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Introductory Chemistry Concepts and Critical Thinking Plus Mastering Chemistry with eText -- Access Card Package

by: Corwin, Charles H.

Introductory Chemistry Concepts and Critical Thinking Plus Mastering Chemistry with eText -- Access Card Package

by: Corwin, Charles H.

ISBN 13:
9780321803214
ISBN 10:
0321803213
Edition: 7th
Format: Package
Copyright: 01/09/2013
Publisher: Pearson
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Introductory Chemistry Concepts and Critical Thinking Plus Mastering Chemistry with eText -- Access Card Package > ISBN13: 9780321803214

Summary

With an expanded focus on critical thinking and problem solving, the new edition of Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinkingprepares readers for success in introductory chemistry. This comprehensive learning system offers print and media resources as well as the industry-leading MasteringChemistry® platform. Unlike other introductory chemistry texts, all materials -the textbook, student solutions manual, laboratory manual, instructor's manual and test item file - are written by the author and tightly integrated to work together most effectively. Math and problem solving are covered early in the text; Corwin builds reader confidence and ability through innovative pedagogy and technology formulated to meet the needs of today's learners.

Author Biography

Charles H. Corwin has spent over 30 years teaching chemistry to over 12,000 students. He has taught general chemistry, organic chemistry, and quantitative analysis, but has focused primarily on introductory chemistry for the personal rewards it offers.

Corwin was awarded his degrees from San Jose State University, where he was a member of Tau Delta Phi honor society. Early in his career, he was awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study instructional innovations at Grand Valley State University. Currently, he is a professor of chemistry at American River College, where he was recognized as Teacher of the Year in 1994. He is also the recipient of an Alumni Teaching award from Purdue University.

1 Introduction to Chemistry 2

1.1 Evolution of Chemistry 3

1.2 Modern Chemistry 5

Chemistry Connection “Worth Your Salt?” 6

1.3 Learning Chemistry 7

CHEMISTRY CONNECTION A Student Success Story

Summary 9 • Key Terms 9 • Exercises 10

Chapter Self-Test 11

Prerequisite Science Skills 12

PSS.1 Measurements

PSS.2 Significant Digits

PSS.3 Rounding Off Nonsignificant Digits

PSS.4 Adding and Subtracting Measurements

PSS.5 Multiplying and Dividing Measurements

PSS.6 Exponential Numbers

PSS.7 Scientific Notation

2 The Metric System 40

2.1 Basic Units and Symbols

critical Thinking The International System of Measurement (SI)

