Bedford Introduction to Literature : Reading, Thinking, Writing
ISBN: 9780312539214 | 0312539215
Edition: 9thFormat: Hardcover
Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
Pub. Date: 2/21/2010
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The Bedford Introduction to Literature is a best-seller for a reason: It brings literature to life for students — helping to make them lifelong readers and better writers. Classic works drawn from many periods and cultures exist alongside a hefty representation of today’s authors, including women, writers of color, and voices that reflect the quirkiness and humor of modern life.
There is plenty of support for students, with a dozen chapters of critical reading and writing support, helpful sample close readings, writing assign... MORE
This is a perfect introduction to Literature, especially for AP kids preparing for college level English studies, or for college kids who are only planning to take one literature course.
Resources for Reading and Writing about Literature
Preface for Instructors
INTRODUCTION: READING IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE
photo: John Cheever
The Nature of Literature
EMILY DICKINSON, A narrow Fellow in the Grass
The Value of Literature
The Changing Literary Canon
FICTION
The Elements of Fiction
1. Rea... MORE
photo: Toni Cade Bambara
photo: Kate Chopin
Reading Fiction Responsively
KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour
photo: Kate Chopin
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "The Story of an Hour"
A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin’s "The Story of an Hour"
Explorations and Formulas
photo: Romance novel cover
A COMPARISON OF TWO STORIES
KAREN VAN DER ZEE, From A Secret Sorrow
photo: Karen van der Zee
GAIL GODWIN, A Sorrowful Woman
photo: Gail Godwin
PERSPECTIVES
KAY MUSSELL, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?
THOMAS JEFFERSON, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction
ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES
*GENE LUEN YANG, From American Born Chinese
2. Writing about Fiction
photo: Alice Walker
From Reading to Writing
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing
A SAMPLE PAPER IN PROGRESS
A First Response to A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman"
Brainstorming
A Sample Brainstorming List 52
Revising: First and Second Drafts
A Sample First Draft: Separate Sorrows
A Sample Second Draft: Separate Sorrows
Final Paper
Final Paper: Ful?llment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman"
3. Plot
photo: Stephen King
photo: Ernest Hemingway
EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, From Tarzan of the Apes
photo: Edgar Rice Burroughs
cover: "All-Story" magazine cover
photo: Alice Walker
*ALICE WALKER, The Flowers
JOYCE CAROL OATES, Three Girls
photo: Joyce Carol Oates
WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily
photo: William Faulkner
PERSPECTIVE: William Faulkner, On "A Rose for Emily"
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "A Rose for Emily"
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Con?ict in the Plot of Faulkner’s "A Rose for Emily"
ANDRE DUBUS, Killings
photo: Andre Dubus
PERSPECTIVES
A. L. BADER, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories
ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES
EDWARD GOREY, From The Hapless Child
4. Character
photo: Mark Twain
CHARLES DICKENS, From Hard Times
photo: Charles Dickens
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Character Development in Dickens’s Hard Times
MAY-LEE CHAI, Saving Sourdi
photo: May-lee Chai
HERMAN MELVILLE, Bartleby, the Scrivener
photo: Herman Melville
PERSPECTIVES
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Herman Melville’s Philosophic Stance
DAN McCALL, On the Lawyer’s Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener"
*JUNOT DIAZ, Fiesta, 1980
*photo: Junot Diaz
ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES
LYNDA BARRY, Spelling
5. Setting
photo: Andrea Lee
photo: Ernest Hemingway
ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Soldier’s Home
PERSPECTIVES
ERNEST HEMINGWAY, On What Every Writer Needs
ANDREA LEE, Anthropology
photo: Andrea Lee
FAY WELDON, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo
photo: Fay Weldon
PERSPECTIVE: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF"
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Signi?cance of Setting in Weldon’s "IND AFF"
6. Point of View
photo: Anton Chekhov
Third-Person Narrator
First-Person Narrator
photo: Robert Olen Butler
*ROBERT OLEN BUTLER, Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot
photo: Anton Chekhov
ANTON CHEKHOV, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVES
Two Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
ANTON CHEKHOV, From "The Lady and the Dog"
ANTON CHEKHOV, From "A Lady with a Dog"
ANTON CHEKHOV, On Morality in Fiction
JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVE: MATTHEW C. BRENNAN, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov’s and Oates’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Two Versions of the Same Story: Point of View in Chekhov’s and Oates’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
ALICE WALKER, Roselily
ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES
MARJANE SATRAPI, "The Trip," From Persepolis
7. Symbolism
photo: Ralph Ellison
CHITRA BANERJEE DIVAKARUNI, Clothes
photo: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
COLETTE, The Hand
RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal
photo: Ralph Ellison
PERSPECTIVE: MORDECAI MARCUS, What Is an Initiation Story?
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "Battle Royal"
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism in Ellison’s "Battle Royal"
*MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, The Paring Knife
8. Theme
photo: Herman Melville
STEPHEN CRANE, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky
photo: Stephen Crane
photo: Katherine Mans?eld
KATHERINE MANSFIELD, Miss Brill
photo: Dagoberto Gilb
DAGOBERTO GILB, Love in L.A.
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Theme of Deception in Gilb’s "Love in L.A."
