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People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

ISBN: 9780321014573 | 032101457X
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Pearson College Div
Pub. Date: 9/1/1997

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Table of Contents
... MORE
Prefacexix(4)
A Note on Dates and Measurementsxxiii(1)
About the Authorxxiv
Chapter 1 Introducing World Prehistory
1(26)
Archaeology and Prehistory
3(3)
The Rise of World Prehistory
6(1)
SCIENCE: DATING THE PAST
7(16)
Who Needs the Past?
9(1)
Cyclical and Linear Time
10(2)
Written Records, Oral Traditions, and Archaeology
12(2)
Studying Culture and Culture Change
14(1)
Primary Cultural Processes
15(1)
Culture as Adaptation
16(1)
Cultural Evolution and World Prehistory
16(1)
Stages of Social Development
17(2)
Evolution, Processes, and People
19(1)
Cognitive Archaeology
20(1)
Ideologies and Interaction
20(1)
Ideologies and Beliefs
21(1)
Interactions
22(1)
Chapter Summary
23(1)
Guide to Further Reading
23(2)
PART I BEGINNINGS (6 Million to 40,000 Years Ago)25(94)
Chapter 2 Human Origins: The Emergence of Early Human Ancestors
27(44)
The Great Ice Age
27(4)
The Origins of the Human Line
31(3)
Aegyptopithecus
32(1)
Miocene Primates
33(1)
Molecular Biology and Human Evolution
34(2)
The Ecological Problems Faced by Early Hominids
36(3)
Adaptive Problems
37(2)
The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution
39(5)
Introducing Australopithecus
39(1)
The Earliest Hominids: Ardipithecus ramidus
40(1)
Australopithecus anamensis
41(1)
Australopithecus afarensis
41(2)
Bipedalism at Laetoli
43(1)
SCIENCE: POTASSIUM ARGON DATING
44(25)
Gracile and Robust Australopithecines
45(2)
Homo habilis: "Handy Person"
47(3)
From Hominids to Homo
50(3)
Archaeological Evidence for Early Human Behavior
53(6)
Evidence for "Central Places"?
53(3)
Hunting and Scavenging
56(3)
Plant Foraging and the Early Hominids
59(1)
Toolmaking
59(1)
The Oldowan Industry
60(4)
The Mind of the Earliest Humans
64(2)
The Development of Language
66(2)
Social Organization
68(1)
Chapter Summary
69(1)
Guide to Further Reading
70(1)
COLOR PORTFOLIO: "DISCOVERIES" following page 40
71
Chapter 3 Homo erectus and Homo sapiens sapiens (1.9 Million to 40,000 Years Ago)
71(50)
Pleistocene Background
72(3)
Lower Pleistocene (1.6 Million to c. 730,000 Years Ago)
72(1)
Middle Pleistocene (c. 730,000 to 128,000 Years Ago)
73(2)
Homo erectus
75(1)
Homo erectus in Africa
76(1)
The Radiation of Homo erectus
77(4)
Fire
80(1)
Homo erectus in Asia
81(4)
Southeast Asia
81(1)
China
82(2)
Early Asian Technology
84(1)
The Settlement of Temperate Latitudes
85(1)
Earliest Human Settlement in Southwest Asia and Europe
86(2)
Southwest Asia
86(1)
Europe
86(2)
The Technology Used by Homo erectus
88(12)
Hand Axes and Other Tools
89(2)
Hand Axes and the Evolution of the Human Mind
91(2)
Evidence for Behavior: Torralba and Terra Amata
93(3)
Language
96(1)
Archaic Homo sapiens in Europe: The Neanderthals
97(3)
SCIENCE: RADIOCARBON DATING
100(16)
A More Complex Technology
102(3)
Levallois and Disk-Core-Reduction Strategies
102(1)
Tool Forms and Variability
103(2)
The Mousterian Debate
105(2)
The Origins of Burial and Religious Belief
107(1)
The Origins of Modern Humans
107(1)
Continuity or Replacement?
108(2)
Homo sapiens in Africa
110(2)
Molecular Biology and Homo sapiens
112(1)
Ecology and Homo sapiens
113(1)
The Spread of Homo sapiens
114(1)
Homo sapiens in East Asia
115(1)
Chapter Summary
116(1)
Guide to Further Reading
116(3)
PART II THE GREAT DIASPORA: THE SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS (45,000 Years Ago to Modern Times)119(108)
Chapter 4 Europeans and Northern Asians (c. 40,000 to 8000 B.C.)
121(33)
The Upper Pleistocene (c. 126,000 to 8000 B.C.)
124(1)
Homo sapiens sapiens in Southwest Asia
124(2)
The Upper Paleolithic Transition
126(2)
A Cultural Explosion?
