9780321988270

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For courses in English Composition.

The gold standard of handbooks – unmatched in accuracy, currency, and reliability
The Little, Brown Handbook is an essential reference tool and classroom resource designed to help students find the answers they need quickly and easily. While keeping pace with rapid changes in writing and its teaching, it offers the most comprehensive research and documentation available–with grammar coverage that is second to none.

With detailed discussions of critical reading, media literacy, academic writing, and argument, as well as writing as a process, writing in the disciplines, and writing beyond the classroom, this handbook addresses writers of varying experience and in varying fields.

Also available with MyWritingLab™
This title is also available with MyWritingLab—an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students practice what they learn, test their understanding, and pursue a personalized study plan that helps them better absorb course material and understand difficult concepts.

Preface for Students: Using This Book
Preface for Instructors

PART 1: The Process of Writing

1    dev
Assessing the Writing Situation
   a. Understanding how writing happens
   b. Analyzing the writing situation
   c. Discovering and limiting a subject
   d. Defining a purpose
   e. Considering the audience
   f. Understanding genres

2    dev
Discovering and Shaping Ideas
    a. Discovering ideas
    b. Developing a thesis
    c. Organizing ideas
        SAMPLE INFORMATIVE ESSAY

3    dev
Drafting, Revising, and Editing
    a. Writing the first draft
    b. Revising a draft
    c. Giving and receiving comments
d. Examining a sample revision
e. Editing the revised draft
    f. Preparing and proofreading the final draft
    g. SAMPLE FINAL DRAFT (RESPONSE ESSAY)
    h. Preparing a writing portfolio

4    ¶
Writing and Revising Paragraphs
    a. Relating paragraphs in the essay
b. Maintaining paragraph unity
    c. Achieving paragraph coherence
    d. Developing the paragraph
    e. Writing special kinds of paragraphs

5    des
Presenting Writing
    a. Formatting academic writing
        SAMPLE MARKETING REPORT
    b. Using visuals and other media in multimodal writing
    c. Presenting writing on the Web
                   SAMPLE WEB SITE
                   SAMPLE LITERACY NARRATIVE POSTED TO A BLOG
    d. Making oral presentations
                   SAMPLE POWERPOINT SLIDES

PART 2: Reading and Writing in and out of College

6    Writing in Academic Situations
a. Determining purpose and audience
b. Using an academic genre
c. Choosing structure and content
d. Using sources with integrity
e. Using academic language
f. Communicating with instructors and classmates

7    crit
Critical Reading and Writing
    a. Using techniques of critical reading
    b. Summarizing
    c. Developing a critical response
    d. Viewing visuals critically
e. Writing critically
f. Examining sample critical analyses
    SAMPLE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A TEXT
            SAMPLE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AN IMAGE

8    arg
Reading Arguments Critically
    a. Recognizing the elements of argument
    b. Testing claims
    c. Weighing evidence
    d. Discovering assumptions
    e. Watching language, hearing tone
    f. Judging reasonableness
    g. Recognizing fallacies
    h. Reading visual arguments

9    arg
Writing an Argument
    a. Finding a subject
    b. Conceiving a thesis statement
    c. Analyzing your purpose and your audience
    d. Using reason
    e. Using evidence
f. Reaching your readers
    g. Organizing your argument
    h. Revising your argument
i. SAMPLE PROPOSAL ARGUMENT

10   Taking Essay Exams
             a. Preparing for an essay examination
            b. Planning your time and your answer
             c. Starting the essay
              d. Developing the essay
              e. Rereading the essay

11    Public Writing
          a. Writing on social media
b. Writing business letters and memos
    SAMPLE LETTER AND MEMO
c. Writing a job application
    SAMPLE LETTER AND RESUMES
d. Writing business reports and proposals
    SAMPLE REPORT AND PROPOSAL
e. Writing for community work
    SAMPLE NEWSLETTER, ONLINE POST

PART 3: Grammatical Sentences

12 gram
Understanding Sentence Grammar
    a. Understanding the basic sentence
    b. Expanding the basic sentence with single words
    c. Expanding the basic sentence with word groups
    d. Compounding words, phrases, and clauses
    e. Changing the usual word order
    f. Classifying sentences

13      case
Case of Nouns and Pronouns
    a. Compound subjects and complements
    b. Compound objects
    c. We or us with a noun
    d. Appositives
    e. Pronoun after than or as in a comparison
    f. Subjects and objects of infinitives
    g. Who vs. whom
    h. Case before a gerund