DALY WALKER, I Am the Grass
photo: Daly Walker
9. Style, Tone, and Irony
photo: Raymond Carver
Style
Tone
Irony
photo: Raymond Carver
RAYMOND CARVER, Popular Mechanics
PERSPECTIVE: JOHN BARTH, On Minimalist Fiction
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Minimalist Style of Carver’s "Popular Mechanics"
SUSAN MINOT, Lust
photo: Susan Minot
TIM O’BRIEN, How to Tell a True War Story
photo: Tim O’Brien
photo: Z. Z. Packer
Z. Z. PACKER, Brownies
*photo: Rick Moody
*RICK MOODY, Boys
ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES
MATT GROENING, Life in Hell
10. Combining the Elements of Fiction: A Writing Process
photo: Edgar Allan Poe
The Elements Together
Mapping the Story
photo: David Updike
DAVID UPDIKE, Summer
Questions for Writing: Developing a Topic into a Revised Thesis
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Thesis
A Sample Revised Thesis
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Plot and Setting in David Updike’s "Summer"
Approaches to Fiction
11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne
photo: Nathaniel Hawthorne
image: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s signature
photo: "The Old Manse"
image: Nathaniel Hawthorne portrait
image: "The Witch of the Woodlands"
A Brief Biography and Introduction
CHRONOLOGY
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Minister’s Black Veil
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Birthmark
PERSPECTIVES ON HAWTHORNE
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Solitude
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On the Power of the Writer’s Imagination NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On His Short Stories
HERMAN MELVILLE, On Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Tragic Vision
GAYLORD BREWER, "The Joys of Secret Sin"
TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS
JUDITH FETTERLEY, A Feminist Reading of "The Birthmark"
JAMES QUINN and ROSS BALDESSARINI, A Psychological Reading of "The Birthmark"
12. A Study of Flannery O’Connor
photo: Flannery O’Connor
image: Flannery O’Connor’s signature
A Brief Biography and Introduction
photo: Flannery O’Connor, Age 12
photo: Flannery O’Connor, Age 16 or 17
photo: Flannery O’Connor with Self-Portrait
photo: The Corinthian Staff
cartoon: "Targets"
photo: Flannery O’Connor and Pet Peacock at Andalusia Farm
CHRONOLOGY
FLANNERY O’CONNOR, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
FLANNERY O’CONNOR, Good Country People
FLANNERY O’CONNOR, Revelation
PERSPECTIVES ON O’CONNOR
FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On Faith
FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On the Materials of Fiction
FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On Theme and Symbol
JOSEPHINE HENDIN, On O’Connor’s Refusal to "Do Pretty"
CLAIRE KAHANE, The Function of Violence in O’Connor’s Fiction
EDWARD KESSLER, On O’Connor’s Use of History
TIME MAGAZINE, On "A Good Man is Hard to Find"
TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS
A. R. COULTHARD, On the Visionary Ending of "Revelation"
MARSHALL BRUCE GENTRY, On the Revised Ending of "Revelation"
13. A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner’s "Barn Burning"
photo: William Faulkner
image: William Faulkner’s signature
photo: William Faulkner
photo: Oxford Hardware Store
photo: Goodwin and Brown’s Commissary
photo: Rowan Oak
photo: William Faulkner at Writing Desk
WILLIAM FAULKNER, Barn Burning
PERSPECTIVES ON FAULKNER
JANE HILES, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning"
BENJAMIN DEMOTT, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class
GAYLE EDWARD WILSON, Con?ict in "Barn Burning"
JAMES FERGUSON, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning"
Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Fires of Class Con?ict in "Barn Burning" (excerpt)
14. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce’s "Eveline"
photo: James Joyce
image: James Joyce’s signature
A Brief Biography and Introduction
image: "Eveline" in The Irish Homestead
photo: James Joyce, Age 22
photo: James Joyce with Nora and Friends
photo: James Joyce in Paris
CHRONOLOGY
JAMES JOYCE, Eveline
Documents
photo: Poole Street, Dublin
THE ALLIANCE TEMPERANCE ALMANACK, On the Resources of Ireland
BRIDGET BURKE, A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant
A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl
poster: The Bohemian Girl
15. A Thematic Case Study: The Literature of the South
photo: Flannery O’Connor
photo: Richard Wright
map: U.S. Bureau of the Census, "The South"
JOHN SHELTON REED and DALE VOLBERG REED, De?nitions of the South
W. J. CASH, The Old and the New South
movie still: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Gone with the Wind
lithograph: Currier and Ives, The Old Plantation Home
IRVING HOWE, The Southern Myth
painting: John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg, 1863
FLANNERY O’CONNOR, The Regional Writer
painting: Clyde Broadway, Trinity — Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee
MARGARET WALKER, The Southern Writer and Race
photo: Ernest C. Withers, "Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis,
Tennessee"
photo: Library of Congress, Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School photo: Ernest C. Withers, "Sanitation Workers’ Strike, Memphis, Tennessee" RICHARD WRIGHT, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow
collage: Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go By
DONALD R. NOBLE, The Future of Southern Writing
LEE SMITH, On Southern Change and Permanence
16. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
photo: T. C. Boyle
photo: E. Annie Proulx
E. ANNIE PROULX, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump
T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE, Carnal Knowledge
photo: T. C. Boyle
*RON HANSEN, My Kid’s Dog
LEE SMITH, The Happy Memories Club
photo: Lee Smith
*JOYCE CAROL OATES, Hi Howya Doin’
photo: Mark Twain
MARK TWAIN, The Story of the Good Little Boy
*17. Remarkably Short Short Fiction
*SANDRA CISNEROS, Eleven
*photo: Sandra Cisneros
*RON CARLSON, Max
*JAYNE ANNE PHILLIPS, Cheers
*MARK HALLIDAY, Young Man on Sixth Ave
*DAVID FOSTER WALLACE, Incarnations of Burned Children
*photo: David Foster Wallace
LYDIA DAVIS, Letter to a Funeral Parlor
photo: Lydia Davis
PETER MEINKE, The Cranes
*MARGARET ATWOOD, Happy Endings
photo: Margaret Atwood
*TERRY L. TILTON, That Settles That
A Collection of Stories
18. An Album of Contemporary Stories
photo: Amy Bloom
photo: Amy Bloom
AMY BLOOM, By-and-by
*JHUMPA LAHIRI, Hell-Heaven
*photo: Jhumpa Lahiri
*JOHN UPDIKE, Outage
photo: John Updike
*XU XI, Famine
*photo: Xu Xi
19. An Album of World Literature
photo: Salman Rushdie
BESSIE HEAD (Botswana), The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses
NAGUIB MAHFOUZ (Egypt), The Answer Is No
photo: Naguib Mahfouz
photo: Gabriel García Márquez
GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ (Colombia), One of These Days
*TATYANA TOLSTAYA, See the Other Side
20. Stories for Further Reading
photo: Toni Morrison
photo: Joseph Conrad
JOSEPH CONRAD, An Outpost of Progress
photo: Jamaica Kincaid
JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl
photo: D. H. Lawrence
D. H. LAWRENCE, The Horse Dealer’s Daughter