128(1)
Modern Humans in Europe
129(4)
European Hunter-Gatherers (43,000 to 8000 B.C.)
133(3)
Settlement Strategies and Lifeways
133(3)
Social Life and Group Size
136(1)
Upper Paleolithic Art
136(2)
Paintings and Engravings
137(1)
DISCOVERY: GROTTE DE CHAUVET
138(14)
Explaining Upper Paleolithic Art
140(4)
Human Settlement in Eurasia
144(4)
Siberia
148(2)
D'uktai and the Settlement of Far Northeast Asia
150(1)
Bifaces, Microblades, and the First Americans
150(2)
Chapter Summary
152(1)
Guide to Further Reading
153(1)
Chapter 5 Intensification and Complexity (Before 10,000 B.C. to Modern Times)
154(23)
The Holocene (After 10,000 B.C.)
155(3)
Coping with Environmental Variation
158(6)
Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in Europe
164(3)
Mesolithic Complexity in Scandinavia
167(2)
The Maglemose Period (7500 to 5700 B.C.)
167(1)
The Kongemose Period (5700 to 4600 B.C.)
167(1)
The Ertebolle Period (4600 to 3200 B.C.)
168(1)
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
169(3)
Conditions for Greater Complexity
170(1)
Attributes of Greater Complexity
170(1)
Debates About Social Complexity
171(1)
Hunter-Gatherer Societies in Southwest Asia
172(3)
Chapter Summary
175(1)
Guide to Further Reading
176(1)
Chapter 6 The First Americans (?12,000 B.C. to Modern Times)
177(30)
First Settlement of the Americas
177(3)
Ice Sheets and the Land Bridge
180(1)
The First Settlement of Alaska
181(2)
Biological Evidence for the First Americans
183(1)
The Earliest Sites South of the Ice Sheets
184(4)
Settlement Routes: Ice-Free Corridors and Sea Coasts
185(1)
Late Wisconsin Settlement in North America?
186(1)
Central and South America?
186(2)
A Scenario for First Settlement
188(1)
The Paleo-Indians: Clovis
188(4)
Big-Game Extinctions
192(1)
Later Hunters and Gatherers
193(1)
Plains Hunters
194(2)
The Desert West
196(2)
Eastern North America
198(5)
Specialized Foraging Societies in Central and South America
203(1)
Aleuts and Inuit (Eskimo)
203(2)
Chapter Summary
205(1)
Guide to Further Reading
206(1)
Chapter 7 Africans and Australians (45,000 Years Ago to Modern Times)
207(20)
African Hunter-Gatherers, Past and Present
207(7)
Sunda and Sahul: The First Settlement of Island Southeast Asia
214(3)
New Guinea and Adjacent Islands
217(2)
Australia
219(2)
Ice Age Wallaby Hunters in Tasmania
221(2)
Later Australian Prehistory
223(2)
Chapter Summary
225(1)
Guide to Further Reading
226(1)
PART III FARMERS (c. 10,000 B.C. to Modern Times)227(126)
Chapter 8 A Plenteous Harvest: The Origins
229(18)
Theories About the Origins of Food Production
229(4)
Early Hypotheses
230(1)
Multivariate Theories
231(2)
An Ecological Scenario: Guila Naquitz, Mexico
233(2)
Differing Dates for Food Production
235(1)
Why Did Food Production Take Hold So Late?
236(1)
SCIENCE: ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY RADIOCARBON DATING
237(13)
Consequences of Food Production
238(3)
Nutrition and Early Food Production
241(1)
Herding: Domestication of Animals
242(1)
Plant Cultivation
243(4)
Technology and Domestication
247(3)
Chapter Summary
250(1)
Guide to Further Reading
250(2)
Chapter 9 The Origins of Food Production in Southwest Asia
252(18)
A Scenario for Early Agriculture
252(3)
The First Farmers: Netiv Hagdud, Abu Hureyra, and Jericho
255(6)
Netiv Hagdud
255(1)
Abu Hureyra
256(1)
Jericho
256(3)
Diverse Farming Economies and Trade
259(2)
DISCOVERY: MEN'S AND WOMEN'S WORK AT ABU HUREYRA
261(7)
The Zagros and Mesopotamia
262(2)
Zawi Chemi Shanidar
263(1)
Ganj Dareh
263(1)
Jarmo
263(1)
Ali Kosh and the Lowlands
264(1)
Anatolia
264(3)
Cayonu
264(1)
Hacilar
265(1)
Catalhoyuk
265(2)
Two Stages of Farming Development
267(1)
Chapter Summary
268(1)
Guide to Further Reading
268(2)
Chapter 10 Early European Farmers
270(19)
Mesolithic Prelude
270(2)
The Transition to Farming in Europe
272(2)
Farming in Greece and Southern Europe
274(1)
The Spread of Agriculture into Temperate Europe
275(3)
The Balkans
277(1)
Bandkeramik Cultures
277(1)
Frontiers and Transitions
278(1)
Social Changes, Lineages, and the Individual: 3500 to 2400 B.C.
