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Summary Table of Contents

The most trusted and authoritative name in handbooks, "The Little, Brown Compact Handbook with Exercises" is an easy-to-use reference that will answer any question you may have in grammar, writing, or research. It also includes exercises so you can practice skills. This edition offers the latest information on writing with computers, writing online, analyzing visuals, and researching effectively on the Internet. With clear explanations, a wealth of examples, and quick reference checklists and boxes, "The Little, Brown Compact Handbook" will mak... MORE

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Preface for Students: Using This Book

iii

Preface for Instructors

vii

PART 1 The Writing Process

(126)

1 Assessing the Writing Situation

(14)

a Understanding how writing happens

(2)

b Analyzing the writing situation

(2)

c Discovering and limiting a subject

(3)

d Considering the audience

(4)

e Defining a purpose

(3)

2 Developing and Shaping Ideas

(28)

a. Discovering ideas

(11)

b Developing a thesis

(5)

c Organizing ideas

(12)

SAMPLE ESSAY

(2)

3 Drafting and Revising

(26)

a Writing the first draft

(3)

b Revising the first draft

(6)

c Examining a sample revision

(4)

d Editing the revised draft

(4)

e Preparing and proofreading the final draft

(1)

f EXAMINING A FINAL DRAFT

(3)

g Giving and receiving comments

(3)

h Preparing a writing portfolio

(1)

4 Writing and Revising Paragraphs

(41)

a Maintaining paragraph unity

(5)

b Achieving paragraph coherence

(13)

c Developing the paragraph

(12)

d Writing special kinds of paragraphs

102

(7)

e Linking paragraphs in the essay

109

(2)

5 Designing Documents

111

(16)

a Designing academic papers and other documents

111

(1)

b Considering principles of design

112

(4)

c Using the elements of design

116

(4)

d Using illustrations

120

(5)

e Considering readers with disabilities

125

(2)

PART 2 Reading and Writing in College

127

(104)

6 Writing in Academic Situations

128

(607)

a Becoming an academic writer

128

(1)

b Analyzing audience

129

(1)

c Determining purpose

130

(1)

d Choosing structure and content

131

(1)

e Using academic language

132

(603)

7 Studying Effectively and Taking Exams

735

a Managing your time

135

(2)

b Listening and taking notes in class

137

(1)

c Reading for comprehension

138

(4)

d Preparing for and taking exams

142

(8)

SAMPLE ESSAY EXAMS

147

(3)

8 Forming a Critical Perspective

150

(29)

a Thinking and reading critically

151

(13)

b Viewing images critically

164

(8)

c Writing critically

172

(7)

SAMPLE CRITIQUE OF A TEXT

173

(2)

SAMPLE CRITIQUE OF AN IMAGE

175

(4)

9 Reading Arguments Critically

179

(20)

a Recognizing the elements of argument

179

(1)

b Testing claims

180

(3)

c Weighing evidence

183

(4)

d Discovering assumptions

187

(1)

e Watching language, hearing tone

188

(1)

f Judging reasonableness

189

(3)

g Recognizing fallacies

192

(7)

10 Writing an Argument

199

(20)

a Finding a subject

199

(1)

b Conceiving a thesis statement

200

(1)

c Analyzing your purpose and your audience

201

(1)

d Using reason

202

(5)

e Using evidence

207

(1)

f Reaching your readers

208

(4)

g Organizing your argument

212

(1)

h Revising your argument

213

(1)

i EXAMINING A SAMPLE ARGUMENT

214

(5)

11 Reading and Using Visual Arguments

219

(12)

a Reading visual arguments critically

219

(6)

b Using visual arguments effectively

225

(6)

PART 3 Grammatical Sentences

231

(102)

12 Understanding Sentence Grammar

232

(35)

a Understanding the basic sentence

233

(9)

b Expanding the basic sentence with single words

242

(2)

c Expanding the basic sentence with word groups

244

(14)

d Compounding words, phrases, and clauses

258

(5)

e Changing the usual word order

263

(2)

f Classifying sentences

265

(2)

13 Case of Nouns and Pronouns

267

(8)

a Compound subjects and complements

268

(1)

b Compound objects

269

(1)

c We or us with a noun

270

(1)

d Appositives

270

(1)

e Pronoun after than or as in a comparison

271

(1)

f Subjects and objects of infinitives

271

(1)

g Who vs. whom

271

(3)

h Case before a gerund

274

(1)