*JACK LONDON, To Build a Fire
*photo: Jack London
*KATHERINE MANSFIELD, The Fly
EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Cask of Amontillado
photo: Edgar Allan Poe
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER, The Witness
photo: Katherine Anne Porter
JOHN UPDIKE, A & P
POETRY
The Elements of Poetry
21. Reading Poetry
Reading Poetry Responsively
Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
John Updike, Dog’s Death
The Pleasure of Words
William Hathaway, Oh, Oh
SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Oh, Oh
Robert Francis, Catch
Robert Francis, Catch
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in "Catch"
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits
Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard
E. E. Cummings, l(a
Anonymous, Western Wind
Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires
SUGGESTIONS FOR APPROACHING POETRY
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
ENCOUNTERING POETRY: IMAGES OF POETRY IN POPULAR CULTURE
poster: Dorothy Parker, Unfortunate Coincidence
photo: Carl Sandburg, Window
cartoon: Roz Chast, The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew
photo: Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus
photo: Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus
poster: Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton, National Poetry Slam
*photo: Kevin Fleming, Poetry Reading at Nuyorican Poets Café
web screen: Poetry-portal.com
web screen: Ted Kooser, American Life in Poetry
poem in newspaper: David Allan Evans, Neighbors
Poetry in Popular Forms
Helen Farries, Magic of Love
John Frederick Nims, Love Poem
Bruce Springsteen, You’re Missing
S. Pearl Sharp, It’s the Law: A Rap Poem
perspective: Robert Francis, On "Hard" Poetry
Poems for Further Study
Poems for Further Study
*Peter Pereira, Anagrammer
*Mary Oliver, The Poet with His Face in His Hands
Lisa Parker, Snapping Beans
Alberto Ríos, Seniors
Alfred Lord Tennyson, Crossing the Bar
Billy Collins, Marginalia
*Christian Bok, Vowels
22. Writing about Poetry
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Manners
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop’s "Manners"
23. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone
Word Choice
Diction
Denotations and Connotations
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Word Order
Tone
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Common Ground
Colette Inez, Back When All Was Continuous Chuckles
Kathryn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne
*SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Tone in Kathryn Howd Machan’s "Hazel Tells LaVerne"
Martín Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, To a Captious Critic
Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
Ann Lauinger, Marvell Noir
Sharon Olds, Last Night
Sharon Olds, Last Night
Poems for Further Study
Barbara Hamby, Ode to American English
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
David R. Slavitt, Titanic
Peter Meinke, (Untitled)
Joanne Diaz, On My Father’s Loss of Hearing
Joanne Diaz, On My Father’s Loss of Hearing
Sharon Olds, Sex without Love
*Mary Oliver, Oxygen
Cathy Song, The Youngest Daughter
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
*Joan Murray, We Old Dudes
Alice Jones, The Larynx
Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs
*Herbert Lomas, The Fly’s Poem about Emily
*Herbert Lomas, The Fly’s Poem about Emily
A Note on Reading Translations
Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho
Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (translated by Henry T. Wharton)
Sappho Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (translated by T. W. Higginson)
Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos (translated by Mary Barnard)
Two Translations of a Poem by Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Ben Belitt)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Kristin Linklater)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Ben Belitt)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Kristin Linklater)
24. Images
Poetry’s Appeal to the Senses
Li Ho, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair
William Carlos Williams, Poem
Jeanette Barnes, Battle-Piece
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
David Solway, Windsurfing
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile
Poems for Further Study
Amy Lowell, The Pond
H. D. [Hilda Doolittle], Heat
H. D. [Hilda Doolittle], Heat
Linda Pastan, Pass/Fail
*Ruth Fainlight, Crocuses
Mary Robinson, London’s Summer Morning
Mary Robinson, London’s Summer Morning
William Blake, London
*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Imagery in William Blake’s "London" and Mary Robinson’s "London’s Summer Morning"
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
*Marvin Bell, The Uniform
Patricia Smith, What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl (for Those of You Who Aren’t)
Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther
Jane Kenyon, The Blue Bowl
*Donna Masini, Slowly
Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread
John Keats, To Autumn
*C.K. Williams, Shock
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Cathy Song, The White Porch
perspective: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose
25. Figures of Speech
William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene 5)
Simile and Metaphor
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me
Emily Dickinson, Presentiment—is that long Shadow—on the lawn—
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
*Jay Rogoff, Death’s Theatre
Other Figures
Edmund Conti, Pragmatist
Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper
Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp
J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut
Poems for Further Study
Gary Snyder, How Poetry Comes to Me
*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Metaphor in Gary Snyder’s "How Poetry Comes to Me"
Margaret Atwood, February
Margaret Atwood, February
William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady
Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs
*Peter Meinke, Unnatural Light
Sylvia Plath, Mirror
Judy Page Heitzman, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill
William Wordsworth, London, 1802
William Wordsworth, London, 1802
Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Linda Pastan, Marks
*Kay Ryan, Hailstorm
Ronald Wallace, Building an Outhouse
Elaine Magarrell, The Joy of Cooking
Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist 154
perspective: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors
26. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony
Symbol
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night
Allegory
Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace
Irony
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Irony in Edwin Arlington Robinson’s "Richard Cory"
Kenneth Fearing, AD
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i
Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe
Poems for Further Study
Bob Hicok, Making it in Poetry
Jane Kenyon, Surprise
Jane Kenyon, Surprise
Martín Espada, Bully
*Kevin Pierce, Proof of Origin
Carl Sandburg, Buttons
