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Juvenile Delinquency

ISBN: 9780314092441 | 0314092447
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
Pub. Date: 9/27/1996

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Table of Contents
PrefaceXIX
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF DELINQUENCY1(84)
1. Childhood and Delinquency
3(30)
Introduction
... MORE4(3)
The Adolescent Dilemma
7(3)
Juvenile Delinquency
10(1)
The Study of Delinquency
10(1)
The Development of Childhood
11(2)
Custom and Practice
12(1)
The Development of Concern for Children
13(2)
Changes in Family Structure
13(1)
English Poor Laws
14(1)
The Apprenticeship Movement
14(1)
Chancery Court
14(1)
Controlling Children in America
15(1)
Controlling Children
16(1)
The Concept of Delinquency
17(2)
Delinquency and Parens Patriae
18(1)
The Legal Status of Delinquency
18(1)
Legal Responsibility of Youth
19(1)
Status Offenders
19(7)
Aiding the Status Offender
23(1)
Reforming Status Offense Laws
23(1)
Increasing Social Control
24(1)
Are They Really Different?
25(1)
The "Dilemma" of Delinquency
26(3)
Summary
29(4)
2. The Nature and Extent of Delinquency
33(52)
Introduction
34(1)
Measuring Delinquency
34(1)
Official Statistics
35(1)
Crime Trends in the United States
35(1)
Measuring Official Delinquency
36(4)
Official Delinquency
37(1)
Juvenile Crime Trends
38(2)
What Factors Influence the Juvenile Crime Rate?
40(4)
Hate and Conflict
40(1)
Guns
40(1)
Gangs
41(1)
Economic Problems
41(1)
Drugs
44(1)
Emerging Social Problems
44(1)
What the Future Holds
44(1)
Problems of Official Delinquency
45(1)
Self-Reported Delinquency
45(6)
Self-Report Data
48(1)
Validating Self-Reports
49(2)
Victimization Data
51(3)
Victimization in the United States
51(1)
Young Victims
51(1)
The Victim and Their Criminals
52(2)
Child Victimizers
54(1)
Correlates of Delinquency
54(2)
Gender and Delinquency
56(1)
Racial and Ethnic Patterns in Delinquency
57(3)
Self-Report Differences
58(1)
Are the Data Valid?
59(1)
Social Class and Delinquency
60(2)
Research on Social Class and Delinquency
60(1)
Reassessing the Class-Delinquency Controversy
61(1)
Age and Delinquency
62(3)
Age-Crime Controversy
62(3)
Chronic Offending: Careers in Delinquency
65(1)
The Chronic Juvenile Offender
66(11)
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort
66(1)
Chronic Offenders
67(1)
Birth Cohort Follow-Up
68(1)
Birth Cohort II
68(1)
Tracking the Chronic Offender
69(1)
The Development of Delinquent Careers
70(1)
Pathways to Delinquency
71(1)
Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS)
71(2)
Offense Specialization
73(1)
From Delinquent to Criminal
73(2)
Turning Points in Crime
75(1)
Policy Implications
75(2)
Summary
77(8)
PART TWO THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY85(158)
3. Focus on the Individual: Choice and Trait Theories
87(50)
Introduction
88(1)
Choice Theory
89(1)
The Rational Delinquent
90(1)
The Concept of Rational Choice
90(1)
The "Seductions of Crime"
91(1)
Routine Activities
92(2)
Testing the Routine Activities Approach
93(1)
Preventing Delinquency
94(4)
General Deterrence
95(1)
Deterring Delinquency
95(1)
Specific Deterrence
96(1)
Situational Crime Prevention
97(1)
Choice Theory in Review
98(1)
Trait Theories
98(1)
The Origins of Trait Theory
99(1)
Contemporary Trait Theory
100(1)
Biochemical Factors
101(3)
Hormonal Levels
103(1)
Neurological Dysfunction
104(3)
The Learning Disability-Juvenile Delinquency Link
105(2)
Genetic Influences
107(2)
Twin Studies
108(1)
Adoption Studies
108(1)
Psychological Theories of Delinquency
109(1)
Psychodynamic Theory
110(1)
The Psychodynamic Tradition and Delinquency
111(2)
Behavioral Theory
113(1)
Social Learning Theory
113(2)
The Media and Delinquency
114(1)
Rethinking the Media-Violence Link
115(1)
Cognitive Theory
115(2)
Moral and Intellectual Development Theory
115(1)
Information Processing
116(1)
Personality and Delinquency
117(1)
The Antisocial Personality
118(2)
Developing an Antisocial Personality
118(1)
The Delinquency-Personality Link
119(1)
Intelligence and Delinquency
120(2)
Nurture Theory
120(1)
IQ and Delinquency Today
121(1)
IQ and Delinquency Reconsidered
122(1)
Crime and Human Nature
122(1)
Critiquing Trait Views
123(1)
Defending Trait Theory
124(1)
Trait Theory and Delinquency Prevention
124(2)
Summary
126(11)