14 Verbs

275

(30)

Verb Forms

275

(17)

a Regular and irregular verbs

278

(3)

b Sit and set; lie and lay; rise and raise

281

(1)

c Omitted -s and -ed endings

282

(1)

d Helping verbs

283

(5)

e Verb plus gerund or infinitive

288

(3)

f Verb plus particle

291

(1)

Tense

292

(7)

g Appropriate tense for meaning

294

(2)

h Sequence of tenses

296

(3)

Mood

299

(3)

i Subjunctive verb forms

300

(2)

Voice

302

(3)

j Active vs. passive voice

303

(2)

15 Agreement

305

(14)

a Agreement between subject and verb

305

(8)

bAgreement between pronoun and antecedent

313

(6)

16 Adjectives and Adverbs

319

(14)

a Adjectives only with nouns and pronouns

320

(1)

b Adjectives after linking verbs

320

(1)

c Adjectives with objects; adverbs with verbs

321

(1)

d Comparative and superlative forms

322

(2)

e Double negatives

324

(1)

f Overuse of nouns as modifiers

325

(1)

g Present and past participles as adjectives

325

(1)

h A, an, the, and other determiners

326

(7)

PART 4 Clear Sentences

333

(50)

17 Sentence Fragments

334

(8)

a Tests for sentence completeness; revision of fragments

334

(4)

b Subordinate clause

338

(1)

c Verbal or prepositional phrase

338

(1)

d Other fragments

339

(2)

e Acceptable uses of incomplete sentences

341

(1)

18 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

342

(8)

Comma Splices

344

(4)

a clauses not joined by coordinating conjunction

344

(2)

b Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression

346

(2)

Fused Sentences

348

(2)

c Main clauses with no conjunction or punctuation

348

(2)

19 Pronoun Reference

350

(7)

a Clear reference to one antecedent

350

(2)

b Clear placement of pronoun and antecedent

352

(1)

c Reference to specific antecedent

353

(1)

d Indefinite use of it and they

354

(1)

e Indefinite use of you

354

(1)

f Clear use of it

355

(1)

g Appropriate use of relative pronouns

355

(2)

20 Shifts

357

(7)

a Person and number

358

(1)

b Tense and mood

359

(2)

c Subject and voice

361

(1)

d Indirect and direct quotations and questions

362

(2)

21 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

364

(10)

Misplaced Modifiers

364

(6)

a Clear placement of modifiers

364

(1)

b Limiting modifiers

365

(1)

c Squinting modifiers

366

(1)

d Separation of subjects, verbs, and objects

367

(1)

e Separation of parts of infinitives or verb phrases

367

(1)

f Position of adverbs

368

(1)

g Order of adjectives

369

(1)

Dangling Modifiers

370

(4)

h Dangling modifiers

370

(4)

22 Mixed and Incomplete Sentences

374

(9)

Mixed Sentences

374

(4)

a Mixed grammar

374

(2)

b Mixed meaning (faulty predication)

376

(2)

Incomplete Sentences

378

(6)

c Compound constructions

378

(1)

d Comparisons

379

(1)

e Careless omissions

380

(3)

PART 5 Effective Sentences

383

(40)

23 Emphasizing Ideas

384

(10)

a Using subjects and verbs effectively

384

(2)

b Using sentence beginnings and endings

386

(3)

c Arranging parallel elements effectively

389

(1)

d Repeating ideas

390

(1)

e Separating ideas

391

(1)

f Being concise

392

(2)

24 Using Coordination and Subordination

394

(11)

a Coordinaing to relate equal ideas

395

(3)

b Subordinating to distinguish main ideas

398

(5)

c Choosing clear connectors

403

(2)

25 Using Parallelism

405

(67)

a Using parallelism for coordinate elements

406

(4)

b Using parallelism to increase coherence

410

(62)

26 Achieving Variety

472

a Varying sentence length and structure

413

(2)

b Varying sentence beginnings

415

(3)

c Inverting the normal word order

418

(1)

d Mixing types of sentences

418

(5)

PART 6 Punctuation

423

(66)

Chart

424

(2)

27 End Punctuation

426

(4)

a The period

426

(1)

b The question mark

427

(1)

c The exclamation point

428

(2)

