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Infants and Children : Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

ISBN: 9780205420636 | 020542063X
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
Pub. Date: 1/1/2008

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SummaryTable of Contents
This paperbound book is comprised of Chapters 1-13 of Berk's full-length Infants, Children, and Adolescents. With a heightened emphasis on the interplay between biology and environment, and stronger focus on education (both at home and at school) and social policy as critical pieces of the dynamic system in which the child develops, Berk pays meticulous attention to the most recent scholarship in the field.
A Personal Note to Studentsxiv
Preface for Instructorsxv
PART I Theory and Research in Child Development
History, Theory, and Research Strategies
... MORE2(50)
The Field of Child Development
4(2)
Periods of Development
5(1)
Domains of Development
5(1)
Basic Issues
6(6)
Continuous or Discontinuous Development?
7(1)
One Course of Development or Many?
8(1)
Nature or Nurture as More Important?
9(1)
Biology and Environment: Resilient Children
10(1)
A Balanced Point of View
10(2)
Historical Foundations
12(3)
Medieval Times
12(1)
The Reformation
12(1)
Philosophies of the Enlightenment
13(1)
Scientific Beginnings
13(2)
Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories
15(8)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
15(3)
Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory
18(1)
Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory
19(4)
Recent Theoretical Perspectives
23(8)
Information Processing
23(1)
Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
24(2)
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
26(1)
Ecological Systems Theory
27(2)
New Directions: Development as a Dynamic System
29(2)
Comparing Child Development Theories
31(1)
Studying the Child
31(18)
Common Methods of Gathering Information
33(5)
Cultural Influences: Immigrant Youths: Amazing Adaptation
38(1)
General Research Designs
39(2)
Designs for Studying Development
41(3)
Social Issues: Health: Impact of Historical Times on Development: The Great Depression and World War II
44(2)
Ethics in Research on Children
46(3)
Summary
49(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
51(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
51(1)
PART II Foundations of Development
Biological and Environmental Foundations
52(40)
Genetic Foundations
54(10)
The Genetic Code
54(1)
The Sex Cells
55(2)
Boy or Girl?
57(1)
Multiple Births
57(1)
Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
58(4)
Chromosomal Abnormalities
62(2)
Reproductive Choices
64(7)
Genetic Counseling
64(1)
Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine
65(1)
Social Issues: Health: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies
66(3)
The Alternative of Adoption
69(2)
Environmental Contexts for Development
71(12)
The Family
71(3)
Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning
74(1)
The Impact of Poverty
74(2)
Beyond the Family: Neighborhoods and Schools
76(1)
The Cultural Context
77(2)
Cultural Influences: The African-American Extended Family
79(2)
Social Issues: Health: Welfare Reform, Poverty, and Child Development
81(2)
Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment
83(7)
The Question, ``How Much?''
83(2)
The Question, ``How?''
85(3)
Biology and Environment: Uncoupling Genetic-Environmental Correlations for Mental Illness and Antisocial Behavior
88(2)
Summary
90(1)
Important Terms and Concepts
91(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
91(1)
Prenatal Development
92(36)
Motivations for Parenthood
94(5)
Why Have Children?
94(1)
How Large a Family?
95(1)
Is There a Best Time During Adulthood to Have a Child?
96(1)
Social Issues: Education: A Global Perspective on Family Planning
97(2)
Prenatal Development
99(7)
Conception
99(2)
The Period of the Zygote
101(1)
The Period of the Embryo
102(1)
The Period of the Fetus
103(3)
Prenatal Environmental Influences
106(16)
Teratogens
106(2)
Biology and Environment: The Prenatal Environment and Health in Later Life
108(2)
Social Issues: Health: Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy Occur Again? The Teratogenic Effects of Accutane
110(6)
Other Maternal Factors
116(4)
The Importance of Prenatal Health Care
120(2)
Preparing for Parenthood
122(3)
Seeking Information
122(1)
The Baby Becomes a Reality
123(1)
Models of Effective Parenthood
123(1)
Practical Concerns
124(1)
The Parental Relationship
125(1)
Summary
125(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
127(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
127(1)
Birth and the Newborn Baby
128(36)
The Stages of Childbirth
130(5)
Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix
130(1)
Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby
131(1)
Biology and Environment: What Controls the Timing of Birth?