14   vb
Verbs
    Verb Forms
    a. Regular and irregular verbs
    b. Sit and set; lie and lay; rise and raise
    c. Omitted -s and -ed endings
    d. Helping verbs
    e. Verb plus gerund or infinitive
    f. Verb plus participle
    Tense
    g. Appropriate tense for meaning
    h. Sequence of tenses
    Mood
i. Subjunctive verb forms
    Voice
    j. Active vs. passive voice

15
vb agr /pn agr Agreement
    a. Agreement between subject and verb
    b. Agreement between pronoun and antecedent

16    ad
Adjectives and Adverbs
    a. Adjectives only with nouns and pronouns
    b. Adjectives after linking verbs
    c. Adjectives with objects; adverbs with verbs
    d. Comparative and superlative forms
     e. Double negatives
    f. Overuse of nouns as modifiers
    g. Present and past participles as adjectives
    h. A, an, the, and other determiners

PART 4: Clear Sentences

17 frag
Sentence Fragments
    a. Tests for sentence completeness, revision of fragments
    b. Subordinate clause
    c. Verbal or prepositional phrase
    d. Other fragments
    e. Acceptable uses of incomplete sentences

18    cs / fs
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
a. Main clauses not joined by coordinating conjunction
    b. Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression
c. Main clauses with no conjunction or punctuation

19    ref
Pronoun Reference
    a. Clear reference to one antecedent
    b. Clear placement of pronoun and antecedent
    c. Reference to specific antecedent
    d. Indefinite use of you
    e. Clear use of it
    f. Appropriate who, which, that

20    shift
Shifts
    a. Person and number
    b. Tense and mood
    c. Subject and voice
    d. Indirect and direct quotations and questions

21   mm / dm
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
a. Clear placement of modifiers
    b. Limiting modifiers
    c. Squinting modifiers
    d. Separation of subjects, verbs, and objects
    e. Separation of parts of infinitives or verb phrases
    f. Position of adverbs
    g. Order of adjectives
    h. Dangling modifiers

22    mixed / inc
Mixed and Incomplete Sentences
    Mixed Sentences
a. Mixed grammar
    b. Mixed meaning (faulty predication)
    c. Compound constructions
    d. Comparisons
    e. Careless omissions

PART 5: Effective Sentences

23    emph
Emphasizing Ideas
    a. Using subjects and verbs effectively
    b. Using sentence beginnings and endings
    c. Arranging parallel elements effectively
    d. Repeating ideas
    e. Separating ideas
    f. Being concise

24   coord / sub
Using Coordination and Subordination
    a. Coordinating to relate equal ideas
    b. Subordinating to distinguish main ideas
    c. Choosing clear connectors

25    / /
Using Parallelism
    a. Using parallelism for coordinate elements
    b. Using parallelism to increase coherence

26   var
Achieving Variety
    a. Varying sentence length and structure
    b. Varying sentence beginnings
    c. Inverting the normal word order
    d. Mixing types of sentences

PART 6: Punctuation
Chart

27    . ? !
End Punctuation
    a. The period
    b. The question mark
c. The exclamation point

28     ,
The Comma
    a. Main clauses linked by coordinating conjunctions
    b. Introductory elements
    c. Nonessential elements
    d. Absolute phrases
    e. Phrases expressing contrast
    f. Series and coordinate adjectives
    g. Dates, addresses, place names, long numbers
    h. With quotations
    i. To prevent misreading
    j. Misuse and overuse

29    ;
The Semicolon
    a. Main clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction
    b. Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression
    c. Main clauses that are too long or contain commas
    d. Series items that are long or contain commas
    e. Misuse and overuse

30    ‘
The Apostrophe
    a. Possession
    b. Misuses with noun plurals, verbs, and personal pronouns
    c. Contractions
    d. Plurals of abbreviations, dates, and words or characters named as words

31    “ ”
Quotation Marks
Chart
    a. Direct quotations
    b. Quotation within a quotation
    c. Dialog
    d. Titles of songs, short stories, etc.
    e. Words used in a special sense
    f. Overuse
    g. Placement with other punctuation marks

32    : --- ( ) [ ] . . . /
Other Punctuation Marks
    a. The colon
    b. The dash
    c. Parentheses
    d. Brackets
    e. The ellipsis mark
    f. The slash

PART 7: Mechanics

33     cap
Capitals
    a. First word of a sentence
    b. Titles of works
    c. Pronoun I and interjection O
    d. Proper nouns and adjectives
    e. Titles before proper names
    f. Misuses of capitals

34     ital / und
Italics or Underlining
    a. Titles of books and periodicals
    b. Names of ships, aircraft, spacecraft, trains
    c. Foreign words and phrases
    d. Words, letters, and numbers named as words
    e. For emphasis
    f. In online communication

