Data    
Information   
Variables and Constants   
Conceptualization  
Operationalization  
Reliability   
Validity 

Three Forms of Research Hypotheses
Causal and Non-causal Research Hypotheses   
Independent and Dependent Variables

Nominal   
Ordinal   
Interval    
Ratio   

Discrete and Continuous Variables   
Dichotomous, Binary, and Dummy Variables   

Number of Variables in an Analysis   
Primary Purpose of the Analysis   

2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs 
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS   

Absolute Frequency Distributions   
Cumulative Frequency Distributions   
Percentage Frequency Distributions   
Cumulative Percentage Frequency Distributions   

Bar Graphs and Line Diagrams   
Pie Charts   
Histograms   
Frequency Polygons   
Stem-and-Leaf Plots   

3 Measures of Central Tendency and Variability 
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY   

The Mode   
The Median   
The Mean   
Which Measure of Central Tendency to Use?   

The Range   
The Interquartile Range   
The Mean Deviation   
Variance   
Standard Deviation   
Reporting Measures of Variability   

4 Normal Distributions  
SKEWNESS   
KURTOSIS   
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS   
CONVERTING RAW SCORES TO Z SCORES AND PERCENTILES   

Practical Uses of z Scores   

5  Hypothesis Testing: Basic Principles 
ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS FOR RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN SAMPLES   

Rival Hypotheses   
Research Design Flaws   
Sampling Error   

Replication   
Statistical Analyses   

p values
Rejection Levels (Alpha)

Avoiding Type I Errors   
Avoiding Type II Errors

More about Effect Size
Is the Relationship Valuable?   
Complex Interpretations of Statistically Significant Relationships   

6 Sampling Distributions, Rejection Regions, and Statistical Test Selection 

SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING ERROR   
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS AND INFERENCE   

Comparing an Experimental Sample with Its Population   
Comparing a Non-Experimental Sample with Its Population   

Samples Drawn from Normal Distributions   
Samples Drawn from Skewed Distributions   

Constructing a 95 Percent Confidence Interval   
Constructing a 99 Percent Confidence Interval   

The Importance of Selecting the Correct Test
Factors to Consider in Selecting the Correct Test

More about Getting Help

7   t Tests and Analysis of Variance 
THE USE OF t TESTS   

Misuse of t  

Determining If a Sample Is Representative   
Seeking Support for a Research Hypothesis
Presentation of Findings   
A Nonparametric Alternative: Chi-Square Goodness of Fit   

Use with Two Connected (or Matched) Samples Measured Once   
Use with One Sample Measured Twice   
A Nonparametric Alternative: Wilcoxon Sign   

Nonparametric Alternatives: U and K-S   
A Multivariate Alternative: T2   

Additional Data Analyses   
A Nonparametric Alternative: Kruskal-Wallis   

8 The Chi-square Test of Association Between Variables 
WHEN CHI-SQUARE IS APPROPRIATE
CROSS-TABULATION TABLES

Degrees of Freedom   
Using Chi-Square   
Presentation of Findings   
Interpreting the Results of a Chi-Square Analysis   
Meaningfulness and Sample Size   
Restrictions on the Use of Chi-Square   
An Alternative: Fisher’s Exact Test   
Using Chi-Square in Social Work Practice  

Problems with Sizes of Expected Frequencies   
Effects of Introducing Additional Variables   

McNemar’s Test   
The Median Test   

9   Correlation Analyses 
USES OF CORRELATION   
SCATTERGRAMS   
PERFECT CORRELATIONS   
NONPERFECT CORRELATIONS   
INTERPRETING LINEAR CORRELATIONS   

Understanding Correlation Coefficients   
Very Strong Correlations   
Remember,Correlation Is Not Causation!   
Using Correlation For Inference   

Computation and Presentation   

Spearman’s Rho and Kendall’s Tau   

Partial r   
Multiple R   
Variations of Multiple R   

Factor Analysis   
Cluster Analysis   

10  Regression Analyses 
PREDICTION AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE
PREDICTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS   
WHAT IS SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION?   

Research Questions in Simple Linear Regression   
Limitations of Simple Linear Regression   

The Least-Squares Criterion   
Interchanging X and Y Variables   

Presentation of Y ?   
The Standard Error   
Using Regression in Social Work Practice   

Options for Entering Variables

Discriminant Analysis   
Logistic Regression   

11Other Ways that Statistical Analyses Contribute to Evidence-Based Practice 
META-ANALYSIS   
ANSWERS SOUGHT IN PROGRAM EVALUATIONS   
NEEDS ASSESSMENTS AND FORMATIVE EVALUATIONS   
OUTCOME EVALUATIONS   

Hypothesis Testing in Outcome Evaluations   
Statistical Analyses of Outcome Evaluation Data   

Hypothesis Testing in Single-System Research   
Statistical Analyses of Single-System Data   
Using Familiar Statistical Tests   
Two Other Popular Tests   

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