Rent 9780205292967 | Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology | Hagan, Frank; Hagan, Frank E. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

Frank Hagan's Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology, Fifth Edition, is a classic in its field. The new edition continues the tradition of featuring both standard and contemporary examples of research in criminal justice and criminology. In addition to learning how to do it, students are also exposed to a rich variety of actual research studies.

Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method	p. 1
Scientific Research in Criminal Justice	p. 2
Common Sense and Nonsense	p. 3
Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice?	p. 5
The Emergence of Science and Criminal Justice	p. 6
The Probabilistic Nature of Science	p. 8
Proper Conduct of Critical Inquiry	p. 8
Approaches to Theory and ... MOREMethod in Criminal Justice	p. 9
Merton's "Matthew Effect" in Science	p. 10
The Paradigm Shift in Policing	p. 11
Pure Versus Applied Research	p. 13
The Project on Human Development	p. 16
Crime Analysis: Applied Criminal Justice Research	p. 18
Qualitative and Quantitative Research	p. 19
Researchese: the Language of Research	p. 20
Concepts	p. 20
Operationalization	p. 21
Variables	p. 21
Dependent and Independent Variables	p. 21
Theories/Hypotheses	p. 21
Examples of the Research Process	p. 22
Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders	p. 24
General Steps in Empirical Research in Criminal Justice	p. 24
Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem	p. 25
Problem Formulation: Specification of Research Problem	p. 26
Feminist Perspectives and Research Methods	p. 27
The World Wide Web (WWW)	p. 30
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research	p. 33
Ethical Horror Stories	p. 34
Biomedical Examples	p. 34
Social Science Examples	p. 34
AIDS Research in Africa and Asia: Is It Ethical?	p. 37
Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism	p. 40
Legendary Research Scams	p. 41
The Researcher's Role	p. 42
Research Targets in Criminal Justice	p. 43
Ethics and Professionalism	p. 43
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research	p. 44
History of Federal Regulation of Research	p. 45
The Belmont Report	p. 47
Institutional Review Boards	p. 48
Research Activities Exempt from HHS Review	p. 49
National Institute of Justice's Human Subject Protection Requirements	p. 51
Confidentiality of Criminal Justice Research	p. 52
Codes of Research Ethics of the ACJS and the ASC	p. 53
Ethical Issues in Criminology/Criminal Justice Research	p. 56
Avoid Research That May Harm Respondents	p. 57
Honor Commitments to Respondents and Respect Reciprocity	p. 58
Exercise Objectivity and Professional Integrity in Performing and Reporting Research	p. 58
Protect Confidentiality and Privacy of Respondents	p. 59
Ethical Problems	p. 60
The Brajuha Case (Weinstein Decision)	p. 62
The Ofshe Case	p. 63
The Hutchinson Case	p. 64
Additional Ethical Concerns	p. 66
Avoiding Ethical Problems	p. 67
Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations	p. 70
The Experimental Model	p. 71
Research Design in a Nutshell	p. 72
Causality	p. 72
Resolution of the Causality Problem	p. 72
Rival Causal Factors	p. 74
Validity	p. 75
Internal Factors: Variables Related to Internal Validity	p. 75
History	p. 75
Maturation	p. 76
Testing	p. 77
Instrumentation	p. 77
Statistical Regression	p. 77
Selection Bias	p. 78
Experimental Mortality	p. 78
Selection--Maturation Interaction	p. 79
External Factors: Variables Related to External Validity	p. 79
Testing Effects	p. 79
Selection Bias	p. 80
Reactivity or Awareness of Being Studied	p. 80
Multiple-Treatment Interferences	p. 80
Related Rival Causal Factors	p. 81
Hawthorne Effect	p. 81
Halo Effect	p. 81
Post Hoc Error	p. 81
Placebo Effect	p. 82
Other Rival Causal Factors in Criminal Justice Field Experiments	p. 82
Diffusion of Treatment	p. 83
Compensatory Equalization of Treatment	p. 83
Local History	p. 83
Experimental Designs	p. 84
The Classic Experimental Design	p. 86