132(1)
Stage 3: Birth of the Placenta
132(1)
The Baby's Adaptation to Labor and Delivery
132(1)
The Newborn Baby's Appearance
133(1)
Assessing the Newborn's Physical Condition: The Apgar Scale
134(1)
Approaches to Childbirth
135(2)
Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth
135(1)
Home Delivery
136(1)
Medical Interventions
137(3)
Fetal Monitoring
137(1)
Labor and Delivery Medication
138(1)
Instrument Delivery
138(1)
Induced Labor
139(1)
Cesarean Delivery
139(1)
Birth Complications
140(7)
Oxygen Deprivation
140(1)
Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants
141(3)
Social Issues: Health: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies
144(2)
Birth Complications, Parenting, and Resilience
146(1)
Precious Moments After Birth
147(1)
The Newborn Baby's Capacities
147(10)
Reflexes
148(2)
States
150(2)
Social Issues: Health: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
152(2)
Sensory Capacities
154(2)
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
156(1)
The Transition to Parenthood
157(4)
Changes in the Family System
158(1)
Biology and Environment: Postpartum Depression and the Parent-Child Relationship
159(1)
Parent Interventions
160(1)
Summary
161(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
163(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
163(1)
PART III Infancy and Toddlerhood: The First Two Years
Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
164(42)
Body Growth
166(3)
Changes in Body Size and Muscle-Fat Makeup
166(1)
Changes in Body Proportions
167(1)
Skeletal Growth
168(1)
Brain Development
169(9)
Development of Neurons
169(2)
Development of the Cerebral Cortex
171(1)
Biology and Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and Adults
172(2)
Sensitive Periods in Brain Development
174(2)
Changing States of Arousal
176(1)
Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements
177(1)
Influences on Early Physical Growth
178(4)
Heredity
178(1)
Nutrition
178(2)
Malnutrition
180(1)
Emotional Well-Being
181(1)
Learning Capacities
182(4)
Classical Conditioning
182(1)
Operant Conditioning
183(1)
Habituation
184(1)
Imitation
185(1)
Motor Development
186(7)
The Sequence of Motor Development
187(1)
Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems
188(1)
Dynamic Motor Systems in Action
188(1)
Cultural Variations in Motor Development
189(1)
Fine Motor Development: Reaching and Grasping
189(2)
Bowel and Bladder Control
191(2)
Perceptual Development
193(10)
Hearing
193(1)
Vision
194(2)
Biology and Environment: Development of Infants with Severe Visual Impairments
196(4)
Object Perception
200(1)
Intermodal Perception
201(1)
Understanding Perceptual Development
202(1)
Summary
203(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
205(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
205(1)
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
206(42)
Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory
208(12)
Piaget's Ideas About Cognitive Change
208(1)
The Sensorimotor Stage
209(3)
Follow-Up Research on Infant Cognitive Development
212(4)
Evaluation of the Sensorimotor Stage
216(2)
Biology and Environment: Do Infants Have Built-In Numerical Knowledge?
218(2)
Information Processing
220(6)
Structure of the Information-Processing System
220(1)
Attention
221(1)
Memory
222(1)
Categorization
223(1)
Biology and Environment: Infantile Amnesia
224(2)
Evaluation of Information-Processing Findings
226(1)
The Social Context of Early Cognitive Development
226(3)
Cultural Influences: Social Origins of Make-Believe Play
228(1)
Individual Differences in Early Mental Development
229(6)
Infant Intelligence Tests
229(2)
Early Environment and Mental Development
231(2)
Early Intervention for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers
233(2)
Language Development
235(10)
Three Theories of Language Development
235(3)
Getting Ready to Talk
238(2)
First Words
240(1)
The Two-Word Utterance Phase
240(1)
Comprehension versus Production
241(1)
Individual and Cultural Differences
241(1)
Supporting Early Language Development
242(3)
Summary
245(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
247(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
247(1)
Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
248(38)
Erikson's Theory of Infant and Toddler Personality
250(2)
Basic Trust versus Mistrust
250(1)
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
251(1)
Emotional Development
252(6)
Development of Basic Emotions
252(3)
Understanding and Responding to the Emotions of Others
255(1)
Emergence of Self-Conscious Emotions
256(1)
Beginnings of Emotional Self-Regulation
256(2)
Development of Temperament
258(6)
The Structure of Temperament
258(1)
Measuring Temperament
259(1)
Biology and Environment: Biological Basis of Shyness and Sociability
260(1)
Stability of Temperament
261(1)
Genetic Influences
262(1)
Environmental Influences
262(1)
Temperament and Child Rearing: The Goodness-of-Fit Model
263(1)
Development of Attachment
264(14)
Bowlby's Ethological Theory
265(1)
Measuring the Security of Attachment
266(2)
Stability of Attachment
268(1)
Cultural Variations
268(1)
Factors That Affect Attachment Security
269(3)
Social Issues: Health: Does Child Care in Infancy Threaten Attachment Security and Later Adjustment?