28 The Comma

430

(22)

a Main clauses linked by coordinating conjunction

432

(1)

b Introductory elements

433

(2)

c Nonessential elements

435

(5)

d Absolute phrases

440

(1)

e Phrases expressing contrast

441

(1)

f Series and coordinate adjectives

441

(2)

g Dates, addresses, place names, long numbers

443

(1)

h With quotations

444

(3)

i To prevent misreading

447

(1)

j Misuse and overuse

448

(4)

29 The Semicolon

452

(9)

a Main clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction

452

(3)

b Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression

455

(2)

c Long or internally punctuated main clauses

457

(1)

d Long or internally punctuated series items

457

(1)

e Misuse and overuse

458

(3)

30 The Apostrophe

461

(7)

a Posessive case

461

(3)

b Misuse with noun plurals, verbs, and personal pronouns

464

(1)

c Contractions

465

(2)

d Plurals of abbreviations, dates, and words or characters named as words

467

(1)

31 Quotation Marks

468

(9)

Chart

469

(1)

a Direct quotations

470

(1)

b Quotation within a quotation

471

(1)

c Dialog

471

(1)

d Titles of songs, short stories, etc.

472

(1)

e Words used in a special sense

473

(1)

f Overuse

473

(1)

g Placement with other punctuation marks

474

(3)

32 Other Punctuation Marks

477

(12)

a The colon

477

(3)

b The dash

480

(2)

c Parentheses

482

(1)

d Brackets

483

(1)

e The ellipsis mark

484

(3)

f The slash

487

(2)

PART 7 Mechanics

489

(20)

33 Capitals

490

(6)

a First word of a sentence

490

(1)

b Titles of works

491

(1)

c Pronoun I and interjection O

492

(1)

d Proper nouns and adjectives

492

(2)

e Titles before proper names

494

(1)

f Misuses of capitals

494

(2)

34 Underlining or Italics

496

(4)

a Underlining vs. italics

496

(1)

b Titles of books and periodicals

497

(1)

c Names of ships, aircraft, spacecraft, trains

498

(1)

d Foreign words and phrases

498

(1)

e Words, letters, and numbers named as words

498

(1)

f For emphasis

498

(1)

g In online communication

499

(1)

35 Abbreviations

500

(4)

a Titles before and after proper names

500

(1)

b Familiar abbreviations and acronyms

501

(1)

c BC, BCE, AD, CE, AM, PM, no., and $

502

(1)

d Latin abbreviations

503

(1)

e Inc., Bros., Co., and &

503

(1)

f Misuse with units of measurement, geographical names, and so on

504

(1)

36 Numbers ,

,504

a Numerals vs. words

504

(1)

b For dates, addresses, etc.

505

(1)

c Beginning sentences

506

(3)

PART 8 Effective Words

509

(48)

37 Using Appropriate Language

510

(8)

a Revising nonstandard dialect

511

(1)

b Using regionalisms only when appropriate

512

(1)

c Using slang only when appropriate

512

(1)

d Using colloquial language only when appropriate

512

(1)

e Revising neologisms

513

(1)

f Using technical words with care

513

(1)

g Revising indirect or pretentious writing

513

(1)

h Revising sexist and other biased language

514

(4)

38 Using Exact Language

518

(11)

a Using the right word for your meaning

519

(2)

b Balancing the abstract and concrete, the general and specific

521

(2)

c Using idioms

523

(2)

d Using figurative language

525

(2)

e Using fresh expressions

527

(2)

39 Writing Concisely

529

(7)

a Focusing on subject and verb

529

(2)

b Cutting or shortening empty words and phrases

531

(1)

c Cutting unnecessary repetition

532

(2)

d Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words

534

(1)

e Eliminating there is and it is constructions

534

(1)

f Combining sentences

535

(1)

g Rewriting jargon

535

(1)

40 Using Dictionaries

536

(6)

a Choosing a dictionary

536

(2)

b Working with a dictionary's contents

538

(4)

41 Spelling and the Hyphen

542

(15)

a Recognizing typical spelling problems

542

(3)

b Following spelling rules

545

(4)

c Developing spelling skills

549

(5)

d Using the hyphen to form or divide words

554

(3)

PART 9 Research Writing

557

(174)

42 Planning Research Project

558

(13)

a Starting out

559

(1)

b Finding a researchable subject and question

560

(4)

c Developing a research strategy

564

(3)

d Making a working, annotated bibliography

567

(4)