Some Criminal Justice Examples of the Classic Experimental Design	p. 86
Candid Camera	p. 86
Scared Straight	p. 86
Community Policing	p. 87
The Kansas City Gun Experiment	p. 89
Other Experimental Designs	p. 88
Posttest-Only Control Group Design	p. 88
Solomon Four-Group Design	p. 91
Preexperimental Designs	p. 92
One-Group Ex Post Facto Design	p. 92
One-Group Before-After Design	p. 93
Two-Group Ex Post Facto Design	p. 93
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs	p. 94
The Cycle of Violence and Victims of Child Abuse	p. 95
Quasi-Experimental Designs	p. 96
Time-Series Designs	p. 96
Multiple Interrupted Time-Series Designs	p. 96
Counterbalanced Designs	p. 99
Some Other Criminal Justice Examples of Variations of the Experimental Model	p. 99
The Provo and Silverlake Experiments	p. 99
Evaluations of Shock Incarceration	p. 101
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment	p. 102
The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment	p. 103
The Experiment As a Data-Gathering Strategy	p. 104
Advantages of Experiments	p. 105
Disadvantages of Experiments	p. 105
An Introduction to Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies and the Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports	p. 109
Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies	p. 110
Social Surveys	p. 111
Participant Observation	p. 112
Life History and Case Studies	p. 113
Unobtrusive Measures	p. 113
Applied Research: Geographic Information Systems (GIS)	p. 114
The Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports	p. 115
The Crime Index	p. 116
Crime Rate	p. 117
Cautions in the Use of UCR Data	p. 119
Factors Affecting the UCR	p. 119
Related UCR Issues	p. 121
The Crime Dip	p. 122
UCR Redesign	p. 124
National Incident-Based Reporting System	p. 124
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)	p. 125
NIBRS versus UCR	p. 127
Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires	p. 132
Types of Sampling	p. 133
Probability Samples	p. 133
Nonprobability Samples	p. 138
Crime Profiling	p. 142
Sample Size	p. 144
Survey Research	p. 144
Some Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction	p. 146
Questionnaire Wording	p. 147
Pretest	p. 151
Organization of the Questionnaire	p. 151
Mail Surveys	p. 152
Advantages of Mail Surveys	p. 153
Disadvantages of Mail Surveys	p. 154
Ways of Eliminating Disadvantages in Mail Surveys	p. 154
Follow-up	p. 155
Offering Remuneration	p. 156
Attractive Format	p. 156
Sponsorship and Endorsements	p. 157
Personalization	p. 157
Shortened Format	p. 158
Good Timing	p. 158
Self-Reported Measures of Crime	p. 159
Some Problems With Self-Report Surveys	p. 162
Strengths of Self-Report Surveys	p. 163
Reliability	p. 163
Validity	p. 163
Use of Other Data	p. 164
Use of Other Observers	p. 164
Use of Polygraph	p. 164
"Known Group" Validation	p. 164
Use of Lie Scales	p. 165
Measures of Internal Consistency	p. 166
Use of Interviews	p. 166
Internet Surveys	p. 166
Advantages of Internet Surveys	p. 167
Disadvantages of Internet Surveys	p. 167
Procedures in Internet Surveys	p. 167
Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys	p. 171
Types of Interviews	p. 172
Advantages of Interviews	p. 174
Disadvantages of Interviews	p. 175
Interviewing Aids and Variations	p. 175
Public Opinion Polls	p. 176
General Procedures in Interviews	p. 178
Training and Orientation Session	p. 178
Arranging the Interview	p. 178
Demeanor of Interviewer	p. 179
Administration of the Structured Interview	p. 179
Probing	p. 180
The Exit	p. 180
Recording the Interview	p. 181
Telephone Surveys	p. 182
Advantages and Prospects of Telephone Surveys	p. 182
Disadvantages of Telephone Surveys	p. 183
Computers in Survey Research	p. 184
Random Digit Dialing	p. 185
Techniques Employed in Telephone Surveys	p. 186
Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice	p. 187
National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 188
Sampling	p. 188
Panel Design	p. 189
A Comparison of UCR, Ncvs, and Self-Report Data	p. 190
Some Problems in Victim Surveys	p. 192
