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Statistics for Social Workers

by: Weinbach, Robert W.; Grinnell, Richard M.

Statistics for Social Workers

by: Weinbach, Robert W.; Grinnell, Richard M.

ISBN 13:
9780205375981
ISBN 10:
0205375987
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2004
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

This best-selling social work statistics book requires no prior knowledge of statistics, emphasizing a conceptual understanding of the topic and its usefulness to social work practice and research. Rather than focusing on mathematical computation, Statistics for Social Workers instead focuses on providing an understanding of the logical underpinnings of statistical analysis and how to apply the results of analysis in a social work practice environment. the authors have used this approach to teaching statistics for over 25 years, and it remains the most widely used book of its kind.

Preface

xiii

1 Introduction to Statistical Analysis

(19)

USES OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

(1)

GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL TERMS

(7)

Data

(1)

Information

(1)

Variables and Constants

(2)

Conceptualization

(1)

Operationalization

(1)

Reliability

(1)

Validity

(1)

Research Hypotheses

(2)

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

(4)

Nominal

(1)

Ordinal

(2)

Interval

(1)

Ratio

(1)

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

(1)

OTHER MEASUREMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

(1)

Discrete Variables and Continuous Variables

(1)

Dichotomous, Binary, and Dummy Variables

(1)

CATEGORIES OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES

(1)

Number of Variables Analyzed

(1)

Purpose of the Analysis

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

(3)

2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs

(19)

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

(3)

Absolute Frequency Distributions

(1)

Cumulative Frequency Distributions

(1)

Percentage Frequency Distributions

(1)

Cumulative Percentage Distributions

(1)

GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

(2)

USING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS TO ANALYZE DATA

(2)

MISREPRESENTATION OF DATA

(1)

Example: An Administrator's Efforts to Hire More Women

(1)

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

(7)

Bar Graphs

(2)

Pie Charts

(1)

Histograms

(1)

Frequency Polygons

(1)

Pareto Charts

(1)

Stem-and-Leaf Plots

(1)

A COMMON MISTAKE IN DISPLAYING DATA

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

(2)

3 Central Tendency and Variability

(19)

CENTRAL TENDENCY

(9)

The Mode

(2)

The Median

(1)

The Mean

(2)

Which Measure of Central Tendency to Use?

(3)

VARIABILITY

(8)

The Range

(1)

The Interquartile Range

(1)

The Mean Deviation

(1)

The Variance

(1)

The Standard Deviation

(3)

Reporting Measures of Variability

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

(2)

4 Normal Distributions

(18)

SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS

(2)

NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

(4)

CONVERTING RAW SCORES TO z SCORES AND PERCENTILES

(9)

Practical Uses of z Scores

(1)

Example: Student Anxiety

(3)

DERIVING RAW SCORES FROM PERCENTILES

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

(2)

5 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

(24)

ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS

(5)

Rival Hypotheses

(1)

Design Flaws

(3)

Sampling Error

(1)

PROBABILITY

(2)

REFUTING SAMPLING ERROR

(2)

Replication

(1)

Statistical Analyses

(1)

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

(2)

The One-Tailed Research Hypothesis

(1)

The Two-Tailed Research Hypothesis

(1)

The "No Relationship" Research Hypothesis

(1)

TESTING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS

(2)

STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

(3)

p-Values

(1)

Rejection Levels

(2)

ERRORS IN DRAWING CONCLUSIONS ABOUT RELATIONSHIPS

(1)

Avoiding Type I Errors

(1)

STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS AND MEANINGFUL FINDINGS

(4)

Assessing Strength (Effect Size)

(1)

Is the Relationship Surprising?

(1)

Complex Interpretations of Statistically Significant Relationships

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

(2)

6 Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing

100

(18)

SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING ERROR

100

(2)

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS AND INFERENCE

102

(2)

Comparing an Experimental Sample with Its Population

102

(1)

Comparing a Nonexperimental Sample with Its Population

103

(1)

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF MEANS

104

(9)

Samples Drawn from Normal Distributions

107

(5)

Samples Drawn from Skewed Distributions

112

(1)

ESTIMATING PARAMETERS FROM STATISTICS

113

(3)

Constructing a 95 Percent Confidence Interval

114

(1)

Constructing a 99 Percent Confidence Interval

114

(2)

OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS

116

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

116

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

117

(1)

7 Selecting a Statistical Test

118

(18)

THE IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING THE CORRECT STATISTICAL TEST

118

(2)

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING A STATISTICAL TEST

120

(7)

Sampling Method(s) Used

120

(1)

Distribution of the Variables within the Population

121

(1)

Level of Measurement of the Independent and Dependent Variables

122

(1)

Amount of Statistical Power That Is Desirable

123

(3)

Robustness of Tests Being Considered

126

(1)

PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC TESTS

127

(1)

MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TESTS

128

(1)

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TEST SELECTION

129

(2)

GETTING HELP WITH DATA ANALYSES

131

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

132

(2)

STUDY QUESTIONS

134

(2)

8 Correlation

136

(29)

USES OF CORRELATION

136

(4)

Scattergrams

137

(3)

PERFECT CORRELATIONS

140

(2)

NONPERFECT CORRELATIONS

142

(1)

