganic Compounds

134

(1)

Naming Binary Compounds

134

(3)

Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts

137

(2)

Classifying Chemical Reactions

139

(1)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: An Introduction

139

(3)

Combination Reactions

142

(2)

Decomposition Reactions

144

(1)

Displacement Reactions

145

(5)

Chemistry in Use Troublesome Displacement Reactions

147

(3)

Metathesis Reactions

150

(5)

Gas-Formation Reactions

155

(1)

Summary of Reaction Types

156

(10)

Key Terms

158

(1)

Exercises

159

(7)

The Structure of Atoms

166

(52)

Subatomic Particles

167

(1)

Fundamental Particles

167

(1)

The Discovery of Electrons

168

(2)

Canal Rays and Protons

170

(1)

Rutherford and the Nuclear Atom

170

(2)

Atomic Number

172

(1)

Neutrons

173

(1)

Mass Number and Isotopes

173

(2)

Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance

175

(3)

Chemistry in Use Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis

177

(1)

The Atomic Weight Scale and Atomic Weights

178

(2)

The Electronic Structures of Atoms

180

(1)

Electromagnetic Radiation

180

(4)

The Photoelectric Effect

184

(1)

Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom

185

(6)

Enrichment The Bohr Theory and the Balmer-Rydberg Equation

188

(3)

The Wave Nature of the Electron

191

(1)

The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Atom

192

(2)

Enrichment The Schrodinger Equation

193

(1)

Quantum Numbers

194

(1)

Atomic Orbitals

195

(4)

Electron Configurations

199

(6)

Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

205

(1)

The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations

206

(12)

Key Terms

209

(1)

Exercises

210

(8)

Chemical Periodicity

218

(32)

More About the Periodic Table

219

(3)

Chemistry in Use The Periodic Table

220

(1)

Chemistry in Use Glenn Seaborg: A Human Side to the Modern Periodic Table

221

(1)

Periodic Properties of the Elements

222

(1)

Atomic Radii

222

(3)

Ionization Energy

225

(2)

Electron Affinity

227

(2)

Ionic Radii

229

(2)

Electronegativity

231

(2)

Chemical Reactions and Periodicity

233

(1)

Hydrogen and the Hydrides

233

(3)

Oxygen and the Oxides

236

(14)

Key Terms

244

(1)

Exercises

245

(5)

Chemical Bonding

250

(36)

Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms

251

(1)

Ionic Bonding

252

(1)

Formation of Ionic Compounds

252

(7)

Enrichment Introduction to Energy Relationships in Ionic Bonding

257

(2)

Covalent Bonding

259

(1)

Formation of Covalent Bonds

259

(1)

Bond Lengths and Bond Energies

260

(1)

Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions

261

(1)

Writing Lewis Formulas: The Octet Rule

262

(6)

Formal Charges

268

(2)

Writing Lewis Formulas: Limitations of the Octet Rule

270

(4)

Resonance

274

(2)

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

276

(1)

Dipole Moments

277

(1)

The Continuous Range of Bonding Types

278

(8)

Key Terms

279

(1)

Exercises

280

(6)

Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories

286

(42)

A Preview of the Chapter

287

(2)

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

289

(2)

Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry

291

(2)

Valence Bond Theory

293

(1)

Molecular Shapes and Bonding

293

(1)

Linear Electronic Geometry: AB2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

294

(2)

Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

296

(2)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

298

(5)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB3U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A)

303

(4)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

307

(2)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

309

(1)

Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB5, AB4U, AB3U2, and AB2U3

309

(4)

Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB6, AB5U, AB4U2

313

(4)

Compounds Containing Double Bonds

317

(1)

Compounds Containing Triple Bonds

318

(3)

A Summary of Electronic and Molecular Geometries

321

(7)

Key Terms

321

(1)

Exercises

322

(6)

Molecular Orbitals in Chemical Bonding

328

(18)

Molecular Orbitals

329

(3)

Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams

332

(1)

Bond Order and Bond Stability

333

(1)

Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

334

(3)

Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

337

(3)

Delocalization and the Shapes of Molecular Orbitals

340

(6)

Key Terms

342

(1)

