Rent 9780205324385 | Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades : A Constructivist Approach | Sunal, Cynthia S.; Haas, Mary Elizabeth @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

/* 2438L-2, Sunal, Cynthia Szymanski, Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades: A Constructivist Approach.*/ Designed to help teachers facilitate students' development into problem solvers and decision makers who take an active role as citizens of the world. The authors provide interviews with exemplary teachers throughout the text help to put a face on the teaching of social studies and offer concrete examples of constructivist instruction. This book demonstrates how to use developmentally appropriate strategies to help students construct important social studies ideas and skills. "Time for Reflection: What do you think?" activities allow the reader to integrate their personal experiences and perspectives with text materials. Drawing upon their combined teaching experience of more than 25 years, the authors illustrate flexible strategies for teaching social studies to today's diverse learners. They provide readers with a structure of the knowledge to be learned, how to help students reconstruct present ideas, and how to translate theory and recent research into lesson plans and units. Readers also receive practical applications of constructivist theory by the numerous classroom scenarios and lesson plans that appear throughout the book. Explanations and examples throughout the text help the reader arrive at more appropriate and accurate conceptions and reflection and the application of these ideas to their teaching. The book supports the reader with many opportunities for reflection on classroom events, analysis of classroom scenarios, consideration of interviews with exemplary social studies teachers, and analysis of classroom-tested lesson plans that focus on all content areas. Designed for elementary and middle school social studies faculty(K-8).

Preface

Meaningful Social Studies and the Student

(20)

Exploratory Introduction

(1)

... MORE

Chapter Overview

(1)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

Social Studies in the Elementary and Middle School

(5)

Education for Active Citizenship

(1)

Social Studies is Essential

(1)

Definition of Social Studies

(1)

Social Studies Curriculum

(3)

Curriculum Patterns in Social Studies

(3)

Planning Powerful Social Studies Lessons

(2)

Summary

(1)

Learning Cycle Making Good Rules

(2)

Teaching for Meaningful Learning in Social Studies

(24)

Exploratory Introduction

(1)

Chapter Overview

(1)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

How is Social Studies Best Taught in Today's Classrooms?

(1)

Applying What We Know About Meaningful Learning to Social Studies Curriculum

(2)

Using Constructivist Theory in Social Studies Instruction

(1)

Using Behavioral Learning Theory in Social Studies Instruction

(1)

An Effective Strategy to Assist Students in Conceptual Change

(2)

Learning Cycle National Memorials and the Display of Power

(6)

Phases of A Learning Cycle Lesson

(5)

Exploratory Introduction

(1)

Development

(2)

Expansion

(2)

Learning Cycle Sequencing Social Studies Instruction

(2)

Choosing Activities Appropriate to Each Phase of the Learning Cycle Lesson

(2)

Elementary Lesson Activity Choices

(1)

Middle Childhood Lesson Activity Choices

(1)

Writing Your Own Learning Cycle Lesson

(1)

Principles of Teaching and Learning That Support the Curriculum Standards for Social Studies

(1)

Summary

(2)

Helping Students Develop Social Studies Inquiry Skills

(34)

Exploratory Introduction

(1)

Chapter Overview

(1)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

Using Inquiry Skills to Develop Students' Social Studies Ideas

(1)

Early Inquiry Skills

(1)

Social Studies Inquiry Skills

(5)

Data-Gathering Skills

(1)

Data-Organizing Skills

(1)

Data-Processing Skills

(1)

Communicating

(1)

Observations, Inferences, and Hypotheses

(6)

Observations

(1)

Inferences

(1)

Hypotheses

(3)

Developing and Using Guiding Hypotheses

(1)

Attitudes and Dispositions Promoting Powerful Social Studies

(3)

Curiosity

(1)

Respect for Evidence

(1)

Reserving Judgment

(1)

Flexibility

(1)

Responsibility to Others and to the Environment

(1)

Values, Morals, and Aesthetics

(1)

Teaching Lessons in Which Students Use Integrative Thinking Skills

(4)

Critical Thinking

(2)

Problem Solving and Decision Making

(1)

Investigating

(1)

Creative Thinking

(1)

Creating an Environment Promoting Student Thinking in Social Studies

(3)

Lesson Characteristics

(1)

Planning Activities to Teach Skills

(1)

Implementing Activities that Teach Inquiry Skills

(3)

Exploratory Introduction of a Skill

(1)