2.2 Metric Conversion Factors

2.3 Metric–Metric Conversions

2.4 Metric–English Conversions

CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Olympics

critical Thinking World Trade Center

2.5 The Percent Concept

2.6 Volume by Calculation

2.7 Volume by Displacement

2.8 The Density Concept

2.9 Temperature

2.10 The Heat Concept

Summary 68 • Problem-Solving Organizer 68

Key Terms 69 • Exercises 70

Chapter Self-Test 73

3 Matter and Energy 74

3.1 Physical States of Matter 75

3.2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 77

3.3 Names and Symbols of the Elements 80

critical Thinking Aluminum or Aluminium? 82

3.4 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals 83

Chemistry Connection Elements 104 and Beyond 86

3.5 Compounds and Chemical Formulas 89

3.6 Physical and Chemical Properties 91

3.7 Physical and Chemical Changes 94

3.8 Conservation of Mass 96

3.9 Potential and Kinetic Energy 97

3.10 Conservation of Energy 99

Chemistry Connection Recycling Aluminum 101

Summary 102 • Key Terms 103 • Exercises 104

Chapter Self-Test 107

4 Models of the Atom 110

4.1 Dalton Model of the Atom 111

Chemistry Connection John Dalton 111

4.2 Thomson Model of the Atom 112

4.3 Rutherford Model of the Atom 112

4.4 Atomic Notation 115

4.5 Atomic Mass 118

Chemistry Connection Heavy Water 121

4.6 The Wave Nature of Light 121

4.7 The Quantum Concept 123

4.8 Bohr Model of the Atom 124

critical Thinking Neon Lights 128

4.9 Energy Levels and Sublevels 129

4.10 Electron Configuration 130

4.11 Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 132

Summary 135 • Key Terms 136 • Exercises 136

Chapter Self-Test 140

5 The Periodic Table 142

5.1 Classification of Elements 143

Chemistry Connection Dmitri Mendeleev 144

5.2 The Periodic Law Concept 145

5.3 Groups and Periods of Elements 146

critical ThinkingIUPAC Group Numbers 148

5.4 Periodic Trends 149

5.5 Properties of Elements 151

5.6 Blocks of Elements 153

5.7 Valence Electrons 155

5.8 Electron Dot Formulas 157

5.9 Ionization Energy 158

5.10 Ionic Charges 160

Chemistry Connection Evolution of Chemical Elements 162

Summary 163 • Key Terms 164 • Exercises 165

Chapter Self-Test 169

6 Language of Chemistry 170

6.1 Classification of Compounds 171

Chemistry Connection Antoine and Marie Lavoisier 174

6.2 Monoatomic Ions 174

6.3 Polyatomic Ions 177

6.4 Writing Chemical Formulas 179

critical Thinking Nutritional Potassium 181

6.5 Binary Ionic Compounds 182

6.6 Ternary Ionic Compounds 184

6.7 Binary Molecular Compounds 186

6.8 Binary Acids 188

6.9 Ternary Oxyacids 189

Chemistry Connection IUPAC Nomenclature 189

Summary 190 • Nomenclature Organizer 191

Key Terms 192 • Exercises 192

7 Chemical Reactions 198

Chemistry Connection Fireworks 199

7.1 Evidence for Chemical Reactions 200

7.2 Writing Chemical Equations 201

7.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 202

7.4 Classifying Chemical Reactions 207

7.5 Combination Reactions 208

7.6 Decomposition Reactions 211

7.7 The Activity Series Concept 214

7.8 Single-Replacement Reactions 217

7.9 Solubility Rules 219

7.10 Double-Replacement Reactions 220

7.11 Neutralization Reactions 221

critical Thinking Household Chemicals 223

Summary 224 • Key Terms 225 • Exercises 226

Chapter Self-Test 230

8 The Mole Concept 232

8.1 Avogadro’s Number 233

Chemistry Connection Analogies for Avogadro’s Number 233

8.2 Mole Calculations I 234

8.3 Molar Mass 237

8.4 Mole Calculations II 238

8.5 Molar Volume 241

8.6 Mole Calculations III 244

8.7 Percent Composition 246

8.8 Empirical Formula 248

8.9 Molecular Formula 250

critical Thinking Avogadro’s Number 252

Summary 252 • Problem–Solving Organizer 254

Key Terms 255 • Exercises 255

Chapter Self-Test 258

9 Chemical Equation Calculations 260

9.1 Interpreting a Chemical Equation 261

9.2 Mole–Mole Relationships 263

critical Thinking Iron versus Steel 265

9.3 Types of Stoichiometry Problems 265

9.4 Mass–Mass Problems 266

9.5 Mass–Volume Problems 269

9.6 Volume–Volume Problems 272

Chemistry Connection Manufacturing Ammonia 274

9.7 Limiting Reactant Concept 275

9.8 Limiting Reactant Problems 277

9.9 Percent Yield 281

Summary 282 • Problem-Solving Organizer 283

Key Terms 284 • Exercises 284

Chapter Self-Test 288

10 Gases 290

10.1 Properties of Gases 291

10.2 Atmospheric Pressure 291

Chemistry Connection The Greenhouse Effect 292

10.3 Variables Affecting Gas Pressure 294

10.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure–Volume Relationships 296

Chemistry Connection Robert Boyle 299

10.5 Charles’s Law: Volume–Temperature Relationships 299

10.6 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure–Temperature Relationships 302

10.7 Combined Gas Law 304

10.8 The Vapor Pressure Concept 306

10.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 307

10.10 Ideal Gas Behavior 310

10.11 Ideal Gas Law 312

critical Thinking Conceptualizing Gases 313

Summary 314 • Problem–Solving Organizer 315

Key Terms 316 • Exercises 317

Chapter Self-Test 320

11 Liquids and Solids 354

11.1 Properties of Liquids 355

11.2 The Intermolecular Bond Concept 355

11.3 Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Viscosity, and Surface Tension 357