Exercises

342

(4)

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts

346

(27)

Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases

348

(1)

The Arrhenius Theory

348

(1)

The Hydronium Ion (Hydrated Hydrogen Ion)

349

(1)

The Bronsted-Lowry Theory

349

(3)

The Autoionization of Water

352

(1)

Amphoterism

353

(1)

Strengths of Acids

354

(3)

Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

357

(3)

Chemistry in Use Everyday Salts of Ternary Acids

359

(1)

Acidic Salts and Basic Salts

360

(2)

The Lewis Theory

362

(2)

The Preparation of Acids

364

(9)

Key Terms

366

(1)

Exercises

367

(6)

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations

373

(25)

Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions

374

(1)

Calculations Involving Molarity

374

(4)

Titrations

378

(2)

Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations

380

(5)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

384

(1)

Balancing Redox Equations

385

(1)

Adding H+, OH-, or H2O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen

386

(3)

Calculations for Redox Titrations

389

(9)

Key Terms

391

(1)

Exercises

392

(6)

Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory

398

(48)

Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

399

(1)

Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases

400

(1)

Pressure

401

(3)

Chemistry in Use The Greenhouse Effect

402

(2)

Boyle's Law: The Volume-Pressure Relationship

404

(3)

Charles's Law: The Volume-Temperature Relationship; The Absolute Temperature Scale

407

(2)

Standard Temperature and Pressure

409

(1)

The Combined Gas Law Equation

409

(2)

Avogadro's Law and the Standard Molar Volume

411

(1)

Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation

412

(4)

Determination of Molecular Weights and Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances

416

(2)

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

418

(6)

Mass-Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases

424

(2)

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory

426

(5)

Enrichment Kinetic-Molecular Theory, the Ideal Gas Equation, and Molecular Speeds

429

(2)

Diffusion and Effusion of Gases

431

(2)

Deviations from Ideal Gas Behavior

433

(13)

Key Terms

436

(1)

Exercises

437

(9)

Liquids and Solids

446

(54)

Kinetic-Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids

447

(1)

Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes

448

(7)

The Liquid State

455

(1)

Viscosity

455

(1)

Surface Tension

456

(1)

Capillary Action

457

(1)

Evaporation

458

(1)

Vapor Pressure

459

(2)

Boiling Points and Distillation

461

(1)

Heat Transfer Involving Liquids

461

(4)

Enrichment The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

464

(1)

The Solid State

465

(1)

Melting Point

465

(1)

Heat Transfer Involving Solids

466

(2)

Sublimation and the Vapor Pressure of Solids

468

(1)

Phase Diagrams (P versus T)

468

(3)

Amorphous Solids and Crystalline Solids

471

(3)

Enrichment X-Ray Diffraction

472

(2)

Structures of Crystals

474

(3)

Bonding in Solids

477

(8)

Band Theory of Metals

485

(15)

Chemistry in Use Semiconductors

488

(2)

Key Terms

490

(2)

Exercises

492

(8)

Solutions

500

(46)

The Dissolution Process

501

(1)

Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process

501

(2)

Dissolution of Solids in Liquids

503

(3)

Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids (Miscibility)

506

(1)

Dissolution of Gases in Liquids

507

(1)

Rates of Dissolution and Saturation

508

(2)

Effect of Temperature on Solubility

510

(2)

Effect of Pressure on Solubility

512

(1)

Molality and Mole Fraction

512

(2)

Colligative Properties of Solutions

514

(1)

Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult's Law

514

(4)

Fractional Distillation

518

(2)

Boiling Point Elevation

520

(1)

Freezing Point Depression

521

(2)

Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression or Boiling Point Elevation

523

(1)

Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes

524

(3)

Osmotic Pressure

527

(6)

Colloids

531

(1)

Chemistry in Use Water Purification and Hemodialysis

532

(1)

The Tyndall Effect

533

(1)

The Adsorption Phenomenon

534

(1)

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids

535

(11)

Chemistry in Use Why Does Red Wine Go with Red Meat?

