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Criminology

ISBN: 9780205307753 | 0205307752
Edition: 7th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 5/1/2000

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SummaryTable of Contents
A unique conceptual approach presents material in the context of broader topics rather than by types of crime. Criminology retains its unique conceptual approach to its comprehensive coverage of crime and criminals. The text thoroughly examines specific crimes and gives students the tools to analyze the characteristics of these crimes. Conklin looks at these crimes in the context of broader topics, such as socioeconomic sources of crime and the organization of criminal behavior. This distinctive approach offers students a uniquely broad-based perspective and advances their overall understanding of crime.
PART I INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY1(26)
The Study of Crime
2(25)
The Nature of Crime and Delinquency
5(5)
... MORE7(1)
Juvenile Delinquency
8(2)
Social Origins of the Criminal Law
10(5)
Theoretical Perspectives on Crime and the Criminal Law
10(3)
The Social Construction of Crime
13(2)
Strategies of Criminological Research
15(10)
Comparative and Historical Research
15(2)
Biographies
17(1)
Patterns of Crime
18(2)
The Cohort Study
20(2)
Other Strategies of Criminological Research
22(3)
Summary
25(1)
Important Terms
26(1)
Review Questions
26(1)
PART II THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF CRIME27(102)
Measuring Crime
28(29)
The Emergence of Modern Criminology
28(4)
Classical Criminology
29(1)
Cartography
30(1)
Positivism
30(2)
Official Crime Statistics
32(14)
History of Crime Statistics in the United States
33(1)
FBI Crime Statistics
33(1)
Crime Rates
34(6)
Gathering Crime Statistics
40(5)
Using FBI Data for Criminological Research
45(1)
Measuring Criminal Victimization
46(4)
History of Victimization Surveys
46(1)
Comparing NCVS and FBI Data
47(1)
The Dark Figure
48(1)
Methodological Problems with Victimization Surveys
49(1)
Measuring Crime by Self-Reports
50(5)
History of Self-Report Studies
50(1)
The Dark Figure
51(1)
Methodological Problems with Self-Report Studies
51(4)
Summary
55(1)
Important Terms
56(1)
Review Questions
56(1)
Crime and Its Costs
57(32)
Conventional Crimes
59(18)
Crimes of Violence
59(10)
Property Crimes
69(8)
White-Collar Crime
77(6)
Is White-Collar Crime Different?
78(3)
The Costs of White-Collar Crime
81(2)
Organized Crime
83(1)
The Costs of Organized Crime
83(1)
Victimless Crimes
84(3)
Drug Use
84(1)
Gambling
85(1)
Prostitution
86(1)
Summary
87(1)
Important Terms
88(1)
Review Questions
88(1)
Dimensions of Crime
89(40)
Cross-National Variations in Crime Rates
90(2)
Regional Variations in Crime Rates Within the United States
92(1)
Variations in Crime Rates by Community
93(6)
Crime within Metropolitan Areas
93(4)
Migration and Crime
97(2)
Temporal Variations in Crime Rates
99(4)
Seasonal Variations in Crime Rates
99(1)
Annual Trends in Crime Rates
100(3)
Variations in Crime Rates by Sex
103(5)
Sex and Juvenile Delinquency
104(1)
Sex and Crime
105(2)
Sex and Victimization
107(1)
Variations in Crime Rates by Age
108(6)
Age-Specific Arrest Rates
109(2)
Age Distribution and Crime Rates
111(3)
Age and Victimization
114(1)
Variations in Crime Rates by Race
114(9)
Crime Rates and the Racial Composition of Communities
115(1)
Race, Arrest Statistics, and Self-Report Studies
116(3)
Race, Crime, and Background Variables
119(1)
Race and Victimization
119(2)
Victim-Offender Relationships and Race
121(2)
Variations in Crime Rates by Social Class
123(3)
Social Class and Adult Crime
123(1)
Social Class and Juvenile Delinquency
124(1)
Methodological Problems
125(1)
Social Class and Victimization
126(1)
Summary
126(2)
Important Terms
128(1)
Review Questions
128(1)
PART III THE CAUSES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR129(260)
Biological and Psychological Explanations of Crime
131(37)
Biological Explanations of Crime
131(16)
History of the Biological Perspective on Crime
132(2)
Modern Biological Research on Crime
134(10)
Biology and Modern Criminology
144(3)
Psychological Explanations of Crime
147(18)
Intelligence and Crime
147(3)
Personality Characteristics