279(3)
The Introduction of the Plow
282(1)
Plains Farmers: Tripolye
283(1)
Mediterranean and Western Europe
283(2)
The Megaliths
285(3)
Chapter Summary
288(1)
Guide to Further Reading
288(1)
Chapter 11 Early Farmers of Africa and the Nile
289(10)
Hunter-Gatherers on the Nile
290(2)
Agricultural Origins on the Nile
292(2)
Saharan Pastoralists
294(2)
Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa
296(1)
Chapter Summary
297(1)
Guide to Further Reading
298(1)
Chapter 12 Asia: Rice, Roots, and Ocean Voyagers
299(23)
The Origins of Rice Cultivation
299(2)
Early Farming in China
301(6)
Southern and Eastern China
301(1)
Lake Ta'i-hu Culture
302(2)
Northern China
304(3)
Jomon and Early Agriculture in Japan
307(1)
Early Agriculture in Southeast Asia
308(3)
Rice and Root Cultivation in Island Southeast Asia
311(2)
Agriculture in the Pacific Islands
313(1)
The Lapita Cultural Complex and the Settlement of Melanesia and Western Polynesia
313(2)
Long-Distance Voyaging in the Pacific
315(2)
The Settlement of Micronesia and Eastern Polynesia
316(1)
DISCOVERY: POLYNESIAN NAVIGATION
317(3)
The Settlement of New Zealand
318(2)
Chapter Summary
320(1)
Guide to Further Reading
321(1)
Chapter 13 The Story of Maize: Early Farming Societies in the Americas
322(31)
The Origins of Plant Domestication in Mesoamerica
324(5)
Tehuacan and the Origins of Maize Agriculture
324(4)
Beans and Squash
328(1)
Early Food Production in the Andes
329(5)
The Highlands
329(1)
The Peruvian Coast
330(4)
Early Farmers in Southwestern North America
334(6)
Hohokam
336(1)
Mogollon
337(1)
Anasazi
338(2)
Preagricultural and Agricultural Societies in Eastern North America
340(1)
Moundbuilder Cultures
341(10)
Adena
342(2)
Hopewell
344(2)
Mississippian
346(5)
Chapter Summary
351(1)
Guide to Further Reading
352(1)
PART IV OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS (c. 3000 B.C. to Modern Times)353(160)
Chapter 14 The Development of Civilization
355(20)
Civilization
355(2)
Cities
357(1)
Six Classic Theories of the Emergence of State Societies
358(9)
1. V. Gordon Childe and the "Urban Revolution"
358(1)
2. Ecology and Irrigation
359(2)
3. Technology and Trade
361(2)
4. Warfare
363(1)
5. Cultural Systems and Civilization
364(2)
6. Environmental Change
366(1)
Social Theories
367(6)
Power in Three Domains
367(2)
Ideology and Factionalism
369(1)
Individuals and Gender
370(2)
The Collapse of Civilizations
372(1)
Chapter Summary
373(1)
Guide to Further Reading
373(2)
Chapter 15 Early Southwest Asian Civilizations
375(21)
Upland Villages
376(4)
Settlement of the Lowlands
380(2)
Environmental Change
380(1)
Archaeological Evidence
381(1)
Uruk: The Mesopotamian City
382(4)
Sumerian Civilization
386(2)
Exchange on the Iranian Plateau
388(2)
The Widening of Political Authority
390(2)
The Akkadians
392(1)
Babylon
393(1)
The Assyrians
393(1)
Chapter Summary
394(1)
Guide to Further Reading
395(1)
Chapter 16 Ancient Egypt, Nubia, and Sub-Saharan Africa
396(39)
The Origins of the Egyptian State
396(10)
Ancient Monopoly?
396(4)
Nagada, Hierakonpolis, and Maadi
400(3)
Writing
403(1)
A Scenario for Unification
404(1)
Intensification of Agriculture and Irrigation
405(1)
Archaic Egypt and the Creation of the Great Culture (2920 to 2575 B.C.)
406(2)
The Old Kingdom and the Pyramids (c. 2575 to 2134 B.C.)
408(4)
The Egyptian State
412(1)
The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom (2134 to 1640 B.C.)
413(2)
The Second Intermediate Period (1640 to 1530 B.C.)
415(1)
The New Kingdom (1530 to 1070 B.C.)
415(3)
Thebes: The "Estate of Amun"
416(1)
Amarna and Akhenaten
417(1)
DISCOVERY: MUMMIES AND MUMMIFICATION
418(15)
The Restoration of Amun
419(2)
The Late Period (1070 to 332 B.C.)