11.4 Properties of Solid s 362

11.5 Crystalline Solids 362

11.6 Changes of Physical State 364

11.7 Structure of Water 367

Chemistry Connection Water Purification 368

11.8 Physical Properties of Water 369

11.9 Chemical Properties of Water 371

11.10 Hydrates 372

critical Thinking Bottled Water 376

Summary 376 • Key Terms 377 • Exercises 378

Chapter Self-Test 382

12 Chemical Bonding 322

12.1 The Chemical Bond Concept 323

12.2 Ionic Bonds 324

12.3 Covalent Bonds 328

12.4 Electron Dot Formulas of Molecules 330

12.5 Electron Dot Formulas of Polyatomic Ions 335

12.6 Polar Covalent Bonds 338

Chemistry Connection Linus Pauling 340

12.7 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds 341

12.8 Coordinate Covalent Bonds 342

12.9 Hydrogen Bonds 343

12.10 Shapes of Molecules 344

critical Thinking Diamond versus Graphite 347

Summary 347 • Key Terms 348 • Exercises 349

Chapter Self-Test 352

13 Solutions 384

13.1 Gases in Solution 385

13.2 Liquids in Solution 387

13.3 Solids in Solution 389

Chemistry Connection Colloids 390

13.4 The Dissolving Process 391

13.5 Rate of Dissolving 392

13.6 Solubility and Temperature 393

13.7 Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions 394

13.8 Mass/Mass Percent Concentration 397

13.9 Molar Concentration 399

critical Thinking Water Fluoridation 401

13.10 Dilution of a Solution 402

13.11 Solution Stoichiometry 403

Summary 404 • Problem–Solving Organizer 405

Key Terms 406 • Exercises 406

Chapter Self-Test 410

14 Acids and Bases 412

14.1 Properties of Acids and Bases 413

14.2 Arrhenius Acids and Bases 415

Chemistry Connection Svante Arrhenius 418

14.3 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 419

14.4 Acid–Base Indicators 419

14.5 Acid–Base Titrations 421

14.6 Acid–Base Standardization 424

14.7 Ionization of Water 426

14.8 The pH Concept 428

14.9 Advanced pH Calculations 430

critical Thinking Acid Rain 432

14.10 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 433

14.11 Net Ionic Equations 436

Summary 439 • Problem–Solving Organizer 440

Key Terms 441 • Exercises 441

Chapter Self-Test 445

15 Advanced Problem Solving

15.1 Advanced Problem-Solving Strategies

15.2 Concept Maps – Mole Relationships

15.3 Concept Maps – Stoichiometry

15.4 Multiple-Reaction Stoichiometry

critical Thinking Nanotechnology

15.5 Advanced Problem-Solving Examples

Summary • Key Terms • Exercises

Online Exercises • Chapter Self-Test

16 Chemical Equilibrium 448

16.1 Collision Theory 449

16.2 Energy Profiles of Chemical Reactions 451

16.3 The Chemical Equilibrium Concept 455

Chemistry Connection The Ozone Hole 457

16.4 General Equilibrium Constant, K _eq 458

16.5 Equilibria Shifts for Gases 462

16.6 Ionization Equilibrium Constant, K _i 465

16.7 Equilibria Shifts for Weak Acids and Bases 467

16.8 Solubility Product Equilibrium Constant, K _sp 469

16.9 Equilibria Shifts for Slightly Soluble Compounds 471

Summary 472 • Key Terms 473 • Exercises 474

Chapter Self-Test 477

17 Oxidation and Reduction 480

17.1 Oxidation Numbers 482

17.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 487

17.3 Balancing Redox Equations: Oxidation Number Method 490

17.4 Balancing Redox Equations: Half-Reaction Method 494

17.5 Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions 497

17.6 Voltaic Cells 500

17.7 Electrolytic Cells 503

Chemistry Connection Hybrid Vehicles 505

Summary 505 • Key Terms 506 • Exercises 506

Chapter Self-Test 510

18 Nuclear Chemistry 512

18.1 Natural Radioactivity 513

18.2 Nuclear Equations 514

18.3 Radioactive Decay Series 518

18.4 Radioactive Half-Life 519

18.5 Applications of Radionuclides 521

critical Thinking Nuclear Medicine 522

18.6 Induced Radioactivity 523

18.7 Nuclear Fission 525

Chemistry Connection Nuclear Power Plant 528

18.8 Nuclear Fusion 528

Summary 530 • Key Terms 530 • Exercises 531

Chapter Self-Test 534

19 Organic Chemistry 536

19.1 Hydrocarbons 537

19.2 Alkanes 538

19.3 Alkenes and Alkynes 543

19.4 Arenes 547

19.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 548

19.6 Organic Halides 550

19.7 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 552

19.8 Amines 554

19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones 555

19.10 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides 557

Chemistry Connection Forensic Chemistry 560

Summary 561 • Key Terms 562 • Exercises 563

Chapter Self-Test 566

20 Biochemistry 568

20.1 Biological Compounds 569

20.2 Proteins 571

20.3 Enzymes 576

20.4 Carbohydrates 578

20.5 Lipids 581

critical Thinking Vitamins 585

20.6 Nucleic Acids 586

critical Thinking Left- and Right-Handed Molecules 589

Summary 590 • Key Terms 591 • Exercises 591

Chapter Self-Test 594

Appendices

A Weights and Measures 597

B Physical Constants 598

C Activity Series for Metals 599

D Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds 600

E Vapor Pressure of Water 601

F Properties of Water 602

G Answers to Concept Exercises 603

H Answers to Key Term Exercises 608

I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 610

J Answers to Chapter Self-Tests 627

Glossary 633

Photo Credits 643

Index 645

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