538

(1)

Key Terms

538

(2)

Exercises

540

(6)

Chemical Thermodynamics

546

(58)

Heat Changes and Thermochemistry

548

(1)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

548

(2)

Some Thermodynamic Terms

550

(1)

Enthalpy Changes

551

(1)

Calorimetry

551

(2)

Thermochemical Equations

553

(3)

Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes

556

(1)

Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation, ΔH0f

557

(2)

Hess's Law

559

(4)

Bond Energies

563

(3)

Changes in Internal Energy, ΔE

566

(6)

Relationship Between ΔH and ΔE

572

(1)

Spontaneity of Physical and Chemical Changes

573

(1)

The Two Aspects of Spontaneity

573

(1)

Dispersal of Energy and Matter

574

(4)

Entropy, S, and Entropy Change, ΔS

578

(6)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

584

(2)

Free Energy Change, ΔG, and Spontaneity

586

(3)

The Temperature Dependence of Spontaneity

589

(15)

Key Terms

593

(1)

Exercises

594

(10)

Chemical Kinetics

604

(55)

The Rate of a Reaction

606

(6)

Factors That Affect Reaction Rates

611

(1)

Nature of the Reactants

612

(1)

Concentrations of Reactants: The Rate-Law Expression

612

(7)

Concentration Versus Time: The Integrated Rate Equation

619

(11)

Enrichment Calculus Derivation of Integrated Rate Equations

626

(1)

Enrichment Using Integrated Rate Equations to Determine Reaction Order

627

(3)

Collision Theory of Reaction Rates

630

(1)

Transition State Theory

631

(3)

Reaction Mechanisms and the Rate-Law Expression

634

(3)

Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation

637

(4)

Catalysts

641

(18)

Chemistry in Use Ozone

646

(4)

Key Terms

650

(1)

Exercises

651

(8)

Chemical Equilibrium

659

(43)

Basic Concepts

660

(2)

The Equilibrium Constant

662

(4)

Variation of Kc with the Form of the Balanced Equation

666

(1)

The Reaction Quotient

667

(1)

Uses of the Equilibrium Constant, Kc

668

(3)

Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Predictions

671

(7)

The Haber Process: A Commercial Application of Equilibrium

678

(2)

Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Calculations

680

(4)

Partial Pressures and the Equilibrium Constant

684

(1)

Relationship Between KP and Kc

684

(3)

Heterogeneous Equilibria

687

(1)

Relationship Between ΔG0rxn and the Equilibrium Constant

688

(3)

Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants at Different Temperatures

691

(11)

Key Terms

693

(1)

Exercises

693

(9)

Ionic Equilibria I: Acids and Bases

702

(39)

A Review of Strong Electrolytes

703

(1)

The Autoionization of Water

704

(2)

The pH and pOH Scales

706

(3)

Ionization Constants for Weak Monoprotic Acids and Bases

709

(13)

Polyprotic Acids

722

(3)

Solvolysis

725

(1)

Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids

726

(1)

Salts of Strong Bases and Weak Acids

726

(3)

Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids

729

(1)

Salts of Weak Bases and Weak Acids

730

(3)

Chemistry in Use Taming Acids with Harmless Salts

731

(2)

Salts That Contain Small, Highly Charged Cations

733

(8)

Key Terms

735

(1)

Exercises

736

(5)

Ionic Equilibria II: Buffers and Titration Curves

741

(27)

The Common Ion Effect and Buffer Solutions

742

(6)

Buffering Action

748

(3)

Preparation of Buffer Solutions

751

(4)

Chemistry in Use Fun with Carbonates

754

(1)

Acid-Base Indicators

755

(2)

Titration Curves

757

(1)

Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves

757

(3)

Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves

760

(2)

Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves

762

(1)

Summary of Acid-Base Calculations

763

(5)

Key Terms

764

(1)

Exercises

764

(4)

Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle

768

(23)

Solubility Product Constants

769

(2)

Determination of Solubility Product Constants

771

(2)

Uses of Solubility Product Constants

773

(6)

Fractional Precipitation

779

(2)

Simultaneous Equilibria Involving Slightly Soluble Compounds

781

(3)

Dissolving Precipitates

784

(7)

Key Terms

786

(1)

Exercises

787

(4)

Electrochemistry

791

(49)

