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Gender : Psychological Perspectives

ISBN: 9780205275892 | 0205275893
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 7/1/1998

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SummaryTable of Contents
A balanced picture of gender from a psychological perspective. Research-based, offering critical analysis of research findings in field of gender. Headlines from newspapers and magazines capture relevant current interest stories. Two new chapters- Ch. 12 discusses employment differences between men and women; and Ch. 13 discusses balancing careers and family.
"Gender: Psychological Perspectives examines the behavior, biology, and social context in which both women and men function. "This text examines the topic of ... MORE
Prefacexi
1 The Study of Gender
1(19)
Headline: "Sizing Up the Sexes," Time, January 20, 1992
1(2)
... MORE
History of the Study of Sex Differences in Psychology
3(9)
The Study of Individual Differences
4(1)
Psychoanalysis
5(2)
Development of Women's Studies
7(2)
The Appearance of the Men's Movement
9(3)
Sex or Gender?
12(1)
Should Psychologists Study Gender?
13(2)
Psychology and Gender Research
15(3)
Different Approaches to Gender Research
15(2)
Gender in the Headlines
17(1)
Summary
18(1)
Glossary
18(1)
Suggested Readings
19(1)
2 Researching Sex and Gender
20(25)
Headline: "The Science Wars," Newsweek, April 21, 1997
20(1)
How Science Developed
21(2)
Methods and What They Reveal
23(16)
Descriptive Methods
24(1)
Naturalistic Observation
24(2)
Surveys
26(1)
Correlational Studies
27(1)
Experimental Designs
28(1)
Ex Post Facto Studies
29(3)
Qualitative Research
32(2)
Limitations on Gender Research
34(5)
Criticisms of Science
39(1)
Methodologies for the Study of Gender
40(3)
Summary
43(1)
Glossary
43(1)
Suggested Readings
44(1)
3 Hormones and Chromosomes
45(28)
Headlines: "Aggression in Men: Hormone Levels Are a Key," New York Times, July 17, 1990
45(1)
"PMS: Is It for Real?" Cosmopolitan, April 1995
45(1)
The Endocrine System and Steroid Hormones
46(2)
Stages of Differences between the Sexes
48(1)
Sexual Differentiation
48(12)
Development of Male and Female Physiology
49(1)
The Reproductive Organs
49(1)
The Nervous System
50(3)
Changes during Puberty
53(3)
When Things Go Wrong
56(1)
Abnormalities in Number of Chromosomes
57(1)
Abnormalities in Prenatal Hormones
58(2)
Hormones and Behavior Instability
60(10)
Premenstrual Syndrome
61(4)
Testosterone and Aggression
65(5)
Summary
70(1)
Glossary
71(1)
Suggested Readings
72(1)
4 The Brain
73(16)
Headline: "Gray Matters," Newsweek, March 27, 1995
73(1)
The Brain and the Nervous System
74(1)
The Brain and Sex
74(12)
Structural Differences
75(1)
The Cerebral Hemispheres and Lateralization
75(4)
Gender Differences in Lateralization
79(3)
Other Gender Differences in Brain Structure
82(2)
Functional Differences
84(2)
What Brain Differences Might Mean
86(1)
Summary
87(1)
Glossary
88(1)
Suggested Readings
88(1)
5 Intelligence and Mental Abilities
89(25)
Headline: "The Great Debate: Gender Differences," Current Health 2, December 1995
89(1)
Mental Abilities
90(17)
Verbal Abilities
91(3)
Mathematical and Quantitative Abilities
94(5)
Spatial Abilities
99(4)
Other Mental Abilities
103(4)
Implications of Gender-Related Differences
107(2)
Source of the Differences
109(3)
Summary
112(1)
Glossary
113(1)
Suggested Readings
113(1)
6 Gender Development I: The Psychoanalytic Approach
114(25)
Headline: "Sex and Morality," Omni, May 1985
114(1)
The Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality
115(15)
Freud's Theory of Personality
115(1)
Basic Concepts
116(3)
Moral Development
119(1)
Freud and Women
119(1)
Horney's Theory of Personality
120(3)
Women, Men, and Psychoanalytic Theory
123(1)
Effects of Freud's Abandonment of the Seduction Theory
124(2)
Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality Development
126(4)
Feminist Standpoint Theory: A Different Voice
130(6)
Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
130(4)
The Maximalist Approach and Its Implications
134(2)
Summary
136(1)
Glossary
137(1)
Suggested Readings
138(1)
7 Gender Development II: Social Theories
139(25)
Headline: "Sexist Piglets: Studies Show That Sex-Stereotyping Is Part of Childhood," Parents' Magazine, December 1983
139(1)
Social Learning Theory
140(4)
Cognitive Developmental Theory
144(3)
Gender Schema Theory
147(4)
Gender Script Theory
151(1)
Developing Gender Identity
152(9)
During Childhood
153(1)
The Sequence of Development
154(2)
Differences between Girls and Boys
156(1)
During Adolescence and Adulthood
157(3)
Which Theory Best Explains the Data?