Cost of Large Samples	p. 192
False Reports	p. 192
Mistaken Reporting	p. 193
Poor Memory	p. 193
Telescoping	p. 193
Sampling Bias	p. 193
Overreporting and Underreporting	p. 194
Interviewer Effects	p. 194
Coding Unreliability and Mechanical Error	p. 195
Problems Measuring Certain Crimes	p. 195
Benefits of Victim Surveys	p. 195
A Defense of Victim Surveys	p. 196
Controlling for Error in Victim Surveys	p. 196
Bounding	p. 196
Reverse Record Checks	p. 197
Victim Surveys: A Balanced View	p. 197
Community Crime Victimization Survey Software	p. 198
Redesign of the National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 198
The Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 199
Participant Observation and Case Studies	p. 206
A Critique of Experiments and Surveys	p. 207
Verbal Reports versus Behavior	p. 207
A Defense of Quantitative Research	p. 209
Participant Observation	p. 209
Types of Participant Observation	p. 211
Characteristics of Participant Observation	p. 212
Objectivity in Research	p. 213
"Going Native"	p. 214
General Procedures in Participant Observation	p. 215
Field Notes	p. 215
Mnemonics	p. 216
Caution in Use of Other Recording Methods	p. 216
Tips on Participant Observation	p. 217
Gaining Access	p. 217
American Skinheads	p. 219
Gatekeepers	p. 220
Announcement of Intentions	p. 220
Sampling	p. 220
Reciprocity and Protection of Identity	p. 221
Concern for Accuracy	p. 222
Examples of Participant Observation	p. 222
Islands in the Streets	p. 223
This Thing of Darkness: A Participant Observation Study of Idaho Christian Patriots	p. 225
Advantages of Participant Observation	p. 225
Disadvantages of Participant Observation	p. 226
Case Studies	p. 227
Life History/Oral History	p. 227
Some Examples of Case Studies	p. 228
Journalistic Field Studies	p. 228
Single-Subject Designs	p. 229
Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics	p. 233
Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods	p. 234
Physical Trace Analysis	p. 235
Use of Available Data and Archives	p. 236
Secondary Analysis	p. 237
Personal Documents and Biographies	p. 237
Examples of Secondary Analysis	p. 240
Automated Pin Mapping: Applied Criminal Justice Research Using GIS for Crime Analysis	p. 242
Street Gang Crime in Chicago	p. 244
Limitations of Official Data	p. 246
Measuring Hidden Populations	p. 246
Historical and Archival Data	p. 247
Content Analysis	p. 248
Content Analysis by Computer	p. 251
Meta-Analysis	p. 251
Applied Criminal Justice Research: Hotspot Analysis	p. 253
Sources of Existing Data	p. 254
X-Files at the Federal Bureau of Investigation	p. 256
National Archive of Criminal Justice Data	p. 258
Observation	p. 259
Disguised Observation	p. 262
Simulations	p. 265
Advantages of Unobtrusive Measures	p. 267
Disadvantages of Unobtrusive Measures	p. 268
Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies	p. 271
Error in Research	p. 271
Reasons for Lack of Validation Studies in Criminal Justice	p. 273
Ways of Determining Validity	p. 274
Face Validity	p. 274
Content Validity	p. 275
Construct Validity	p. 276
Pragmatic Validity	p. 276
Convergent-Discriminant Validation/Triangulation	p. 277
Reliability	p. 280
Test-Retest	p. 281
Multiple Forms	p. 281
Split-Half Technique	p. 282
Mythical Numbers	p. 282
Phantom Army of Addicts	p. 282
Adam (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program)	p. 283
Adam	p. 284
Other Examples of Research Validation	p. 286
Scaling and Index Construction	p. 290
Levels of Measurement	p. 290
Score Yourself General Attitude/Knowledge Survey	p. 293
Scaling Procedures	p. 294
Arbitrary Scales	p. 295
The Uniform Crime Report as an Arbitrary Scale	p. 296
Attitude Scales	p. 297
Thurstone Scales	p. 297
Likert Scales	p. 298
Guttman Scales	p. 301
Other Scaling Procedures	p. 305
Q Sort	p. 305
Semantic Differential	p. 305
Other Variations	p. 307
Crime Seriousness Scales	p. 308
Sellin-Wolfgang Index	p. 309
Types of Crime Seriousness Scales	p. 309
Prediction Scales	p. 311
The Salient Factor Score	p. 312
Greenwood's "Rand Seven-Factor Index"	p. 312