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
*May Swenson, All That Time
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Julio Marzán, Ethnic Poetry
Mark Halliday, Graded Paper
*Charles Simic, The Storm
James Merrill, Casual Wear
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Rachel Hadas, The Compact
*Bruce Weigl, Snowy Egret
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
Walt Whitman, From Song of Myself
Gary Soto, Behind Grandma’s House
Gary Soto, Behind Grandma’s House
perspective: Ezra Pound, On Symbols
27. Sounds
Listening to Poetry
Anonymous, Scarborough Fair
John Updike, Player Piano
May Swenson, A Nosty Fright
Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk—
*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Sound in Emily Dickinson’s "A Bird came down the Walk—"
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Rhyme
Richard Armour, Going to Extremes
Robert Southey, From The Cataract of Lodore
perspective: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme
Sound and Meaning
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur
Poems for Further Study
Thomas Lux, Onomatopoeia
*Molly Peacock, Of Night
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky
*Harryette Mullen, Blah-Blah
William Heyen, The Trains
John Donne, Song
Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism
Haki R. Madhbuti, The B Network
*Andrew Hudgins, The Cow
*Andrew Hudgins, The Cow
Paul Humphrey, Blow
Robert Francis, The Pitcher
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
*Richard Wakefield, The Bell Rope
John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
Howard Nemerov, Because you Asked Me about the Line Between Prose and
Poetry
28. Patterns of Rhythm
Some Principles of Meter
Walt Whitman, From Song of the Open Road
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up
SUGGESTIONS FOR SCANNING A POEM
Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm
*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Rhythm of Anticipation in Timothy Steele’s "Waiting for the Storm"
William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come
Poems for Further Study
*Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
Alice Jones, The Foot
A. E. Houseman, When I was one-and-twenty
Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays
Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays
Rachel Hadas, The Red Hat
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
Ben Johnson, Still to Be Neat
*Sonia Sanchez, Summer Words of a Sistuh Addict
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
Carl Sandburg, Chicago
*Mark Doty, Tunnel Music
*Mark Turpin, Sledgehammer’s Song
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade
Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz
*Thylia Moss, Tornados
*Floyd Skloot, Winter Solstice
perspective: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry
29. Poetic Forms
Some Common Poetic Forms
A. E. Houseman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes
Sonnet
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
William Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun
Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines
*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Fixed Form in Edna St. Vincent Millay’s "I will put Chaos into fourteen lines"
Molly Peacock, Desire
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet
*X.J. Kennedy, The Purpose of Time is to Prevent Everything from Happening at Once
Villanelle
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
Sestina
Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina
Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina
Epigram
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?
A. R. Ammons, Coward
David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter
Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Theology
Limerick
Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright
Laurence Perrine, The limerick’s never averse
Keith Casto, She Don’t Bop
Haiku
Matsuo Basho, Under cherry trees
Carolyn Kizer, After Basho
Sonia Sanchez, c’mon man hold me
Elegy
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
Andrew Hudgins, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead
*Brendan Galvin, An Evel Knievel Elegy
Ode
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind
*Baron Wormser, Labor
Parody
Parody
Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken
X. J. Kennedy, A Visit from St. Sigmund
Picture Poem
Michael McFee, In Medias Res
Perspective
Elaine Mitchell, Form
30. Open Form
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Walt Whitman, From I Sing the Body Electric
perspective: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter
*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Power of Walt Whitman’s Open Form Poem "I Sing the Body Electric"
Richard Hass, A Story about the Body
Richard Hague, Directions for Resisting the SAT
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer’s
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
*Natasha Tretheway, On Captivity
Gary Gildner, First Practice
Gary Gildner, First Practice
Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson’s Defunct
*Jeffrey Harrison, The Names of Things
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Julio Marzán, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers
*Todd Boss, Advance
Robert Morgan, Overalls
Robert Morgan, Overalls
*Louise Glück, March
*Linda Pastan, To a Daughter Leaving Home
Anonymous, The Frog
Anonymous, The Frog
Tato Laviera, AmeRícan
Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics
*Sandra M. Gilbert, Chairlift
*Mary Stewart Hammond, The Big Fish Story
Found Poem
Donald Justice, Order in the Streets
31. Combining the Elements of Poetry: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Poem
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud
Asking Questions about the Elements
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Death Be Not Proud
A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE
Organizing Your Thoughts
A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE
The Elements and Theme
A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne’s "Death Be Not Proud"
APPROACHES TO POETRY
32. A Study of Emily Dickinson
A Brief Biography
Photo: Emily Dickinson, age 16
Silhouette: Emily Dickinson, age 14
Photo: Emily Dickinson, unauthenticated image
Photo: Edward Dickinson
Letter and Cartoon: Emily Dickinson to William Cowper Dickinson
Photo: Susan Gilbert Dickinson
Letter and Cartoon: Emily Dickinson to Susan Gilbert Dickinson
An Introduction to Her Work
Emily Dickinson, If I can stop one Heart from breaking
Emily Dickinson, If I shouldn’t be alive
Emily Dickinson, The Thought beneath so slight a film—
Emily Dickinson, To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee
Chronology
Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest
*Emily Dickinson, Some things that fly there be
Emily Dickinson, Water, is taught by thirst
Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1859 version)
Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1861 version)
Emily Dickinson, Portraits are to daily faces
Emily Dickinson, Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—
Emily Dickinson, "Heaven"—is what I cannot reach!