Lesson Development

(1)

Expansion

(2)

Assessing the Use of Inquiry Skills

(2)

Hierarchy of Inquiry Skills

(3)

Summary

(1)

Helping Students Construct Concepts

(29)

Exploratory Introduction

(1)

Chapter Overview

(1)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

Concept Teaching Starts with Reflection and Practice

(1)

Facts as Social Studies Content

(2)

Forming Concepts

(5)

Providing Examples and Nonexamples

(1)

Identifying All Important Characteristics of a Concept

(1)

Differentiating Concepts from Facts

(3)

Types of Concepts

(3)

Interrelationships Among Concepts

(4)

Differences in Complexity and Abstractness of Concepts

(7)

Sensory Concepts

(1)

Concrete Concepts

(1)

Formal Concepts

(1)

Powerful Concept Instruction

100

(3)

Teaching Concepts

103

(1)

Learning Cycle Productive Resources

104

(3)

Concepts through Different Grade Levels

106

(1)

Summary

107

(1)

Helping Students Use Inquiry to Build Generalizations

108

(15)

Exploratory Introduction

108

(1)

Chapter Overview

109

(1)

Chapter Objectives

109

(1)

Development of Generalizations

109

(7)

Defining Generalizations

110

(2)

Distinguishing Generalizations from Facts and Concepts

112

(1)

Using Generalizations to Make Predictions

113

(1)

Types of Generalizations

114

(1)

Teaching Powerful Generalizations

115

(1)

Characteristics of the Exploratory Introduction Phase

116

(2)

Characteristics of the Lesson Development Phase

118

(1)

Characteristics of the Expansion Phase

119

(1)

Formative Evaluation and the Inquiry Process

120

(1)

Inquiry Teaching and the National Standards in Social Studies

121

(1)

Summary

122

(1)

Using Instructional Strategies That Help Students Learn

123

(36)

Exploratory Introduction

123

(1)

Chapter Overview

124

(1)

Chapter Objectives

124

(1)

Becoming an Effective Planner of a Social Studies Program

125

(4)

Teaching Dimensions That Support Meaningful Learning

125

(1)

Teaching Strategies That Support Meaningful Learning

126

(3)

A Continuum of Knowledge and Instruction

129

(2)

Matching Instructional Strategies to Student Needs

131

(3)

Expository, or Direct, Instructional Methods

132

(1)

Guided Discovery Instructional Methods

132

(1)

Inquiry and Problem Solving/Decision Making Instructional Methods

133

(1)

Matching Types of Instructional Activities to Each Phase of the Lesson

134

(20)

Useful Instructional Activities for the Exploratory Introduction Phase

136

(1)

Useful Instructional Activities for the Lesson Development Phase

137

(16)

Useful Instructional Activities for the Expansion Phase

153

(1)

Powerful Instructional Procedures: An Overview

153

(1)

Classroom Management Strategies for Powerful Social Studies

154

(3)

Advanced Planning

154

(1)

Giving Directions

154

(1)

Distributing Materials

154

(1)

Organized Beginning

155

(1)

Grouping Students

155

(1)

Using Classroom Rules

156

(1)

Lesson Smoothness

156

(1)

Being a Facilitator

156

(1)

Using Action Research to Create More Effective Instruction

157

(1)

Summary

158

(1)

Helping Students Relate to Individuals and Communities

159

(34)

Exploratory Introduction

159

(1)

Chapter Overview

160

(1)

Chapter Objectives

161

(1)

Respect For Students and for Oneself as a Teacher

161

(2)

The Classroom Environment

161

(1)

Curriculum

162

(1)

Learning Cycle Sharing and Negotiation

163

(5)

Areas Affecting the Development of Self-Concept

168

(7)

Independence

168

(1)

Jealousy

169

(1)

Fears

170

(1)

Aggressive Feelings and Conflict Resolution

171

(2)

Friendship

173

(2)

Self-Esteem

175

(1)

Values and Moral Education

175

(12)

Three Aspects of Morality

175

(1)

Moral Development Theories

176

(3)

Facilitating Moral Behavior

179

(1)

Teaching Approaches in Values Education

179

(8)

Attitudes

187

(5)

Curiosity

189

(1)

Open-Mindedness

190

(1)

Perseverance

190

(1)

Willingness to Consider Conflicting Evidence

190

(1)

Reserving Judgment

190

(1)