43 Finding Sources

571

(28)

a Searching electronically

571

(4)

b Finding reference works

575

(4)

c Finding books

579

(2)

d Finding periodicals

581

(7)

e Finding sources on the Web

588

(4)

f Finding other online sources

592

(2)

g Finding government publications

594

(1)

h Finding images

594

(2)

i Generating your own sources

596

(3)

44 Working with Sources

599

(30)

a Evaluating sources

599

(11)

b Synthesizing sources

610

(3)

c Mining and interacting with sources

613

(4)

d Using summary, paraphrase, and quotation

617

(6)

e Integrating sources into your text

623

(6)

45 Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources

629

(9)

a Committing and detecting plagiarism on the Internet

631

(1)

b Knowing what you need not acknowledge

632

(1)

c Knowing what you must acknowledge

633

(2)

d Using and acknowledging online sources

635

(2)

e Documenting sources

637

(1)

46 Writing the Paper

638

(9)

a Developing a thesis statement

639

(1)

b Creating a structure

640

(3)

c Drafting the paper

643

(2)

d Revising and editing the paper

645

(1)

e Preparing and proofreading the final draft

646

(1)

47 Using MLA Documentation and Format

647

(42)

a Using MLA in-text citations

648

(8)

b Preparing the MLA list of works cited

656

(31)

c Using MLA document format

687

(2)

48 Two Research Papers in MLA Style

689

(42)

"CLOSING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE"

690

(35)

"ANNIE DILLARD'S HEALING VISION"

725

(6)

PART 10 Writing in the Academic Disciplines

731

(94)

49 Working with the Goals and Requirements of the Disciplines

732

(3)

a Using methods and evidence

732

(1)

b Understanding writing assignments

733

(1)

c Using tools and language

733

(1)

d Following styles for source citations and document format

734

(1)

50 Reading and Writing About Literature

a Using the methods and evidence of literary analysis

735

(8)

b Understanding writing assignments in literature

743

(1)

c Using the tools and language of literary analysis

744

(1)

d Citing sources and formatting documents in writing about literature

745

(1)

e Drafting and revising a literary analysis

746

(5)

SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF A SHORT STORY

750

(1)

f Writing about fiction, poetry, and drama

751

(8)

SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF A POEM

754

(2)

SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF A PLAY

756

(3)

51 Writing in Other Humanities

759

(19)

a Using the methods and evidence of the humanities

759

(1)

b Understanding writing assignments in the humanities

760

(1)

c Using the tools and language of the humanities

760

(4)

d Citing sources in Chicago style

764

(11)

e Formatting documents in Chicago style

775

(3)

52 Writing in the Social Sciences

778

(29)

a Using the methods and evidence of the social sciences

778

(1)

b Understanding writing assignments in the social sciences

779

(1)

c Using the tools and language of the social sciences

780

(4)

d Citing sources in APA style

784

(16)

e Formatting documents in APA style

800

(3)

f EXAMINING A SAMPLE SOCIAL SCIENCE PAPER

803

(4)

53 Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences

807

(18)

a Using the methods and evidence of the sciences

807

(1)

b Understanding writing assignments in the sciences

808

(1)

c Using the tools and language of the sciences

809

(3)

d Citing sources in CSE style

812

(8)

e Formatting documents in CSE style

820

(1)

f EXAMINING A SAMPLE SCIENCE PAPER

820

(5)

PART 11 Special Writing Situations

825

(39)

54 Writing Online

826

(13)

a Writing effective electronic mail

826

(3)

b Collaborating online

829

(3)

c Creating effective Web compositions

832

(7)

55 Public Writing

839

(16)

a Writing business letters and memos

840

(5)

SAMPLE LETTER AND MEMO

840

(5)

b Writing a job application

845

(3)

SAMPLE LETTER AND R�SUM�S

846

(2)

c Writing reports and proposals

848

(3)

SAMPLE REPORT AND PROPOSAL

850

(1)

d Writing for community work

851

(4)

SAMPLE FLYER, NEWSLETTER, AND BROCHURE

852

(3)

56 Oral Presentations

855

(9)

a Writing and speaking

855

(1)

b Considering purpose and audience

855

(2)

c Organizing the presentation

857

(1)

d Delivering the presentation

858

(6)

Glossary of Usage

864

(17)

Glossary of Terms

881

(26)

Index

907

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