Emily Dickinson, "Hope" is the thing with feathers
Emily Dickinson, "Hope" is the thing with feathers
*Emily Dickinson, The Robin’s my Criterion for Tune—
Emily Dickinson, I like a look of Agony
Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights—Wild Nights!
Emily Dickinson, What Soft—Cherubic Creatures—
Emily Dickinson, What Soft—Cherubic Creatures—
Facsimile: Manuscript Page of "What Soft—Cherubic Creatures--"
Emily Dickinson, The Soul selects her own Society—
Emily Dickinson, Much Madness is divinest Sense—
Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility—
*Emily Dickinson, They dropped like Flakes—
Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes—
*Emily Dickinson, Pain—has an Element of Blank—
*Emily Dickinson, The Morning after Woe
Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—
Emily Dickinson, One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death—
Emily Dickinson, I felt a Cleaving in my Mind—
Emily Dickinson, A Light exists in Spring
Emily Dickinson, O Sumptuous moment
Emily Dickinson, O Sumptuous moment
Emily Dickinson, The Bustle in a House
Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—
Emily Dickinson, There is no Frigate like a Book
*Emily Dickinson, Fame is the one that does not stay—
Emily Dickinson, There is no Frigate like a Book
*Emily Dickinson, Fame is the one that does not stay—
Perspectives on Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson, A Description of Herself
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time
Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson’s Sense of Privation
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson’s Sense of Privation
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson’s White Dress
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson’s Poetry
Paula Bennett, On "I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—"
Martha Nell Smith, On "Because I could not stop for Death—"
Ronald Wallace, Miss Goff
Two Complementary Critical Readings
Charles R. Anderson, Eroticism in "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!"
David S. Reynolds, Popular Literature and "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!"
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING ABOUT AN AUTHOR IN DEPTH
A SAMPLE IN-DEPTH STUDY
Emily Dickinson, "Faith" is a fine invention
Emily Dickinson, I know that He exists
Emily Dickinson, I never saw a Moor—
Emily Dickinson, Apparently with no surprise
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
33. A Study of Robert Frost
A Brief Biography
Photo: Robert Frost, age 18
Photo: Robert Frost, age 47
Photo: Robert Frost at his writing desk
An Introduction to His Work
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken
Robert Frost, The Pasture
Chronology
Robert Frost, Mowing
Robert Frost, My November Guest
Robert Frost, Storm Fear
Robert Frost, My November Guest
Robert Frost, Storm Fear
Robert Frost, Mending Wall
Robert Frost, Home Burial
*Robert Frost, The Wood-pile
Robert Frost, After Apple-Picking
Robert Frost, Birches
*Robert Frost, An Old Man’s Winter Night
Robert Frost, "Out, Out—"
*Robert Frost, The Oven Bird
Robert Frost, Fire and Ice
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
Robert Frost, Unharvested
Robert Frost, Unharvested
Facsimile: Manuscript page of "Neither Out Far nor In Deep"
Robert Frost, Neither Out Far nor In Deep
Robert Frost, Design
Perspectives on Robert Frost
Perspectives on Robert Frost
Robert Frost, "In White," An Early Version of "Design"
Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem
Amy Lowell, On Frost’s Realistic Technique
Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes
Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem
Herbert R. Coursen Jr. , A Parodic Interpretation of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
Peter D. Poland, On "Neither Out Far nor In Deep"
Derek Walcott, The Road Taken
Two Complementary Critical Readings
Richard Poirier, On Emotional Suffocation in "Home Burial"
Katherine Kearns, On the Symbolic Setting of "Home Burial"
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
34. A Study of Langston Hughes
Image: Langston Hughes Stamp
*Photo: Couples Dancing in a Harlem Nightclub
A Brief Biography
Photo: Harlem Renaissance couple
Photo: The Lafayette Theatre
Photo: Langston Hughes at the McCarthy Hearings
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers
An Introduction to His Work
Langston Hughes, I, Too
Chronology
Langston Hughes, Negro
Langston Hughes, Danse Africaine
Langston Hughes, Jazzonia
Langston Hughes, Dream Variations
Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues
Langston Hughes, Cross
Langston Hughes, Formula
Langston Hughes, Esthete in Harlem
Langston Hughes, Esthete in Harlem
Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight
Langston Hughes, Song for a Dark Girl
Langston Hughes, Red Silk Stockings
Langston Hughes, Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer
Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord
Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord
*Langston Hughes, Ku Klux
*Langston Hughes, 50-50
*Langston Hughes, Harlem Sweeties
Langston Hughes, 125th Street
Langston Hughes, 125th Street
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie
Langston Hughes, Harlem
Langston Hughes, Harlem
*Langston Hughes, Motto
Langston Hughes, Un-American Investigators
Langston Hughes, Old Walt
Facsimile: manuscript page of "Old Walt"
*Langston Hughes, High to Low
Langston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me
Langston Hughes, Frederick Douglass: 1817–1895
Perspectives on Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties
James E. Emanuel, Hughes’s Attitudes toward Religion
Richard K. Barksdale, On Censoring "Ballad of the Landlord"
Karen Jackson Ford, Hughes’ Aesthetics of Simplicity
Karen Jackson Ford, Hughes’ Aesthetics of Simplicity
David Chinitz, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s
Two Complementary Critical Readings
David Rampersad, On the Persona in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
Adrian Oktenberg, Memory in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
David Rampersad, On the Persona in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
Adrian Oktenberg, Memory in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
35. *A Study of Billy Collins: The Author Reflects on Five Poems
*Photo: Billy Collins
*A Brief Biography and Overview of Collins’s Work
*Photo: Billy Collins, first day as a student at St. Joan of Arc School
*Photo: Billy Collins, first day as a student at College of the Holy Cross
*Photo: Billy Collins, yearbook photo
*Photo: Billy Collins, with cigarette
*Photo: Billy Collins, with dog
*Photo: Billy Collins in his office
*A Chronology
*Book Cover: Questions About Angels
*Book Cover: The Art of Drowning
*Book Cover: Nine Horses
*Book Cover: The Trouble with Poetry
* "How Do Poems Travel?": An Introduction by Billy Collins
*Billy Collins, Osso Buco
*Billy Collins, On Writing "Osso Buco"