Electrical Conduction

793

(1)

Electrodes

793

(1)

Electrolytic Cells

793

(1)

The Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride (The Downs Cell)

793

(2)

The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Chloride

795

(1)

The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Sulfate

796

(1)

Counting Electrons: Coulometry and Faraday's Law of Electrolysis

797

(2)

Commercial Applications of Electrolytic Cells

799

(1)

Voltaic or Galvanic Cells

800

(1)

The Construction of Simple Voltaic Cells

800

(1)

The Zinc-Copper Cell

801

(2)

Chemistry in Use A Spectacular View of One Mole of Electrons

802

(1)

The Copper-Silver Cell

803

(2)

Standard Electrode Potentials

805

(1)

The Standard Hydrogen Electrode

805

(1)

The Zinc-SHE Cell

806

(1)

The Copper-SHE Cell

807

(1)

Standard Electrode Potentials

808

(1)

Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials

809

(2)

Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions

811

(3)

Corrosion

814

(1)

Corrosion Protection

815

(1)

Effect of Concentrations (or Partial Pressures) on Electrode Potentials

816

(1)

The Nernst Equation

816

(4)

Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations

820

(4)

Enrichment Concentration Cells

823

(1)

The Relationship of Eocell to ΔG0 and K

824

(2)

Primary Voltaic Cells

826

(1)

Dry Cells

826

(2)

Secondary Voltaic Cells

828

(1)

The Lead Storage Battery

828

(1)

The Nickel-Cadmium (Nicad) Cell

829

(1)

The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell

830

(10)

Key Terms

831

(1)

Exercises

832

(8)

Metals I: Metallurgy

840

(18)

Metals

841

(1)

Occurrence of the Metals

841

(1)

Metallurgy

841

(1)

Pretreatment of Ores

842

(2)

Reduction to the Free Metals

844

(1)

Refining of Metals

845

(2)

Metallurgies of Specific Metals

847

(1)

Magnesium

847

(1)

Aluminum

848

(2)

Iron

850

(2)

Copper

852

(2)

Gold

854

(4)

Key Terms

854

(1)

Exercises

855

(3)

Metals II: Properties and Reactions

858

(20)

The Alkali Metals (Group 1A)

859

(1)

Group 1A Metals: Properties and Occurrence

859

(1)

Reactions of the Group 1A Metals

860

(4)

Chemistry in Use Trace Elements and Life

862

(2)

Uses of Group 1A Metals and Their Compounds

864

(1)

The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2A)

865

(1)

Group 2A Metals: Properties and Occurrence

865

(1)

Reactions of the Group 2A Metals

865

(1)

Uses of Group 2A Metals and Their Compounds

866

(2)

The Post-Transition Metals

868

(1)

Group 3A: Periodic Trends

868

(3)

Chemistry in Use The Most Valuable Metal in the World

870

(1)

The d-Transition Metals

871

(1)

General Properties

871

(1)

Oxidation States

872

(1)

Chromium Oxides, Oxyanions, and Hydroxides

873

(5)

Key Terms

875

(1)

Exercises

875

(3)

Some Nonmetals and Metalloids

878

(28)

The Noble Gases (Group 8A)

879

(1)

Occurrence, Uses, and Properties

879

(1)

Xenon Compounds

880

(1)

The Halogens (Group 7A)

881

(1)

Properties

881

(1)

Occurrence, Production, and Uses

882

(1)

Reactions of the Free Halogens

883

(1)

The Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids

884

(2)

The Oxoacids (Ternary Acids) of the Halogens

886

(1)

Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium

887

(1)

Occurrence, Properties, and Uses

887

(2)

Reactions of Group 6A Elements

889

(1)

Hydrides of Group 6A Elements

889

(1)

Group 6A Oxides

889

(2)

Oxoacids of Sulfur

891

(2)

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

892

(1)

Occurrence of Nitrogen

893

(1)

Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen

894

(1)

Nitrogen Oxides

895

(2)

Chemistry in Use Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog

897

(1)

Some Oxoacids of Nitrogen and Their Salts

897

(2)

Phosphorus

899

(1)

Silicon

900

(1)