272(2)
Multiple Attachments
274(1)
Cultural Influences: The Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development
275(1)
From Attachment to Peer Sociability
276(1)
Attachment and Later Development
277(1)
Self-Understanding
278(3)
Self-Awareness
278(1)
Categorizing the Self
279(1)
Emergence of Self-Control
280(1)
Summary
281(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
283(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
283(3)
Milestones of Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
284(2)
PART IV Early Childhood: Two to Six Years
Physical Development in Early Childhood
286(28)
Body Growth
288(2)
Skeletal Growth
288(2)
Asynchronies in Physical Growth
290(1)
Brain Development
290(3)
Handedness
292(1)
Other Advances in Brain Development
293(1)
Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Health
293(11)
Heredity and Hormones
294(1)
Emotional Well-Being
294(1)
Sleep Habits and Problems
294(2)
Nutrition
296(2)
Infectious Disease
298(1)
Cultural Influences: Child Health Care in the United States and Other Western Nations
299(1)
Childhood Injuries
300(1)
Social Issues: Health: Otitis Media and Development
301(3)
Motor Development
304(7)
Gross Motor Development
304(2)
Fine Motor Development
306(3)
Individual Differences in Motor Skills
309(1)
Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development
310(1)
Summary
311(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
313(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
313(1)
Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
314(42)
Piaget's Theory: The Preoperational Stage
316(12)
Advances in Mental Representation
316(1)
Make-Believe Play
316(2)
Symbol-Real World Relations
318(1)
Limitations of Preoperational Thought
319(2)
Follow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought
321(3)
Social Issues: Education: Young Children's Understanding of Death
324(2)
Evaluation of the Preoperational Stage
326(1)
Piaget and Early Childhood Education
327(1)
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
328(5)
Children's Private Speech
329(1)
Social Origins of Early Childhood Cognition
329(2)
Vygotsky and Early Childhood Education
331(1)
Evaluation of Vygotsky's Theory
331(1)
Cultural Influences: Children in Village and Tribal Cultures Observe and Participate in Adult Work
332(1)
Information Processing
333(10)
Attention
333(1)
Memory
334(1)
Problem Solving
335(1)
The Young Child's Theory of Mind
336(2)
Early Literacy and Mathematical Development
338(1)
Biology and Environment: ``Mindblindness'' and Autism
339(4)
Individual Differences in Mental Development
343(5)
Early Childhood Intelligence Tests
343(1)
Home Environment and Mental Development
343(1)
Preschool, Kindergarten, and Child Care
344(3)
Educational Media
347(1)
Language Development
348(5)
Vocabulary
348(2)
Grammar
350(1)
Conversation
351(1)
Supporting Language Learning in Early Childhood
352(1)
Summary
353(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
355(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
355(1)
Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
356(44)
Erikson's Theory: Initiative versus Guilt
358(1)
Self-Understanding
359(2)
Foundations of Self-Concept
359(1)
Cultural Influences: Cultural Variations in Storytelling: Implications for Early Self-Concept
360(1)
Emergence of Self-Esteem
360(1)
Emotional Development
361(5)
Understanding Emotion
361(2)
Emotional Self-Regulation
363(1)
Self-Conscious Emotions
363(1)
Empathy and Sympathy
364(2)
Peer Relations
366(5)
Advances in Peer Sociability
366(2)
First Friendships
368(1)
Social Problem Solving
368(2)
Parental Influences on Early Peer Relations
370(1)
Foundations of Morality
371(10)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
371(2)
Social Learning Theory
373(2)
The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective
375(2)
The Other Side of Morality: Development of Aggression
377(4)
Gender Typing
381(7)
Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs and Behaviors
381(1)
Biological Influences on Gender Typing
382(1)
Environmental Influences on Gender Typing
382(1)
Biology and Environment: David: A Boy Who Was Reared as a Girl
383(2)
Gender Identity
385(2)
Reducing Gender Stereotyping in Young Children
387(1)
Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development
388(7)
Styles of Child Rearing
388(1)
What Makes Authoritative Child Rearing Effective?