*Billy Collins, Nostalgia
*Billy Collins, On Writing "Nostalgia"
*Billy Collins, Questions About Angels
*Billy Collins, On Writing "Questions About Angels"
*Billy Collins, Litany
*Billy Collins, On Writing "Litany"
*Billy Collins, Building with Its Face Blown Off
*Perspective: On "Building with Its Face Blown Off": Michael Meyer Interviews Billy Collins
*Facsimiles: Three Manuscript Pages
*Photo: Billy Collins Action Poetry Web site
*Photo: Poetry 180 Web site
36. A Study of Julia Alvarez: Five Poems
Photo: Julia Alvarez
A Brief Biography
Book Cover: A Cafecito Story
Photo: Julia Alvarez and students at Alta Gracia
An Introduction to Her Work
Chronology
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Queens, 1963"
Passport Photo: Julia Alvarez, age 10
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Queens, 1963"
Passport Photo: Julia Alvarez, age 10
Julia Alvarez, Queens, 1963
photo: Queens Civil Rights Demonstration, 1963
perspective: Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez
perspective: Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Housekeeping Cages" and Her Housekeeping Poems
Julia Alvarez, Housekeeping Cages
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Dusting"
Julia Alvarez, Dusting
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Ironing Their Clothes"
Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes
Julia Alvarez, Dusting
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Ironing Their Clothes"
Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Sometimes the Words Are So Close" (From the "33" Sonnet Sequence)
Julia Alvarez, Sometimes the Words Are So Close
Drafts of "Sometimes the Words Are So Close": A Poet’s Writing Process
Facsimiles: Four Draft Manuscript Pages
Photo: Library Way Bronze Plaque of "Sometimes the Words Are So Close"
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "First Muse"
Julia Alvarez, First Muse
Image: Chiquita Banana
perspective: Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity
perspective: Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity
37. A Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot’s "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
Photo: T.S. Eliot, age 18
A Brief Biography
Painting: T.S. Eliot, by Wyndham Lewis
Photo: T.S. Eliot as Prufrock
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Perspectives on T. S. Eliot
Elisabeth Schneider, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock
Barbara Everett, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock
Michael L. Baumann, The "Overwhelming Question" for Prufrock
Frederik L. Rusch, Society and Character in "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
Robert Sward, A Personal Analysis of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
38. A Thematic Case Study: Love and Longing
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
E. E. Cummings, since feeling is first
Mark Doty, The Embrace
Joan Murray, Play by Play
Billie Bolton, Memorandum
* Michael Ryan, Bunny
* Michael Ryan, Bunny
39. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
Fleur Adcock, The Video
John Ciardi, Suburban
Daisy Fried, Wit’s End
Ronald Wallace, In a Rut
Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling
Peter Schmitt, Friends with Numbers
Martín Espada, The Community College Revises its Curriculum in Response to
Changing Demographics
Changing Demographics
*Denise Duhamel, Language Police Report
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging
Bob Hicok, Spam Leaves an Aftertaste
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging
Bob Hicok, Spam Leaves an Aftertaste
Thomas Lux, Commercial Leech Farming Today
*Lee Upton, Dyserotica
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch
*X.J. Kennedy, On a Young Man’s Remaining an Undergraduate for Twelve Years
*X.J. Kennedy, On a Young Man’s Remaining an Undergraduate for Twelve Years
40. A Thematic Case Study: Milestones
*Allen Braden, Sweethearts
*Baron Wormser, Shoplifting
*Jan Beatty, My Father Teaches Me To Dream
*Marilyn Nelson, How I Discovered Poetry
*Charles Simic, In the Library
*Trevor West Knapp, Touch
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
*Sandra M. Gilbert, How We Didn’t Tell Her
*Anne Carson, Father’s Old Blue Cardigan
*Barbara Crooker, Listening to Her Practice: My Middle Daughter, on the Edge of Adolescence, Learns to Play the Saxophone
Luisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad
Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, & Hook
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
A Thematic Case Study: Crossing Boundaries
Transcendence and Borders
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
Diagram: An 18th Century Slave Ship
Advertisement: A 1784 Slave Auction Poster
Advertisement: A 1784 Slave Auction Poster
Identity and Borders
Pat Mora, Legal Alien
Image: Jacalyn López Garcia, I Just Wanted to be Me
Immigration and Borders
Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
photo: Baggage Examined Here, Ellis Island
Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
photo: Baggage Examined Here, Ellis Island
Expectations and Borders
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey
Soundtrack cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like this Girl)
Soundtrack cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like this Girl)
Beauty and Borders
Janice Mirikitani, Recipe
photo: Chiaki Tsukumo, Girl and Licca Doll
Freedom and Borders
Thomas Lynch, Liberty
photo: Alex MacLean, Somerville, Massachusetts
photo: Alex MacLean, Somerville, Massachusetts
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
41. A Thematic Case Study: The Natural World
*Tom Disch, Birdsong Interpreted
*Jane Hirschfield, Happiness
*Leslie Marmon Silko, Love Poem
*Margaret Atwood, A Holiday
*Maxine Kumin, Though He Tarry
*Gail White, Dead Armadillos
*Dave Lucas, November
*Walt McDonald, Coming Across It
Alden Nowan, The Bull Moose
*Robert B. Shaw, Wild Turkeys
*Edward Hirsch, First Snowfall: Intimations
*Paul Zimmer, What I Know about Owls
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
An Anthology of Poems
42. An Album of Contemporary Poems
Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity’s Closet
*Eamon Grennan, Herringbone
*Mary Stewart Hammond, High Ground
Tony Hoagland, America
Rachel Loden, Locked Ward, Newtown, Connecticut
Rachel Loden, Locked Ward, Newtown, Connecticut
Susan Minot, My Husband’s Back
Robert Morgan, Fever Wit
Alberto Ríos, The Gathering Evening
Alberto Ríos, The Gathering Evening
Cathy Song, A Poet in the House
*C.K. Williams, The United States
43. An Album of World Literature
Anna Akhmatova (Russia), Lot’s Wife
Claribel Alegría (El Salvador), I Am Mirror
Yehuda Amichai (Israel), Jerusalem, 1985
*Fazil Hüsnü Daglarca (Turkey), Dead
Mahmoud Darwish (Palestine) Identity Card
Mahmoud Darwish (Palestine) Identity Card
*Marne L. Kilates (Philippines), Python in the Mall
Taslima Nasrin (Bangladesh), At the Back of Progress
Pablo Neruda (Chile), The United Fruit Co.