4. Social Structure Theories: Social Disorganization, Strain, and Cultural Deviance
137(36)
Introduction
138(1)
Social Stratification and Delinquency
138(4)
Race and Poverty
140(2)
Social Structure and Delinquency
142(2)
The Branches of Social Structure Theory
142(2)
Social Disorganization Theory
144(5)
The Area Studies of Shaw and McKay
145(1)
The Culture of the Slum
146(2)
Legacy of Shaw and McKay
148(1)
The Social Ecology of Delinquency
149(4)
Relative Deprivation
149(1)
Community Change
150(1)
Wealth and Opportunity
151(1)
Fear
152(1)
Social Controls
152(1)
Rage, Distrust, and Hopelessness
153(1)
Strain Theory
153(8)
Merton's Theory of Anomie
154(1)
Social Adaptations
155(1)
Analyzing Anomie
156(2)
General Strain Theory (GST)
158(1)
Coping with Strain
159(2)
Cultural Deviance/Subcultural Theories
161(6)
Development of Subcultural Theory
162(1)
Subcultural Values Today
163(1)
Cohen's Theory of Delinquent Subculture
164(1)
Opportunity Theory
165(1)
Analyzing Opportunity Theory
166(1)
Social Structure Theory and Delinquency Prevention
167(1)
Summary
168(5)
5. Social Process Theories: Learning, Control, Integrated
173(40)
Introduction
174(1)
Social Processes and Delinquency
174(2)
Learning Theory
176(1)
Differential Association (DA) Theory
176(6)
Principles of Differential Association
177(3)
Testing Differential Association
180(1)
Is Differential Association Valid?
180(1)
Analysis of Differential Association Theory
181(1)
Differential Reinforcement (DR) Theory
182(1)
Neutralization Theory
183(3)
Elements of Neutralization Theory
183(1)
Techniques of Neutralization
184(1)
Testing Neutralization
185(1)
Analysis of Neutralization Theory
186(1)
Social Control Theory
186(1)
Self-Concept and Delinquency
186(2)
Containment Theory
187(1)
Hirschi's Social Control Theory
188(5)
Empirical Research on Social Control Theory
190(1)
Corroborating Research
191(1)
Dissenting Opinions
192(1)
Multifactor/Integrated Theories
193(1)
The General Theory of Crime (GTC)
193(4)
Self-Control
194(1)
Self-Control and Social Bonds
195(1)
An Analysis of Self-Control Theory
195(2)
The Social Development Model (SDM)
197(2)
Elliott's Integrated Theory
199(2)
Interactional Theory
201(1)
Testing Interactional Theory
202(1)
Social Process Theories and Delinquency Prevention
202(2)
Summary
204(9)
6. Social Reaction Theories: Labeling and Conflict
213(30)
Introduction
214(1)
Labeling Theory
215(4)
Applying Labels
216(1)
The Nature of Crime and Delinquency
217(1)
The Effect of Labeling
218(1)
Primary and Secondary Deviance
219(1)
Differential Social Control
220(1)
The Juvenile Justice Process and Labeling
221(3)
Discrimination in the Labeling Process
222(1)
The Effects of Official Labeling
223(1)
Evaluation of Labeling Theory
224(2)
Labeling Redux
225(1)
Social Conflict Theory
226(2)
Why Critical Thinking Emerged
227(1)
The Branches of Social Conflict Theory
228(1)
Marxist Thought
229(1)
Elements of Social Conflict Theory
230(1)
Law and Justice
230(1)
Demystification
231(1)
The Conflict Concept of Delinquency
231(2)
Class and Delinquency
232(1)
Emerging Concepts of Conflict Theory
233(1)
Left Realism
233(2)
Peacemaking
235(1)
Labeling, Conflict, and Delinquency Prevention
235(2)
Summary
237(6)
PART THREE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON DELINQUENCY243(180)
7. Gender and Delinquency
245(30)
Introduction
246(1)
Changing Concepts of Gender
246(1)
Gender Differences in Development
247(2)
Socialization Differences
247(1)
Cognitive Differences
247(1)
Personality Differences
247(1)
What Causes Gender Differences
248(1)
Gender Differences and Delinquency
249(1)
Gender Patterns in Delinquency
249(1)
Trait Views
250(3)
Historical Foundation
251(1)
Early Psychological Explanations
252(1)
Contemporary Trait Views
253(4)
Precocious Sexuality
254(1)
Hormonal Differences
255(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome
256(1)
Aggression
257(1)
Socialization Views
257(3)
Socialization and Delinquency
258(1)
Focus on Socialization
258(1)
Supporting Views
259(1)
Contemporary Socialization Views
260(1)
Liberal Feminist Views
261(4)
Sisters in Crime
262(1)
Support for Liberal Feminism
263(1)
Critiques of Liberal Feminism
264(1)
Radical Feminist Views
265(2)
Crime and Patriarchy
266(1)
Power-Control Theory
266(1)
Gender and the Juvenile Justice System
267(2)
Are Standards Changing?