Silicon and the Silicates

900

(6)

Key Terms

901

(1)

Exercises

902

(4)

Coordination Compounds

906

(27)

Coordination Compounds

907

(3)

Ammine Complexes

910

(1)

Important Terms

911

(2)

Nomenclature

913

(1)

Structures

913

(2)

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

915

(1)

Structural (Constitutional) Isomers

915

(3)

Stereoisomers

918

(5)

Bonding in Coordination Compounds

923

(1)

Crystal Field Theory

923

(2)

Color and the Spectrochemical Series

925

(8)

Key Terms

928

(1)

Exercises

929

(4)

Nuclear Chemistry

933

(35)

The Nucleus

935

(1)

Neutron-Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability

935

(1)

Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy

936

(3)

Radioactive Decay

939

(2)

Equations for Nuclear Reactions

941

(1)

Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of Stability)

941

(1)

Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of Stability)

941

(1)

Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83

942

(1)

Detection of Radiation

943

(2)

Rates of Decay and Half-Life

945

(2)

Decay Series

947

(1)

Uses of Radionuclides

947

(6)

Artificial Transmutations of Elements

953

(2)

Nuclear Fission

955

(2)

Nuclear Fission Reactors

957

(4)

Chemistry in Use Managing Nuclear Wastes

960

(1)

Nuclear Fusion

961

(7)

Key Terms

963

(1)

Exercises

964

(4)

Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties

968

(65)

Saturated Hydrocarbons

971

(1)

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

971

(5)

Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons

976

(4)

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

980

(1)

Alkenes

980

(5)

Chemistry in Use Petroleum

981

(4)

Alkynes

985

(2)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

987

(1)

Benzene

987

(2)

Chemistry in Use Nanotechnology

988

(1)

Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons

989

(2)

Hydrocarbons: A Summary

991

(1)

Functional Groups

991

(1)

Organic Halides

992

(2)

Alcohols and Phenols

994

(3)

Ethers

997

(1)

Aldehydes and Ketones

998

(2)

Amines

1000

(2)

Carboxylic Acids

1002

(4)

Chemistry in Use The Chemistry of Artists' Pigments

1004

(2)

Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids

1006

(5)

Chemistry in Use Butter, Margarine, and trans Fats

1010

(1)

Summary of Functional Groups

1011

(1)

Fundamental Classes of Organic Reactions

1012

(1)

Substitution Reactions

1012

(3)

Addition Reactions

1015

(2)

Elimination Reactions

1017

(1)

Polymerization Reactions

1018

(15)

Key Terms

1023

(1)

Exercises

1024

(9)

Organic Chemistry II: Shapes, Selected Reactions, and Biopolymers

1033

Shapes of Organic Molecules

1034

(1)

Constitutional Isomers

1034

(1)

Stereoisomers

1035

(4)

Chemistry in Use Developing More Environmentally Friendly Solvents

1038

(1)

Conformations

1039

(2)

Selected Reactions

1041

(1)

Reactions of Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

1041

(2)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

1043

(5)

Chemistry in Use Chemical Communication

1044

(4)

Formation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

1048

(1)

Hydrolysis of Esters

1049

(2)

Blopolymers

1050

(1)

Carbohydrates

1051

(4)

Polypeptides and Proteins

1055

(5)

Chemistry in Use The Cells' Drinking Straws

1059

(1)

Nucleic Acids

1060

Key Terms

1062

(1)

Exercises

1063

Appendix A Some Mathematical Operations

(4)

Appendix B Electronic Configurations of the Atoms of the Elements

(3)

Appendix C Common Units, Equivalences, and Conversion Factors

(3)

Appendix D Physical Constants

(1)

Appendix E Some Physical Constants for a Few Common Substances

(2)

Appendix F Ionization Constants for Weak Acids at 25°C

(1)

Appendix G Ionization Constants for Weak Bases at 25°C

(1)

Appendix H Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25°C

(2)

Appendix I Dissociation Constants for Some Complex Ions

(1)

Appendix J Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C

(3)

Appendix K Selected Thermodynamic Values at 298.15 K

(2)

Appendix L Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Numerical Exercises

Index of Equations

(1)

Glossary/Index

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