INTERPRETING LINEAR CORRELATIONS

143

(4)

Understanding Correlation Coefficients

143

(2)

Interpreting Very Strong Correlations

145

(1)

The Coefficient of Determination

146

(1)

Correlation Is Not Causation

146

(1)

USING CORRELATION FOR INFERENCE

147

(1)

COMPUTATION AND PRESENTATION OF PEARSON'S r

148

(6)

Example: Verbal Participation among Female Group Members

151

(2)

Example: Worker Experience and Error Rates

153

(1)

NONPARAMETRIC ALTERNATIVES

154

(2)

Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau

154

(1)

Example: Caregiver Attitudes and Longevity of Hospice Patients

155

(1)

USING CORRELATION WITH THREE OR MORE VARIABLES

156

(3)

Partial r

156

(1)

Multiple R

156

(2)

Variations of Multiple R

158

(1)

OTHER MULTIVARIATE TESTS THAT USE CORRELATION

159

(3)

Factor Analysis

160

(2)

Cluster Analysis

162

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

162

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

163

(2)

9 Regression Analyses

165

(24)

WHAT IS PREDICTION?

165

(3)

WHAT IS SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION?

168

(2)

Formulating a Research Question

168

(1)

Limitations of Simple Linear Regression

169

(1)

COMPUTATION OF THE REGRESSION EQUATION

170

(3)

MORE ABOUT THE REGRESSION LINE

173

(4)

The Least-Squares Criterion

174

(1)

The Regression Coefficient (b)

174

(1)

The y-Intercept (a)

175

(1)

Predicted Y (Y')

176

(1)

Interchanging X and Y Variables

177

(1)

INTERPRETING RESULTS

177

(1)

Presentation of Y'

177

(1)

The Standard Error

178

(1)

USING REGRESSION ANALYSES IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

178

(2)

Example: Socializing with Family Members and Life Satisfaction

178

(1)

Example: Worker's Caseload Size and Number of Sick Days Taken

179

(1)

REGRESSION WITH THREE OR MORE VARIABLES

180

(4)

OTHER TYPES OF REGRESSION ANALYSES

184

(3)

Discriminant Analysis

184

(1)

Logistic Regression

185

(2)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

187

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

188

(1)

10 Cross-Tabulation

189

(28)

THE CHI-SQUARE TEST OF ASSOCIATION

189

(15)

Observed Frequencies

191

(2)

Expected Frequencies

193

(2)

Degrees of Freedom

195

(3)

Computation of Chi-Square

198

(1)

Presentation of Chi-Square

199

(1)

Interpreting the Results of a Chi-Square Analysis

199

(1)

Meaningfulness and Sample Size

200

(3)

Reporting the Strength of a Relationship

203

(1)

Restrictions on the Use of Chi-Square

203

(1)

An Alternative to Chi-Square: Fisher's Exact Test

204

(1)

USING CHI-SQUARE IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

204

(4)

Example: Discharge Planning and Readmission

205

(2)

Example: Legislators' Voting Patterns and Tax Issues

207

(1)

CHI-SQUARE WITH THREE OR MORE VARIABLES

208

(3)

Problems with Sizes of Expected Frequencies

210

(1)

Effects of Introducing Additional Variables

210

(1)

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE CHI-SQUARE FORMULA

211

(4)

McNemar's Test

211

(2)

Median Test

213

(2)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

215

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

216

(1)

11 t Tests and Analysis of Variance

217

(30)

THE USE OF t TESTS

218

(1)

THE ONE-SAMPLE t TEST

219

(7)

Determining If a Sample Is Representative

220

(2)

Hypothesis Testing

222

(1)

Presentation of Findings

223

(1)

A Nonparametric Alternative: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

223

(3)

THE DEPENDENT t TEST

226

(3)

Use with Two Connected (or Matched) Samples Measured Once

226

(1)

Use with One Sample Measured Twice

226

(1)

A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Sign Test

227

(2)

THE INDEPENDENT t TEST

229

(13)

Example: Treatment of Marital Problems

231

(2)

Example: Study Guide for the State Merit Exam

233

(2)

Example: Staff Turnover

235

(3)

Nonparametric Alternatives: U and K-S

238

(4)

A MULTIVARIATE ALTERNATIVE TO THE t TESTS: T2

242

(1)

SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ONE-WAY ANOVA)

242

(3)

A Nonparametric Alternative: The Kruskal-Wallis Test

244

(1)

MULTIPLE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

245

(1)

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

245

(1)

STUDY QUESTIONS

246

(1)

Appendix A Using Statistics to Evaluate Practice Effectiveness

247

(13)

EVALUATING PROGRAMS

247

(5)

Needs Assessments and Formative Evaluations

248

(1)

Outcome Evaluations

248

(3)

Statistical Analyses of Program Outcome Data

251

(1)

EVALUATING INDIVIDUAL PRACTITIONER EFFECTIVENESS

252

(8)

Hypothesis Testing in Single System Research

253

(1)

Statistical Analyses of Single System Data

253

(7)

Glossary

260

(17)

Index

277

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistics for Social Workers

Statistics for Social Workers

9780205375981

0205375987

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistics for Social Workers

Statistics for Social Workers

9780205375981

0205375987

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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