Pablo Neruda (Chile), The United Fruit Co.
Octavio Paz (Mexico), The Street
Yousif al-Sa’igh (Iraq), An Iraqi Evening
Shu Ting (China), O Motherland, Dear Motherland
Tomas Tranströmer (Sweden), April and Silence
42. A Collection of Poems
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
*Craig Arnold, Uncouplings
William Blake, The Garden of Love
William Blake, Infant Sorrow
Anne Bradstreet, Before the Birth of One of Her Children
*Elizabeth Barrett Browning, When Our Two Souls Stand Up Erect and Strong
Robert Browning, Meeting at Night
Robert Browning, Parting at Morning
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of eastern high school)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream
*Wyn Cooper, Puritan Impulse
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s
John Donne, The Apparition
John Donne, The Flea
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), In a London Drawingroom
*Katie Ford, Ark
*Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Queer People
Thomas Hardy, Hap
Thomas Hardy, In Time of "The Breaking of Nations"
Frances E. W. Harper, Learning to Read
Frances E. W. Harper, Learning to Read
George Herbert, The Collar
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Hurrahing in Harvest
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Hurrahing in Harvest
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Houseman, Is my team ploughing
A. E. Houseman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Julia Ward Howe, Battle-Hymn of the Republic
*Andrew Hudgins, The Cadillac in the Attic
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
Ben Jonson, To Celia
John Keats, To One Who has been Long in City Pent
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
*John Keats, Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
*Phillis Levin, May Day
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Snow-Flakes
*Edna St. Vincent Millay, First Fig
John Milton, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd
*Alberto Rios, Northern Desert Towns in the Turn of the Old Century
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White
Christina Georgina Rossetti, In Progress
Christina Georgina Rossetti, The World
Christina Georgina Rossetti, The World
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Promises Like Pie-Crust
*Sigfried Sassoon, They
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold
William Shakespeare, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Sir Philip Sidney, Loving in Truth, and Fain in Verse My Love to Show
Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Indian Names
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Richard Wakefield, In a Poetry Workshop
Walt Whitman, I Heard You Solemn-Sweet Pipes of the Organ
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer
Walt Whitman, One’s-Self I Sing
Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
William Wordsworth, It Is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free
William Wordsworth, It Is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free
William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
William Wordsworth, Mutability
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop
DRAMA
The Study of Drama
43. Reading Drama
photo: Arthur Miller
*photo: Josefina Lopez
Reading Drama Responsively
photo: Susan Glaspell
SUSAN GLASPELL, Tri?es
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Tri?es
PERSPECTIVE: SUSAN GLASPELL, From the Short Story Version of Tri?es
Elements of Drama
photo: Michael Hollinger
MICHAEL HOLLINGER, Naked Lunch
*photo: Sharon E. Cooper
*SHARON E. COOPER, Mistaken Identity
Drama in Popular Forms
photo: Larry David
LARRY DAVID, "The Pitch," a Seinfeld Episode
PERSPECTIVE: GEOFFREY O’BRIEN, On Seinfeld as Sitcom Moneymaker
44. Writing about Drama
*photo: Jane Anderson
From Reading to Writing
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing
Plays in Performance
photo: Oedipus the King
photo: Antigone
photo: A Midsummer Night’s Dream
photo: Hamlet
photo: A Doll House
*photo: Real Women Have Curves
*photo: Doubt
photo: Rodeo
*photo: Fences
*photo: Trying to Find Chinatown
photo: Death of a Salesman
*photo: No Child…
photo: Playwriting 101
*photo: Wanda’s Visit
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Tri?es
45. A Study of Sophocles
photo: Sophocles
photo: Sophocles
map: Map of Ancient Greece
CHRONOLOGY
Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama
drawing: Classical Greek theater
Tragedy
SOPHOCLES, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)
SOPHOCLES, Antigone (Translated by Robert Fagles)
PERSPECTIVES ON SOPHOCLES
ARISTOTLE, On Tragic Character
SIGMUND FREUD, On the Oedipus Complex
SOPHOCLES, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King
MURIEL RUKEYSER, On Oedipus the King
DAVID WILES, On Oedipus the King as a Political Play
JEAN ANOUILH, A Scene from Antigone (Translated by Lewis Galantière)
MAURICE SAGOFF, A Humorous Distillation of Antigone
TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS
R. G. A. BUXTON, The Major Critical Issue in Antigone
CYNTHIA P. GARDINER, The Function of the Chorus in Antigone
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
46. A Study of William Shakespeare
photo: Laurence Olivier
portrait: William Shakespeare
portrait: William Shakespeare portrait, from the First Folio
portrait: William Shakespeare, the "Chandos Portrait"
image: Shakespeare’s signature
CHRONOLOGY
Shakespeare’s Theater
drawing: The Globe Theatre
The Range of Shakespeare’s Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy
A Note on Reading Shakespeare
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, A Midsummer Night’s Dream
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
PERSPECTIVES ON SHAKESPEARE
THE MAYOR OF LONDON (1597), Objections to the Elizabethan Theater
LISA JARDINE, On Boy Actors in Female Roles
SAMUEL JOHNSON, On Shakespeare’s Characters