160(1)
Summary
161(1)
Glossary
162(1)
Suggested Readings
162(2)
8 Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity
164(25)
Headline: "The Gender Trap," Ms. Magazine, November/December 1994
164(1)
From Gender Roles to Gender Stereotypes
165(16)
Stereotypes of Women and Men
165(1)
The Cult of True Womanhood
166(1)
Masculinities
167(1)
Development of Stereotypes
168(3)
Perceptions of Women and Men
171(5)
Stereotypes about and across Cultures
176(3)
Function of Stereotyping
179(2)
Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny
181(6)
Summary
187(1)
Glossary
188(1)
Suggested Readings
188(1)
9 Emotion
189(29)
Headline: "Big Fat Lies about Men," Mademoiselle, August 1996
189(1)
Physiological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Aspects
190(1)
Gender and the Experience of Emotion
191(23)
The Myth of Maternal Instinct
194(1)
Maternal Deprivation and Its Consequences for Nurturing
195(2)
Attachment
197(1)
Gender and Caring for Children
198(3)
Prominence of Male Aggression
201(1)
Anger and Aggression
202(1)
Developmental Gender Differences in Aggression
203(3)
Gender Differences in Aggression during Adulthood
206(8)
Expressivity and Emotion
214(1)
Summary
215(2)
Glossary
217(1)
Suggested Readings
217(1)
10 Relationships
218(33)
Headline: "Why Are His Feelings My Responsibility?" Woman's Day, July 18, 1995
218(2)
Friendships
220(7)
Development of Styles
220(3)
Friendships over the Life Span
223(3)
Flexibility of Styles
226(1)
Love Relationships
227(17)
Dating
229(2)
Marriage and Committed Relationships
231(2)
Concepts of Love and Marriage
233(1)
Communication between Partners
234(1)
Division of Household Labor
235(3)
Power and Conflict
238(3)
Stability of Relationships
241(3)
Dissolving Relationships
244(4)
Summary
248(1)
Glossary
249(1)
Suggested Readings
249(2)
11 Sexuality
251(38)
Headline: "In the Dark," Men's Health, December 1995
251(1)
The Study of Sexuality
251(12)
Sex Surveys
252(1)
The Kinsey Surveys
253(3)
Hunt's Playboy Foundation Survey
256(1)
The National Opinion Research Council Survey
257(1)
Gender Differences (and Similarities) in Sexual Attitudes and Behavior
258(1)
Masters and Johnson's Approach
259(4)
Childhood Sexuality: Exploration and Abuse
263(5)
Heterosexuality
268(9)
During Adolescence
268(4)
During Adulthood
272(5)
Homosexuality
277(8)
During Adolescence
281(1)
During Adulthood
282(3)
Bisexuality
285(1)
Summary
286(2)
Glossary
288(1)
Suggested Readings
288(1)
12 School
289(27)
Headline: "A Room of Their Own," Newsweek, June 24, 1996
289(1)
The School Experience
290(18)
Early School Experience
291(4)
Changes during Junior High
295(1)
High School
296(5)
College and Professional School
301(7)
Achievement
308(5)
Achievement Motivation
308(1)
Fear of Success
308(2)
Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence
310(1)
Attributions for Success and Failure
311(2)
Summary
313(1)
Glossary
314(1)
Suggested Readings
315(1)
13 Careers and Work
316(26)
Headline: "Trouble at the Top: A U.S. Survey Says a `Glass Ceiling' Blocks Women from Corporate Heights," U.S. News & World Report, June 17, 1991