267(2)
Summary
269(6)
8. The Family and Delinquency
275(44)
Introduction
276(1)
The Changing American Family
276(3)
Economic Stress
278(1)
The Effects of Stress and Conflict
279(1)
The Family's Influence on Delinquency
279(1)
Family Breakup: Broken Homes
280(3)
Broken Home Research
281(1)
Broken Homes Reconsidered
282(1)
Family Conflict
283(2)
Family Conflict versus Broken Homes
284(1)
Family Neglect
285(2)
Discipline and Supervision
286(1)
Family Size
286(1)
Family Criminality
287(1)
Sibling Influences
287(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect
288(2)
Historical Foundation
288(1)
The Battered Child Syndrome
289(1)
Abuse and Neglect Defined
290(3)
Sexual Abuse
291(2)
The Extent of Child Abuse: Unreported
293(1)
The Extent of Child Abuse: Reported
294(2)
The Causes of Child Abuse and Neglect
296(1)
Substance Abuse and Child Abuse
296(1)
Social Class and Abuse
296(1)
The Child Protection System: Philosophy and Practice
297(4)
Investigating and Reporting Abuse
298(1)
The Process of State Intervention
298(3)
The Abused Child in Court
301(4)
Legal Issues
303(2)
Disposition of Abuse and Neglect Cases
305(1)
Abuse, Neglect, and Delinquency
305(3)
Clinical Histories
306(1)
Cohort Studies
306(2)
The Abuse-Delinquency Link
308(1)
The Family and Delinquency Prevention
308(3)
Early Childhood Intervention
309(2)
Foster Care
311(1)
Summary
311(8)
9. Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups
319(40)
Introduction
320(1)
Adolescent Peer Relations
320(3)
Peer Relations and Delinquency
321(1)
The Impact of Peer Relations
321(1)
Delinquent Peers
322(1)
Youth Gangs
323(1)
What Are Gangs?
323(3)
Near Groups and Youth Groups
324(2)
The Study of Juvenile Gangs and Groups
326(3)
Gangs in the 1950s and 1960s
326(1)
Gangs Re-Emerge
327(1)
Why Has Gang Activity Increased?
328(1)
Contemporary Gangs
329(16)
Extent of the Problem
329(1)
Types of Gangs
330(2)
Location of Gangs
332(1)
Migration
333(1)
Age of Gang Members
334(1)
Gender
335(1)
Formation
335(1)
Leadership
336(1)
Communications
337(1)
Criminality
337(2)
Ethnic and Racial Composition
339(6)
Why Do Youths Join Gangs?
345(4)
Anthropological View
345(1)
Social Disorganization/Sociocultural View
346(1)
Psychological View
347(1)
Rational Choice View
347(2)
Controlling Gang Activity
349(3)
Law Enforcement Efforts
349(2)
Social Service Efforts
351(1)
Summary
352(7)
10. Schools and Delinquency
359(30)
Introduction
360(1)
The School in Modern American Society
361(3)
Socialization and Status
361(1)
Education in Crisis
361(3)
Academic Performance and Delinquency
364(1)
Chronic Offenders
364(1)
School Failure and Delinquency
365(1)
The Causes of School Failure
365(5)
Social Class and School Failure
366(1)
Tracking
367(1)
Alienation
368(1)
Irrelevant Curriculum
369(1)
Dropping Out
370(3)
Dropping Out and Delinquency
370(1)
Why Do Young People Drop Out?
371(2)
Delinquency within the School
373(4)
Who Commits School Crime?