SIGMUND FREUD, On Repression in Hamlet
JAN KOTT, On Producing Hamlet
RUSSELL JACKSON, A Film Diary of the Shooting of Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet
LINDA BAMBER, Feminine Rebellion and Masculine Authority in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
LOUIS ADRIAN MONTROSE, On Amazonian Mythology in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
JAMES KINCAID, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy
TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS
JOAN MONTGOMERY BYLES, Ophelia’s Desperation
SANDRA K. FISCHER, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers
ENCOUNTERING DRAMA: A VISUAL PORTFOLIO
HAMLET IN POPULAR CULTURE AND PERFORMANCE
painting: Hamlet and Horatio in the Cemetery, by Eugène Delacroix
photo: Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet
movie still: Ethan Hawke as Hamlet
movie still: Laurence Olivier as Hamlet
painting: Ophelia: Here is Rosemary, by William Gorman Wills
cartoon: Ophelia, cartoon from The New Yorker, by Lee Lorenz
movie still: Kate Winslet as Ophelia
painting: The Death of Ophelia, by Eugène Delacroix
47. Modern Drama
photo: T. S. Eliot
Realism
Naturalism
Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama
photo: Henrik Ibsen
HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde)
PERSPECTIVE: HENRIK IBSEN, Notes for A Doll House
Beyond Realism
48. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House
photo: Henrik Ibsen
PERSPECTIVES
A Nineteenth-Century Husband’s Letter to His Wife
BARRY WITHAM and JOHN LUTTERBIE, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House
CAROL STRONGIN TUFTS, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora
JOAN TEMPLETON, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?
Questions for Writing: Applying a Critical Strategy
SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in A Doll House
49. A Thematic Case Study: An Album of Contemporary Humor and Satire
*photo: Christopher Durang
photo: Jane Anderson
JANE ANDERSON, The Reprimand
*CHRISTOPHER DURANG, Wanda’s Visit
*photo: Christopher Durang
DAVID IVES, Moby-Dude, Or: The Three-Minute Whale
photo: David Ives
JANE MARTIN, Rodeo
photo: Rich Orloff
RICH ORLOFF, Playwriting 101: The Rooftop Lesson
A Collection of Plays
50. Plays for Further Reading
photo: August Wilson
photo: Arthur Miller
photo: David Henry Hwang
DAVID HENRY HWANG, Trying to Find Chinatown
*photo: Josefina Lopez
*JOSEFINA LOPEZ, Real Women Have Curves
photo: Arthur Miller
ARTHUR MILLER, Death of a Salesman
PERSPECTIVES
ARTHUR MILLER, Tragedy and the Common Man
ARTHUR MILLER, On Biff and Willy Loman
*JOHN PATRICK SHANLEY, Doubt
*photo: John Patrick Shanley
*NILAJA SUN, No Child…
*photo: Nilaja Sun
photo: August Wilson
AUGUST WILSON, Fences
PERSPECTIVE: DAVID SAVRAN, An Interview with August Wilson
Critical Thinking and Writing
51. Critical Strategies for Reading
photo: Ezra Pound
photo: Margaret Atwood
Critical Thinking
The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy
Formalist Strategies
Biographical Strategies
Psychological Strategies
Historical Strategies
Literary History Criticism
Marxist Criticism
New Historicist Criticism
Cultural Criticism
Gender Strategies
Feminist Criticism
Gay and Lesbian Criticism
Mythological Strategies
Reader-Response Strategies
Deconstructionist Strategies
51. Reading and Writing
photo: Dorothy Parker
The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature
Reading the Work Closely
Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking
Annotated Text
Journal Note
Choosing a Topic
Developing a Thesis
Arguing about Literature
Questions for Arguing about Literature
Organizing a Paper
Writing a Draft
Writing the Introduction and Conclusion
Using Quotations
Revising and Editing
Questions for Writing: A Revision Checklist
Manuscript Form
Types of Writing Assignments
Explication
A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION: A Reading of Dickinson’s "There’s a certain Slant of light"
EMILY DICKINSON, There’s a certain Slant of light
Analysis
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: "The A & P" as a State of Mind
Comparison and Contrast
A SAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women’s Self-De?nition in "Eveline" and A Doll House
52. The Literary Research Paper
photo: Donald Hall
Choosing a Topic
Finding Sources
Annotated List of References
Electronic Sources
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper
Revising
Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
The List of Works Cited
Parenthetical References
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: How the Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily
53. Taking Essay Examinations
photo: Cynthia Ozick
Preparing for an Essay Exam
Keep Up with the Reading
Take Notes and Annotate the Text
Anticipate Questions
Types of Exams
Closed-Book versus Open-Book Exams
Essay Questions
Strategies for Writing Essay Exams
Glossary of Literary Terms
Index of First Lines
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Terms
*new to this edition
Michael Meyer (Ph.D., University of Connecticut) has taught writing and literature courses for more than 30 years — since 1981 at the University of Connecticut and before that at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the College of William and Mary. His scholarly articles have appeared in distinguished journals such as American Literature, Studies in the American Renaissance, and Virginia Quarterly Review. An internationally recognized authority on Henry David Thoreau, Meyer is a former president of the Thoreau Society and coauthor (with Walter Harding) of The New Thoreau Handbook, a standard reference source. His other books for Bedford/St. Martin's include Poetry: An Introduction (2010), The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature (2009); and Thinking and Writing about Literature (2001).
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