Flexibility

190

(1)

Critical Thinking

191

(1)

Responsibility to Others and Their Culture

191

(1)

Summary

192

(1)

Helping Students Become Citizens in a Democratic Society in an Ever More Interdependent World

193

(37)

Exploratory Introduction

193

(1)

Chapter Overview

194

(1)

Chapter Objectives

195

(1)

Defining Citizenship in a Democratic Society

195

(2)

Developing Political Awareness

197

(2)

Citizenship and Standards

199

(1)

Key Concepts and Values

200

(3)

Learning Cycle Voting is a Way to Make Decisions

203

(6)

Assessing Civic Education in U.S. Schools

209

(1)

Resources for Citizenship Education

210

(1)

Interview with a Teacher: Emily Wood

210

(3)

Media Resources

213

(3)

Law-Related Education

216

(2)

Learning Cycle Presidential Oath

218

(3)

Participating in Democracy

221

(8)

School-Based Community Service Projects

223

(2)

Participation in Student Government

225

(1)

Political Participation

226

(1)

The U.S. Citizen and International Concerns

227

(2)

Summary

229

(1)

Helping All Students Experience Meaningful Social Studies

230

(20)

Exploratory Introduction

230

(1)

Chapter Overview

231

(1)

Chapter Objectives

231

(1)

Meaningful Social Studies for All Students

232

(1)

Interview

232

(1)

Social Studies Education for Students with Disabilities

233

(10)

General Instructional Strategies for Inclusive Classrooms

234

(2)

General Curriculum Adaptation for Inclusive Classrooms

236

(5)

Factors to Be Considered in Adapting Social Studies Curricula and Instruction

241

(2)

Social Studies Education in a Culturally Diverse Society

243

(4)

Sample Strategies for Multicultural Social Studies

244

(2)

Role Models and Relevancy

246

(1)

Culture and Gender Differences in Student-Teacher Interactions

247

(1)

Assessment of Social Studies Learning for all Students

248

(1)

Summary

249

(1)

Helping Students Interpret History

250

(39)

Exploratory Introduction

250

(1)

Chapter Overview

251

(1)

Chapter Objectives

251

(1)

Definition of History

252

(1)

History in Schools

253

(2)

Learning Cycle The First Thanksgiving in the United States

255

(3)

Standards for History

258

(7)

Benefits of Studying History

265

(4)

Students and the Learning of History

269

(1)

Using Timelines to Develop Chronology

270

(2)

Resources for Teaching History

272

(4)

Locating and Using Historical Resources

272

(1)

People as Resources

272

(1)

Artifacts and Museums

273

(1)

The Community as a Resource

273

(2)

Documents as Resources

275

(1)

Diaries, Letters, and Pictures as Resources

275

(1)

Learning Cycle Skills in Picture Analysis

276

(3)

Visual Literacy and History

279

(2)

Reenactments and Drama

281

(1)

Biographies and Historical Literature

282

(2)

Internet and Computer Resources

284

(3)

Expanding Your Skills in History

287

(1)

Summary

287

(2)

Helping Students Interpret the Earth and Its People through Geography

289

(38)

Exploratory Introduction

289

(1)

Chapter Overview

289

(1)

Chapter Objectives

290

(1)

Interview With Billy Fitzhugh, a Second-Grade Teacher

290

(3)

Defining Geography

293

(1)

Standards for Geographic Education

294

(4)

Geography and the National Social Studies Standards

294

(1)

Geography Education Standards and the Six Elements of Geography Education

294

(1)

The Five Themes of Geography

295

(3)

Learning Cycle People Change Their Environments

298

(3)

Resources for Teaching Geography

301

(1)

Developing Geographic Concepts, Generalizations and Skills

302

(10)

Research Findings on Geographic Education

308

(3)

Research on Map and Globe Skills

311

(1)

Helping Students Learn and Use Map and Globe Skills

312

(7)

Shapes and Patterns

314

(1)

Symbols

315

(1)

Direction

316

(1)

Distance

316

(1)

Grid Systems

317

(1)

Reading and Maps

317

(2)

Learning Cycle Latitude and Longitude

319

(7)

Summary

326

(1)

Helping Students Make Economic Decisions

327

(33)

Exploratory Introduction

327

(1)

Chapter Overview

327

(1)

Chapter Objectives

328

(1)

Economic Literacy

328

(1)