35    ab
Abbreviations
    a. Titles before and after proper names
    b. Familiar abbreviations and acronyms
    c. BC, BCE, AD, CE, AM, PM, no., and $
    d. Latin abbreviations
    e. Inc., Bros., Co., and &
    f. Misuse with units of measurement, geographical names, and so on

36    num
Numbers
    a. Numerals vs. words
    b. For dates, addresses, etc.
    c. Beginning sentences

PART 8: Effective Words

37    appr
Using Appropriate Language
    a. Revising nonstandard dialect
    b. Revising shortcuts of online communication
    c. Using slang only when appropriate
    d. Using colloquial language only when appropriate
    e. Using regionalisms only when appropriate
    f. Revising neologisms
    g. Using technical words with care
    h. Revising indirect or pretentious writing
    i. Revising sexist and other biased language

38    exact
Using Exact Language
    a. Using a dictionary and a thesaurus
    b. Using the right word for your meaning
    c. Balancing the abstract and concrete, the general and specific
    d. Using idioms
    e. Using figurative language
    f. Using fresh expressions

39    w
Writing Concisely
    a. Focusing on subject and verb
    b. Cutting or shortening empty words and phrases
    c. Cutting unnecessary repetition
    d. Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
    e. Revising there is, here is, and it is constructions
    f. Combining sentences
    g. Rewriting jargon

40    sp
Spelling and the Hyphen
    a. Recognizing typical spelling problems
    b. Following spelling rules
    c. Developing spelling skills
    d. Using the hyphen to form or divide words

PART 9: Research Writing

41    Planning a Research Project
a.    Starting out
b.    Finding a researchable subject and question
c.    Developing a research strategy
d.    Making a working, annotated bibliography

42    Finding Sources
a.    Starting with your library’s Web site
b.    Searching electronically
c.    Finding reference works
d.    Finding books
e.    Finding periodicals
f.    Finding sources on the Web
g.    Finding sources using social media
h.    Finding government publications
i.    Finding visuals, audio, and video
j.    Generating your own sources

43    Working with Sources
a. Evaluating sources
b. Synthesizing sources
c. Interacting with sources
d. Using summary, paraphrase, and quotation
e. Integrating sources into your text

44    Avoiding Plagiarism
a.    Avoiding both deliberate and careless plagiarism
b.    Knowing what you need not acknowledge
c.    Knowing what you must acknowledge
d.    Obtaining permission when publishing your work

45    Documenting Sources
    a. Using discipline styles for documentation
    b. Using bibliography software

46     Writing the Paper
a.    Developing a thesis statement
b.    Creating a structure
c.    Drafting the paper
d.    Revising and editing the paper
e.    Preparing and proofreading the final draft

47    Using MLA Documentation and Format
    a. Using MLA in-text citations
    b. Preparing the MLA list of works cited
    c. Using MLA document format

48    Two Research Papers in MLA Style
    “THE FALSE PROMISE OF GREEN CONSUMERISM”
    “ANNIE DILLARD’S HEALING VISION”

PART 10: Writing in the Academic Disciplines

49    Reading and Writing About Literature
a.    Using the methods and evidence of literary analysis
b.    Understanding writing assignments in literature
c.    Using the tools and language of literary analysis
d.    Citing sources and formatting documents in writing about literature
e.    Drafting and revising a literary analysis
    SAMPLE LITERARY ANALYSIS OF A SHORT STORY
f.    Writing about fiction, poetry, and drama
    SAMPLE LITERARY ANALYSIS OF A POEM
    SAMPLE LITERARY ANALYSIS OF A PLAY

50    Writing in Other Humanities
a.    Using the methods and evidence of the humanities
b.    Understanding writing assignments in the humanities
c.    Using the tools and language of the humanities
d.    Citing sources in Chicago style
e.    Formatting documents in Chicago style

51    Writing in the Social Sciences
a.    Using the methods and evidence of the social sciences
b.    Understanding writing assignments in the social sciences
c.    Using the tools and language of the social sciences
d.    Citing sources in APA style
e.    Formatting documents in APA style
f.    SAMPLE RESEARCH REPORT

52    Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences
a.    Using the methods and evidence of the sciences
b.    Understanding writing assignments in the sciences
c.    Using the tools and language of the sciences
d.    Citing sources in CSE style
e.    Formatting documents in CSE style
f.    SAMPLE SCIENCE PAPER

Glossary of Usage
Glossary of Terms
Index

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The Little Brown Handbook

The Little Brown Handbook

0321988272

Summary

Table of Contents

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