150(9)
Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders
159(2)
Psychology and Variations in Crime Rates
161(1)
Psychology and the Criminal Law
162(3)
Summary
165(2)
Important Terms
167(1)
Review Questions
167(1)
Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Crime
168(47)
Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of White-Collar Crime
169(9)
Free Enterprise: Profits and Competition
169(3)
Market Structure and Crime
172(1)
Trust and Credit
173(1)
Corporations and Crime
174(1)
Development of New Technology
175(3)
Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Organized Crime
178(3)
Prohibition and Organized Crime
178(1)
Organized Crime after Prohibition
178(3)
Organized Crime and the Economic System
181(1)
Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Conventional Crime
181(22)
Modernization and Crime
181(2)
Opportunity and the Economy
183(1)
Unemployment and Crime
184(3)
Relative Deprivation and Crime
187(1)
Anomie, Strain, and Crime
188(6)
Differential Opportunity and Delinquency
194(2)
Social Class, Values, and Delinquency
196(3)
The Subculture of Violence
199(4)
Gender, Crime, and Feminist Criminology
203(8)
The Generalizability Problem
204(1)
The Gender Ratio Problem
204(2)
Gender Socialization
206(1)
Doing Gender
207(2)
Power-Control Theory
209(1)
Women as Victims, Women as Resisters
210(1)
Social, Cultural, and Economic Factors and Variations in Crime Rates
211(1)
Summary
212(2)
Important Terms
214(1)
Review Questions
214(1)
Social Control and Commitment to the Law
215(42)
Neutralizing the Law
215(13)
Drift
216(1)
Delinquent, Dominant, and Subterranean Values
216(1)
Techniques of Neutralization
217(7)
Evidence on Techniques of Neutralization
224(3)
Critque of Neutralization Theory
227(1)
Social Control Theory
228(25)
The Family
230(1)
The School
231(1)
The Peer Group
232(1)
Conventional Lines of Action and Adult Activities
232(1)
Evidence on Social Control Theory
233(18)
Critique of Social Control Theory
251(2)
Techniques of Neutralization, Social Control Theory, and Variations in Crime Rates
253(1)
Summary
254(1)
Important Terms
255(1)
Review Questions
256(1)
Learning to Commit Crime
257(44)
Sources of Learning to Commit Crime
258(11)
The Community
258(1)
The Peer Group
258(1)
The General Culture
259(1)
The Media
259(5)
Sports
264(3)
Pornography
267(1)
Correctional Institutions
268(1)
Differential Association Theory
269(11)
Critique of Differential Association Theory
272(2)
Evidence on Differential Association Theory
274(6)
The Labeling Perspective
280(7)
Labeling and Self-Concepts
281(4)
Labeling and Opportunities
285(1)
Labeling and Subcultures
286(1)
Critique of the Labeling Perspective
287(1)
Rewards and Risks of Crime
287(10)
Reward-Risk Models of Criminal Behavior
288(3)
The Rewards and Risks of Crime
291(6)
Critique of Reward-Risk Models
297(1)
Learning Theories and Variations in Crime Rates
297(2)
Summary
299(1)
Important Terms
300(1)
Review Questions
300(1)
Opportunities and Facilitating Factors
301(29)
Routine Activities Theory
302(3)
A Critique of Routine Activities Theory
304(1)
Targets of Crime
305(10)
Property Crimes
306(1)
Vulnerability of Victims
307(4)
Victim Precipitation
311(4)
Facilitating Factors: Alcohol, Drugs, and Firearms
315(13)
Alcohol and Crime
315(3)
Drugs and Crime
318(1)
Firearms and Crime
319(9)
Summary
328(1)
Important Terms
329(1)
Review Questions
329(1)
Criminal Careers
330(28)
Theoretical Perspectives on Criminal Careers
331(2)
Analying Criminal Careers
333(5)
Career Contingencies
333(2)
The Labeling Perspective
335(1)
The ``Zigzag Path'': Criminal Careers and Legitimate Pursuits
336(1)
Recruitment into a Criminal Career
336(1)
Typologies of Criminal Careers
337(1)
Delinquent Careers
338(6)
Chronic Offenders
338(2)
Patterns of Delinquent Careers
340(2)
Juvenile Delinquency and Adult Criminal Careers
342(2)
Adult Criminal Careers
344(3)
Career Patterns
344(1)
Planning Crimes
345(1)
Use of the Stolen Money
345(1)
Intensive and Intermittent Career Criminals
346(1)
Leaving a Life of Crime
347(8)
A Model of the Exiting Process
348(1)
Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Professional Thief
349(1)
Reasons for Leaving a Career in Violent Crime
350(1)
Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Drug Dealer or Smuggler
350(2)
Exiting and Theories of Crime Causation
352(2)
Existing and the Correctional System
354(1)
Summary
355(1)
Important Terms
356(1)
Review Questions
357(1)
The Organization of Criminal Behavior
358(31)
The Meaning of Organization
359(2)
Juvenile Gangs
361(5)
The Unorganized Gang
361(2)
The Organized Gang
363(3)
Conventional Crime
366(8)
Professional Theft
366(6)
Drug Smuggling and Dealing
372(2)
Violent Crime
374(1)
Organized Crime
374(11)
The Mafia in the United States
376(5)
Emerging Forms of Organized Crime
381(4)
White-Collar Crime
385(1)
Summary
386(1)
Important Terms
387(1)
Review Questions
387(2)
PART IV REACTION TO CRIME389(151)
Community Reactions to Crime
391(30)
Fear of Crime
392(7)
Consequences of the Fear of Crime
394(5)
Informal Control of Crime
399(7)
Community and Informal Social Control
399(4)
Defensible Space and Informal Social Control
403(3)
Individual Response to Crime
406(5)
Bystander Responses to Crime
407(4)
Collective Response to Crime
411(8)
A Historical and Comparative Perspective
411(3)
Urban Patrol Groups
414(1)
Neighborhood Watches
415(2)
Community Crime-Prevention Strategies
417(2)
Summary
419(1)
Important Terms
420(1)
Review Questions
420(1)
The Criminal Justice System
421(40)
The Police
424(11)
History of the Police
424(1)
Organization of the Police
425(1)
Police Abuses of Authority
425(1)
The Working Personality of the Officer
426(6)
The Clearance Rate
432(3)
Criminal Courts
435(14)
Bail
435(1)
Preventive Detention
436(1)
Prosecutors
436(1)
Defense Attorneys
437(1)
Judges
438(1)
Juries
438(1)
Plea Bargaining
439(1)
Probation
440(1)
Sentence Disparity
441(8)
The Prisons
449(5)
History of Prisons
449(1)
The Prison Population
450(1)
Prison Crowding
450(4)
Parole
454(1)
The Victim in the Criminal Justice System
454(4)
Compensation
456(1)
Restitution
456(1)
The Changing Role of the Victim
457(1)
Summary
458(2)
Important Terms
460(1)
Review Questions
460(1)
Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution, and Rehabilitation
461(51)
Deterrence
461(15)
Assumptions about Behavior
463(1)
Deterrence and Other Effects of Penalties
463(1)
Deterrence and the Criminal Act
464(2)
Deterrence and the Sanctioning Process
466(3)
Deterrence and the Criminal Justice System
469(7)
Incapacitation
476(4)
Selective Incapacitation
477(1)
Career Criminal Programs
478(1)
``Three Strikes and You're Out''
479(1)
Retribution
480(15)
A System of Just Deserts
482(5)
Retribution and the Criminal Justice System
487(8)
Rehabilitation
495(14)
Rehabilitation and the Criminal Justice System
496(2)
Types of Treatment
498(2)
Does Rehabilitation Work?
500(4)
Reaffirming Rehabilitation
504(2)
Reintegrating the Offender into Society
506(2)
The Future of Rehabilitation
508(1)
Summary
509(2)
Important Terms
511(1)
Review Questions
511(1)
Solving the Crime Problem
512(28)
Ideological Approaches to Solving the Crime Problem
512(4)
The Conservative Approach
513(1)
The Liberal Approach
513(1)
The Radical Approach
514(1)
Attitudes toward the Causes and Prevention of Crime
514(2)
The Politics of Crime
516(5)
The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
516(1)
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
517(1)
The 1968 and 1972 Presidential Elections
518(1)
The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
519(1)
The Crime Issue during the Reagan Administration
519(1)
The 1988 Presidential Election and the Bush Administration
520(1)
The 1992 and 1996 Election and the Clinton Administration
520(1)
Crime and the Criminal Justice System
521(8)
Overreach of the Criminal Law
522(1)
The Police
523(2)
The Courts
525(3)
The Prisons
528(1)
Situational Crime Prevention
529(3)
Target Hardening
530(1)
Self-Protective Measures
530(1)
Informal Social Control
531(1)
Community Crime Prevention
531(1)
Dealing with the Causes of Crime
532(6)
Economic Factors
532(2)
The Process of Social Change
534(1)
Political Factors
534(1)
Community Ties
535(1)
The Family
535(1)
The School
536(1)
Discrimination
537(1)
Conclusion
537(1)
Summary
538(1)
Important Terms
539(1)
Review Questions
539(1)
Glossary540(11)
Bibliography551(35)
Name Index586(9)
Subject Index595

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