Interview with Nancy Braden About Teaching Economics

329

(2)

Defining Economics

331

(1)

National Social Studies Standards Related To Economics

332

(1)

Voluntary National Standards in Economics

333

(4)

Economics Concepts and Values

337

(4)

Microeconomic Concepts

337

(2)

Macroeconomic Concepts

339

(1)

International Economics Concepts

340

(1)

Measurement Concepts and Methods

340

(1)

Learning Cycle Economic Interdependence

341

(4)

Economic Decision-Making Skills

345

(3)

Economic Goals and Values

348

(2)

Children and the Learning of Economics

350

(1)

Approaches to Teaching Economics

351

(3)

Learning Cycle Advertisements and Making Good Choices

354

(4)

Resources for Teaching Economics

358

(1)

Summary

359

(1)

Helping Students Learn through Multiple Assessments and Evaluation

360

(27)

Exploratory Introduction

360

(3)

Chapter Overview

363

(1)

Chapter Objectives

364

(1)

Assessing and Evaluating Social Studies Learning

364

(14)

Times When Evaluation and Assessment Are Needed

365

(1)

Guiding Principles for Assessment and Evaluation

366

(1)

Assessment and Evaluation beyond Testing

367

(11)

Interview with Mark High as He Describes How He Uses Assessments to Help Improve Instruction

378

(4)

Individual Needs

382

(1)

Modes of Assessment

383

(2)

Action Research Classroom Assessment for Reform

385

(1)

Summary

386

(1)

Planning Units of Various Lengths and Formats

387

(25)

Exploratory Introduction

387

(1)

Chapter Overview

387

(1)

Chapter Objectives

388

(1)

Planning the Appropriate Focus for Social Studies Units

389

(4)

Descriptive-Focused Units

390

(1)

Thinking Skills-Focused Units

390

(2)

Conceptual and Thinking Skills-Focused Units

392

(1)

Units That Integrate School Subjects

393

(6)

Theme Units

393

(1)

Issue and Problem-Solving Units

394

(2)

How to Choose Appropriate Topics for Integrated Units

396

(1)

Planning Integrated Units

397

(2)

Developing Integrated Units

399

(11)

Generating Ideas for the Topic of a Unit

400

(1)

Researching the Topic

400

(1)

Developing Focus Questions

401

(1)

Identifying Special Needs among Students and Making Accommodations

401

(1)

Naming the Unit

401

(1)

Developing Intended Learning Outcomes

402

(1)

Categorizing Intended Learning Outcomes

402

(1)

Creating an Idea Web

402

(3)

Developing a Rationale and Goals

405

(1)

Beginning the KWL

405

(1)

Developing Learning Objectives

406

(1)

Developing an Assessment Plan

406

(1)

Developing Lesson Plans

407

(1)

Developing Accommodations for Technology

408

(1)

Implementing the Unit

408

(1)

Evaluating Student Learning

408

(1)

Reflecting on the Unit

409

(1)

Summary

410

(2)

Helping Students Learn Social Studies with Technology

412

(25)

Exploratory Introduction

412

(1)

Chapter Overview

413

(1)

Chapter Objectives

413

(1)

Rationale for Using Technology in Social Studies

414

(1)

Optimal Learning Conditions

415

(1)

Facilitating Social Studies Instruction with Technology

415

(1)

Collaborative Group Efforts and Classroom Environments

415

(2)

Alternative Assessment Tasks

417

(1)

Communication with Parents

417

(1)

Single-Media and Multimedia Resources in Social Studies

417

(8)

Recordings, Commercial Video, and Student-Made Video

418

(1)

Television

419

(1)

Videodiscs

419

(1)

Other Single-Media Resources

420

(1)

Word Processing and Publishing

420

(1)

Simulations, Problem-Solving, and Decision-Making Software

420

(2)

Drill-and-Practice Exercises

422

(1)

Databases and Spreadsheets

422

(1)

Computer Telecommunications and Videoconferencing

423

(1)

Electronic Bulletin Boards

424

(1)

Hypertext/Hypermedia

425

(1)

Interview with Jim Shipp

425

(4)

Commercially Prepared Programs

429

(1)

Internet

429

(3)

Strategies for Incorporating Technology

432

(1)

Special Concerns When Using Technology

433

(3)

Summary

436

(1)

References

437

(14)

Index

451

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Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades : A Constructivist Approach

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