316(1)
Careers
317(13)
Career Expectations and Gender Role Socialization
318(2)
Career Opportunities
320(1)
Discrimination in Hiring
321(2)
Barriers to Career Advancement
323(6)
Balancing Career and Family
329(1)
Gender Issues at Work
330(10)
Gender Segregation on the Job
330(2)
Gender, Communication, and Power in the Workplace
332(3)
Sexual Harassment at Work
335(5)
Summary
340(1)
Glossary
341(1)
Suggested Readings
341(1)
14 Health and Fitness
342(32)
Headline: "Is the Longer Life the Healthier One?" New York Times, June 22, 1997
342(1)
Mortality: No Equal Opportunity
343(11)
Cardiovascular Disease
343(5)
Cancer
348(3)
Violent Deaths
351(3)
The Health Care System
354(9)
Gender Roles and Health Care
354(1)
Gender and Seeking Health Care
354(2)
Gender and Receiving Health Care
356(3)
Reproductive Health
359(4)
Gender, Lifestyle, and Health
363(9)
Eating
364(1)
Body Image
365(2)
Eating Disorders
367(2)
Exercising and Fitness
369(3)
Summary
372(1)
Glossary
373(1)
Suggested Readings
373(1)
15 Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology
374(32)
Headline: "Is It Sadness or Madness?" Newsweek, March 15, 1993
374(2)
Stress and Coping
376(9)
Sources of Stress for Men and Women
376(1)
Family Roles
376(2)
Violence
378(2)
Poverty
380(1)
Discrimination
381(1)
Coping Resources and Strategies
381(1)
Social Support
382(1)
Coping Strategies
383(2)
Diagnoses of Mental Disorders
385(9)
The DSM Classification System
386(2)
Gender Inequity in the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
388(6)
Gender Comparisons in Psychopathology
394(9)
Depression
394(2)
Substance-Related Disorders
396(2)
Anxiety Disorders
398(2)
Other Disorders
400(3)
Summary
403(1)
Glossary
404(1)
Suggested Readings
405(1)
16 Treatment for Mental Disorders
406(32)
Headline: "Sex and Psychotherapy," Newsweek, April 13, 1992
406(1)
Approaches to Therapy
407(9)
Psychoanalysis
407(2)
Humanistic Therapies
409(1)
Cognitive Therapy
410(2)
Behavior Modification
412(1)
Medical Therapies
413(1)
Accusations of Gender Bias in Therapy
414(2)
Gender Issues in Therapy
416(9)
Feminist Therapy
417(1)
Theoretical Orientations of Feminist Therapy
418(1)
Clients of Feminist Therapy
419(3)
Therapy with Men
422(1)
Gender Aware Therapy
423(2)
Sexual Exploitation in Therapy
425(2)
The Self-Help Movement
427(8)
Support Groups
430(2)
Consciousness Raising Groups
432(3)
Summary
435(1)
Glossary
436(1)
Suggested Readings
436(2)
17 How Different?
438(19)
Headline: "A Peace Plan for the Gender Wars," Psychology Today, March/April 1996
438(1)
Multiple Roles Have Become the Rule
439(3)
What Do Women Want? What Do Men Want?
442(7)
Have Women Become More Like Men?
442(4)
Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman?
446(3)
Where Are the Differences?
449(5)
Differences in Ability
450(1)
Differences in Choices
451(3)
Summary
454(1)
Suggested Readings
455(2)
References457(42)
Name Index499(11)
Subject Index510

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