375(1)
Reducing School Crime
375(2)
The Role of the School in Delinquency Prevention
377(1)
School-Based Prevention Programs
378(2)
Legal Rights within the School
380(4)
Compulsory School Attendance
380(2)
Free Speech
382(1)
School Discipline
383(1)
Summary
384(5)
11. Drug Use and Delinquency
389(34)
Introduction
390(1)
Substances of Abuse
390(5)
Marijuana and Hashish
390(1)
Cocaine
391(1)
Heroin
391(1)
Alcohol
392(1)
Anesthetics
393(1)
Inhalants
393(1)
Sedatives/Barbiturates
394(1)
Tranquilizers
394(1)
Hallucinogens
394(1)
Stimulants
394(1)
Steroids
395(1)
Drug Use Today
395(1)
Drug Use Surveys
396(5)
Institute for Social Research (ISR) Survey
396(1)
PRIDE Survey
397(1)
Household Survey
397(2)
Why Has Teenage Drug Use Fluctuated?
399(1)
Are the Survey Results Accurate?
400(1)
Why Do Teenagers Take Drugs?
401(3)
Social Disorganization
401(1)
Peer Pressure
401(1)
Family Factors
402(1)
Genetic Factors
402(1)
Emotional Problems
403(1)
Problem Behavior Syndrome
403(1)
Rational Choice
404(1)
Patterns of Teenage Drug Use
404(6)
Those Who Distribute Small Amounts of Drugs
404(1)
Those Who Frequently Sell Drugs
404(1)
Those Who Commit Other Delinquent Acts
405(3)
Drug-Involved Gangs
408(1)
Losers and Burnouts
409(1)
Persistent Offenders
409(1)
Drug Use and Delinquency
410(2)
Drugs and Chronic Offending
410(1)
Explaining Drug Use and Delinquency
411(1)
Drug Control Strategies
412(4)
Law Enforcement Efforts
412(2)
Education Strategies
414(1)
Community Strategies
415(1)
Treatment Strategies
415(1)
What Does the Future Hold?
416(2)
Summary
418(5)
PART FOUR JUVENILE JUSTICE ADVOCACY423(38)
12. The History and Development of Juvenile Justice
425(36)
Introduction
426(1)
The Development of Juvenile Justice in the Nineteenth Century
426(1)
Urbanization
427(1)
The Child-Saving Movement
428(3)
Parens Patriae and Its Legal Challenges
429(1)
Ex Parte Crouse
429(2)
O'Connell v. Turner
431(1)
The Development of Juvenile Institutions
431(2)
Establishment of the Illinois Juvenile Court
433(4)
Were They Really Child Savers?
436(1)
Juvenile Justice System in the Early Twentieth Century
437(2)
Reforming the System
438(1)
The Contemporary Juvenile System
439(1)
The Juvenile Justice Process
439(6)
Police Investigation
440(1)
Intake Screening
441(2)
Pretrial Procedures
443(1)
Adjudication
443(1)
Disposition
444(1)
Postdisposition
444(1)
Criminal Justice versus Juvenile Justice
445(1)
Improving the Juvenile Justice System
445(5)
Prevention
447(1)
Diversion
447(2)
Controlling Violent Offenders
449(1)
Fairness
450(1)
Increasing Efficiency and Effectiveness
450(1)
Significant Supreme Court Decisions in Juvenile Law
450(5)
The Due Process Revolution in Review
452(3)
Federal Funding for Juvenile Justice
455(2)
Summary
457(4)
PART FIVE CONTROLLING JUVENILE OFFENDERS461(118)
13. Police Work with Juveniles
463(34)
Introduction
464(1)
The Role of the Police in Handling Juvenile Offenders
465(2)
The Police and Violent Juvenile Crime
467(2)
History of Policing Juveniles
469(1)
Organization of Police Services for Juveniles
470(1)
Police and the Rule of Law
471(9)
The Arrest Procedure
472(1)
Search and Seizure
473(1)
Search and Seizure in Schools
474(2)
Custodial Interrogation
476(3)
Juvenile Lineups
479(1)
Police Work with Juveniles: Discretionary Justice
480(6)
Environmental Factors Affecting Police Discretion
483(2)
Situational Factors Affecting Police Discretion
485(1)
The Impact of Bias on Police Discretion
486(3)
Racial Bias
486(1)
Gender Bias
487(1)
Organizational Bias
488(1)
Limiting Police Discretion
489(1)
Police Work and Delinquency Prevention
489(2)
Community Policing in the 1990s
491(1)
Summary
492(5)
14. Pretrial Procedures
497(40)
Introduction
498(1)
The Concept of Detention
498(10)
National Detention Trends
499(2)
Preadjudication Detention
501(1)
Right to a Detention Hearing
502(1)
Detention Problems
503(1)
New Approaches to Detention
503(3)
Detention in Adult Jails
506(1)
Removing Youths from Adults Jails
507(1)