Career Criminal Programs	p. 314
Advantages of Scales	p. 315
Disadvantages of Scales	p. 315
Data Analysis: Coding, Tabulation, and Simple Data Presentation	p. 318
Variables List	p. 319
Computers	p. 320
Data Management	p. 321
Editing	p. 321
Coding	p. 322
Coder Monitoring	p. 325
Keyboard Entry	p. 326
Data Verification	p. 326
Simple Data Presentation	p. 326
Rates	p. 328
Proportions	p. 329
Percentages	p. 329
Ratios	p. 330
The Frequency Distribution	p. 330
Graphic Presentations	p. 331
Pie Charts	p. 332
Bar Graphs	p. 333
Frequency Polygons (Line Charts)	p. 334
Crime Clocks	p. 335
Table Reading	p. 338
Why Bother with Tables?	p. 338
What to Look for in a Table	p. 338
Steps in Reading a Table	p. 338
Summary of Table 11.3	p. 339
How to Construct Tables	p. 342
Presentation of Complex Data	p. 342
General Rules for Percentaging a Table	p. 342
Improper Percentaging	p. 347
Elaboration	p. 347
Lying with Statistics	p. 349
Data Analysis: A User's Guide to Statistics	p. 353
Why Study Statistics?	p. 354
Types of Statistics	p. 355
Measures of Central Tendency for a Simple Distribution	p. 356
Mode	p. 356
Median	p. 356
Mean	p. 357
Measures of Dispersion	p. 358
Range	p. 360
Standard Deviation ([sigma])	p. 360
Standard Deviation Units (Z Scores)	p. 363
Chi-Square (X[superscript 2])	p. 365
Calculation of Chi-Square	p. 366
Cautions	p. 368
Chi-Square-Based Measures of Association	p. 368
Phi Coefficient ([phi]) and Phi-Square ([phi superscript 2])	p. 369
Contingency Coefficient (C)	p. 369
Cramer's V	p. 369
Nature and Types of Statistics	p. 369
Nonparametric Statistics	p. 370
Null Hypothesis	p. 370
Tests of Significance	p. 371
The t Test (Difference of Means Test)	p. 372
Types of t Tests	p. 373
Anova (Analysis of Variance)	p. 375
Calculation of ANOVA	p. 376
Other Measures of Relationship	p. 378
The Concept of Relationship	p. 378
Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r)	p. 379
Interpretation of Pearson's r	p. 379
Calculation of Pearson's r	p. 380
Statistical Significance of Pearson's r	p. 381
Regression	p. 382
Ordinal Level Measures of Relationship	p. 383
Spearman's Rho (r[subscript s])	p. 383
Interpretation of Rho	p. 385
Gamma	p. 385
Multivariate Analysis	p. 388
Partial Correlation	p. 388
Multiple Correlation and Regression	p. 389
Statistical Software	p. 390
Caveat Emptor	p. 391
The Ecological Fallacy	p. 392
Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research	p. 396
Policy Analysis	p. 397
Evaluation Research	p. 398
Policy Experiments	p. 399
Policy Analysis: The Case of the National Institute of Justice Research Program	p. 400
NIJ Mission Statement	p. 400
NIJ Research Priorities	p. 401
A Systems Model of Evaluation Research	p. 402
Types of Evaluation Research	p. 403
Will the Findings Be Used?	p. 405
Is the Project Evaluable?	p. 405
Who Can Do This Work?	p. 407
Steps in Evaluation Research	p. 407
Problem Formulation	p. 408
Design of Instruments	p. 408
Research Design	p. 409
Data Collection	p. 410
Data Analysis	p. 410
Utilization	p. 411
What Works in Criminal Justice?	p. 412
Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising	p. 413
Obstacles to Evaluation Research	p. 415
Researchers and Host Agencies	p. 416
How to Write the Research Report	p. 418
Table of Random Numbers	p. 423
Statistics: An Addendum to Chapter 12	p. 425
Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data	p. 425
Standard Deviations for Grouped Data	p. 427
Raw Score Approach	p. 428
Deviation Score Approach	p. 429
Calculation of Anova	p. 430
Regression Calculations	p. 431
A Test of Significance for Gamma	p. 432
Answers to Pop Quizzes in Chapter 12	p. 433
Normal Curve Areas	p. 438
Distribution of Chi-Square (X[superscript 2])	p. 443
Proposal Writing and Evaluation	p. 444
Proposal Writing	p. 444
Funding Agencies	p. 444
Grantsmanship	p. 444
Basic Elements of a Proposal	p. 445
NIJ Proposal Format and Content	p. 450
Evaluation of Research Proposals	p. 452
NIJ Evaluation of Proposals	p. 453
References	p. 454
Glossary	p. 490
Name Index	p. 495
Subject Index	p. 502
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