421(1)
Egypt and Africa
421(1)
Nubia: The Land of Kush
422(1)
Meroe and Aksum
423(3)
North Africa
426(1)
Jenne-Jeno and the Rise of African States
427(3)
Ghana
428(1)
Mali
429(1)
Songhay
429(1)
Farmers and Traders in Eastern and Southern Africa
430(3)
Towns and Trade on the East African Coast
430(1)
Great Zimbabwe
430(3)
Europe and Africa
433(1)
Chapter Summary
433(1)
Guide to Further Reading
434(1)
Chapter 17 Early States in South and Southeast Asia
435(25)
The Roots of South Asian Civilization
436(2)
Highlands and Lowlands: The Kulli Complex
438(1)
A Rapid Transition
439(1)
Mature Harappan Civilization
440(7)
Who Were the Harappans?
444(2)
Harappan Beliefs
446(1)
South Asia After the Harappans
447(2)
Southeast Asian Civilizations
449(5)
Dong Son and Other Cultures
450(2)
Foreign Influences, Divine Kings, and Mandalas
452(2)
The Rise of the God-Kings
454(1)
The Angkor Mandala (A.D. 802 to 1430)
454(4)
Chapter Summary
458(1)
Guide to Further Reading
458(2)
Chapter 18 Shang Civilization in East Asia
460(13)
The Origins of Chinese Civilization
460(5)
Longshan and Liangzhu
462(1)
Shoulder Blades and Oracles
463(2)
Xia and Shang
465(3)
Capitals and Sepulchers
465(1)
The Shang Royal Burials
466(1)
The Bronze Smiths
467(1)
The Warlords
468(2)
DISCOVERY: THE TERRA-COTTA REGIMENT OF EMPEROR SHIHUANGDI
470(1)
Chapter Summary
470(1)
Guide to Further Reading
471(2)
Chapter 19 Anatolia, Greece, and Italy
473(22)
Early Towns in Anatolia
473(3)
Balance of Power: The Hittites
476(3)
The Sea Peoples and the Rise of Israel
479(1)
The Phoenicians
480(1)
The Aegean and Greece
480(2)
The Minoans
482(4)
The Mycenaeans
486(3)
Greek City-States After Mycenae
489(1)
The Etruscans and the Romans
490(2)
The Etruscans
491(1)
The Romans
491(1)
Chapter Summary
492(1)
Guide to Further Reading
493(2)
Chapter 20 Temperate Europe Before the Romans
495(18)
Early Copper Working
496(1)
Battle Axes and Beakers
497(2)
The European Bronze Age
499(1)
DISCOVERY: THE ICE MAN
500(11)
Bronze Age Warriors
505(2)
The Scythians and Other Steppe Peoples
507(1)
The First Ironworking
508(1)
The Hallstatt Culture
509(1)
La Tene Culture
510(1)
Chapter Summary
511(1)
Guide to Further Reading
512(1)
PART V NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1534)513(76)
Chapter 21 Mesoamerican Civilizations
515(42)
Village Farming
515(3)
Preclassic Peoples in Mesoamerica
518(4)
Early Preclassic
518(1)
Middle Preclassic: The Olmec
519(3)
Late Preclassic
522(1)
The Rise of Complex Society in Oaxaca
522(2)
Monte Alban
524(1)
Teotihuacan
525(4)
Maya Civilization
529(13)
Maya Origins
529(3)
Kingship: Sacred Space and Time
532(4)
Political Organization
536(1)
Classic and Late Classic Maya Political History
537(5)
SCIENCE: THE HIEROGLYPHIC STAIRWAY AT COPAN
542(12)
The Ninth-Century Collapse
543(5)
The Toltecs
548(2)
Aztec Civilization and the Spanish Conquest
550(4)
Chapter Summary
554(1)
Guide to Further Reading
555(2)
Chapter 22 Andean States
557(32)
The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
560(1)
Coastal Foundations: The Initial Period
561(4)
The Early Horizon and Chavin de Huantar
565(2)
Paracas and Coastal Prehistory
567(2)
Complex Society in the Southern Highlands: Chiripa and Pukara
569(1)
The Early Intermediate Period
570(1)
The Moche State
571(4)
DISCOVERY: THE LORDS OF SIPAN
575(11)
The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari
577(2)
Tiwanaku
577(2)
Wari
579(1)
The Late Intermediate Period: Sican and Chimu
579(3)
The Late Horizon: The Inca State
582(4)
The Spanish Conquest (1532 to 1534)
586(1)
Chapter Summary
586(2)
Guide to Further Reading
588(1)
Bibliography of World Prehistory589(20)
Credits609(2)
Index611

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