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders
508(2)
Evaluating the Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders (DSO) Project
509(1)
The Intake Process
510(2)
Changes in the Intake Process
511(1)
Diversion
512(1)
Issues in Diversion: Widening the Net
513(2)
The Petition
515(1)
Bail for Children
516(2)
Preventive Detention
517(1)
The Plea and Plea Bargaining
518(2)
Transfer to the Adult Court
520(3)
Statutory Criteria in Transfer
521(2)
Due Process in Transfer Proceedings
523(1)
Youths in Adult Court
523(4)
Debating the Waiver Concept
527(4)
Summary
531(6)
15. The Juvenile Trial and Disposition
537(42)
Introduction
538(2)
The Juvenile Court and Its Operation
540(2)
Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
542(2)
Age
542(1)
The Nature of the Offense--Delinquency
543(1)
The Nature of the Offense--Status Offenders
544(1)
The Prosecutor in the Juvenile Court
544(3)
The Legal Duties of the Juvenile Prosecutor
545(1)
The Complex Role of Juvenile Prosecution
546(1)
The Juvenile Court Judge
547(2)
Selection and Qualifications of Juvenile Court Judges
548(1)
The Defense Attorney
549(4)
Public Defender Services for Children
550(1)
Do Lawyers Make a Difference in Juvenile Court?
551(1)
The Lack of Quality in Juvenile Defense Work
551(2)
Adjudication
553(5)
Constitutional Rights at Trial
554(4)
Disposition
558(6)
The Predisposition Report
560(2)
Types of Juvenile Court Dispositions
562(2)
The Child's Right to Appeal
564(2)
Juvenile Sentencing
566(6)
Determinate versus Indeterminate Sentencing
566(2)
Evaluating Tough Sentencing Laws
568(1)
The Future of Juvenile Sentencing and Serious Crime
569(1)
The Death Penalty for Juveniles
570(2)
Confidentiality in Juvenile Proceedings
572(2)
Open versus Closed Hearings
572(1)
Privacy of Juvenile Records
573(1)
Summary
574(5)
PART SIX JUVENILE CORRECTIONS579
16. Juvenile Probation and Community Treatment
581(32)
Introduction
582(1)
Juvenile Probation
582(7)
The Nature of Probation
583(1)
Historical Development
584(2)
Organization and Administration of Probation
586(1)
Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers
587(2)
Conditions and Revocation of Juvenile Probation
589(1)
Probation Innovations
589(5)
Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision (JIPS)
590(1)
Use of Volunteers
591(1)
Electronic Monitoring
591(2)
Wilderness Probation
593(1)
Balanced Probation
593(1)
Restitution
594(4)
Does Restitution Work?
596(1)
Critiquing Restitution
596(2)
Privatization of Juvenile Probation
598(1)
Community-Based Programs
599(5)
Encouraging Community Corrections
601(1)
Residential Community Treatment
602(2)
Nonresidential Community Treatment
604(1)
Criticisms of the Community Treatment Approach
604(4)
Recidivism and Community-Based Programs
605(3)
Summary
608(5)
17. Institutions for Juveniles
613
Introduction
614(2)
The History of Juvenile Institutions
616(2)
Twentieth-Century Developments in the Structure of Juvenile Corrections
617(1)
Juvenile Institutions Today
618(4)
Trends in Juvenile Corrections
621(1)
Profile of the Institutionalized Juvenile
622(8)
The Hidden Juvenile Correctional System
624(1)
Personal Characteristics
625(2)
Institutional Adjustment
627(1)
Culture of the Female Offender
628(2)
Correctional Treatment for Juveniles
630(5)
Individual Treatment Techniques--Past and Present
630(2)
Group Treatment Techniques
632(1)
Educational Vocational, and Recreational Programs
633(2)
Treating Chronic and Violent Delinquents
635(6)
Specialized Programs
636(1)
Juvenile Boot Camps
637(2)
How Effective Is Treatment?
639(2)
The Legal Right to Treatment
641(4)
Current Status of the Right to Treatment
643(2)
Children in Institutions
645(1)
Struggle for Basic Rights
645(1)
Juvenile Aftercare
646(5)
Supervision
649(2)
Aftercare Revocation Procedures
651(1)
Summary
651
Concluding Notes: American DelinquencyCN-1
GlossaryG-1
AppendixA-1
Table of Cases
TC-1
Name IndexNI-1
Subject IndexSI-1

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