389(1)
Cultural Variations
390(1)
Child Maltreatment
390(4)
Social Issues: Health: Healthy Start: Preventing Child Maltreatment Through Home Visitation
394(1)
Summary
395(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
397(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
397(3)
Milestones of Development in Early Childhood
398(2)
PART V Middle Childhood: Six to Eleven Years
Physical Development in Middle Childhood
400(26)
Body Growth
402(2)
Worldwide Variations in Body Size
402(1)
Secular Trends in Physical Growth
403(1)
Skeletal Growth
403(1)
Brain Development
404(1)
Common Health Problems
404(9)
Vision and Hearing
405(1)
Malnutrition
406(1)
Obesity
406(4)
Social Issues: Health: The Obesity Epidemic: How Americans Became the Heaviest People in the World
410(2)
Bedwetting
412(1)
Illnesses
412(1)
Unintentional Injuries
413(1)
Health Education
413(4)
Social Issues: Education: Children's Understanding of Health and Illness
415(2)
Motor Development and Play
417(7)
Gross Motor Development
417(1)
Fine Motor Development
418(1)
Individual Differences in Motor Skills
418(2)
Child-Organized Games
420(1)
Adult-Organized Youth Sports
420(1)
Shadows of Our Evolutionary Past
421(1)
Physical Education
422(2)
Summary
424(1)
Important Terms and Concepts
425(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
425(1)
Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
426(42)
Piaget's Theory: The Concrete Operational Stage
428(4)
Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage
428(1)
Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought
429(1)
Follow-Up Research on Concrete Operational Thought
429(2)
Evaluation of the Concrete Operational Stage
431(1)
Information Processing
432(10)
Attention
432(1)
Memory Strategies
433(1)
Biology and Environment: Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
434(2)
The Knowledge Base and Memory Performance
436(1)
Culture, Schooling, and Memory Strategies
436(1)
The School-Age Child's Theory of Mind
437(1)
Cognitive Self-Regulation
438(1)
Applications of Information Processing to Academic Learning
438(4)
Individual Differences in Mental Development
442(9)
Defining and Measuring Intelligence
442(1)
Recent Efforts to Define Intelligence
443(2)
Explaining Individual and Group Differences in IQ
445(2)
Cultural Influences: The Flynn Effect: Massive Generational Gains in IQ
447(2)
Reducing Cultural Bias in Intelligence Testing
449(2)
Language Development
451(3)
Vocabulary
451(1)
Grammar
452(1)
Pragmatics
452(1)
Learning Two Languages at a Time
453(1)
Children's Learning in School
454(11)
Class Size
454(1)
Educational Philosophies
455(2)
Social Issues: Education: School Readiness and Grade Retention
457(1)
Teacher-Student Interaction
458(1)
Grouping Practices
459(1)
Computers and Academic Learning
459(1)
Teaching Children with Special Needs
460(3)
How Well Educated Are North American Children?
463(2)
Summary
465(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
467(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help
467(1)
Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
468(2)
Erikson's Theory: Industry versus Inferiority
470(1)
Self-Understanding
471(6)
Self-Concept
471(1)
Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Influences on Self-Concept
471(1)
Self-Esteem
472(1)
Influences on Self-Esteem
473(4)
Emotional Development
477(3)
Self-Conscious Emotions
478(1)
Emotional Understanding
478(1)
Emotional Self-Regulation
479(1)
Understanding Others: Perspective Taking
480(1)
Moral Development
481(4)
Learning About Justice Through Sharing
481(1)
Understanding Moral, Social-Conventional, and Personal Matters
482(1)
Cultural Influences: Children's Understanding of God
483(1)
Moral Education
484(1)
Peer Relations
485(5)
Peer Groups
485(1)
Friendships
486(1)
Peer Acceptance
487(2)
Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims
489(1)
Gender Typing
490(2)
Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs
490(1)
Gender Identity and Behavior
490(1)
Cultural Influences on Gender Typing
491(1)
Family Influences
492(10)
Parent--Child Relationships
493(1)
Siblings
493(1)
One-Child Families
493(1)
Gay and Lesbian Families
494(1)
Never-Married Single-Parent Families
494(1)
Divorce
495(4)
Blended Families
499(1)
Maternal Employment and Dual-Earner Families
500(2)
Some Common Problems of Development
502(7)
Fears and Anxieties
502(1)
Cultural Influences: The Impact of Ethnic and Political Violence on Children
503(1)
Child Sexual Abuse
504(1)
Fostering Resilience in Middle Childhood
505(2)
Social Issues: Health: Children's Eyewitness Testimony
507(2)
Summary
509(2)
Important Terms and Concepts
511(1)
FYI Further Information and Help
511(1)
Milestones of Development in Middle Childhood
512
Glossary1(1)
References1(1)
Name Index1(1)
Subject Index1

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