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An Introduction to Theories of Personality

by: Hergenhahn, B. R.; Olson, Matthew H.

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

by: Hergenhahn, B. R.; Olson, Matthew H.

ISBN 13:
9780138955090
ISBN 10:
0138955093
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/01/1998
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Summary

This widely adopted introduction to theories of personality summarizes the major theories and assumes that the best understanding of personality derives from a variety of viewpoints. Thus, theories representing the psychoanalytic, sociocultural, trait, learning, sociobiological, and existential-humanistic paradigms are offered as different yet equally valid ways of approaching the study of personality.

Preface

xix

What Is Personality?

(19)

Three Concerns of Personality Theory

(1)

Proposed Determinants of Personality

(4)

Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist

(4)

How Do We Find the Answers?

(2)

Science and Personality Theory

(4)

Summary

(1)

Experiential Exercises

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Chapter Highlights

(1)

2 Sigmund Freud

(43)

Biographical Sketch

(2)

Early Influences on Freud's Theory

(6)

Instincts and Their Characteristics

(1)

Divisions of the Mind

(3)

The Id

(1)

The Ego

(1)

The Superego

(2)

Cathexis and Anticathexis

(1)

Anxiety

(1)

Ego-Defense Mechanisms

(4)

Psychosexual Stages of Development

(4)

Summary of Freud's Views on Feminine Psychology

(1)

Tapping the Unconscious Mind

(3)

Freud's View of Religion

(1)

Freud's View of Human Nature

(2)

Modifications of the Freudian Legend

(3)

Evaluation

(2)

Empirical Research

(1)

Criticisms

(1)

Contributions

(1)

Summary

(2)

Experiential Exercises

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Chapter Highlights

(3)

3 Carl Jung

(33)

Biographical Sketch

(1)

Jung's Early Dreams, Visions, and Fantasies

(2)

Jung's Early Professional Life

(2)

Jung's Relationship with Freud

(3)

Libido, Equivalence, Entropy, and Opposites

(1)

Components of the Personality

(3)

Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow, and Self

(3)

Persona

(1)

Anima

(1)

Animus

(1)

Shadow

(1)

Self

(1)

Psychological Types

(3)

Stages of Development

(1)

Life's Goal

(2)

Causality, Teleology, and Synchronicity

(2)

Research Techniques

(2)

Jung's View of Human Nature

(1)

Evaluation

(2)

Empirical Research

(1)

Criticisms

(1)

Contributions

(1)

Summary

(1)

Experiential Exercises

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Chapter Highlights

(2)

4 Alfred Adler

(32)

Biographical Sketch

(3)

Individual Psychology

(1)

Organ Inferiority and Compensation

100

(1)

Feelings of Inferiority

100

(2)

Feelings of Inferiority as Motivational

101

(1)

Striving for Superiority

102

(1)

Vaihinger's Philosophy of "As If"

103

(1)

Fictional Goals and Lifestyles

104

(1)

Social Interest

105

(3)

Mistaken Lifestyles

106

(2)

Creative Self

108

(1)

Safeguarding Strategies

109

(3)

Excuses

109

(1)

Aggression

110

(1)

Distancing

111

(1)

Goal of Psychotherapy

112

(2)

Adler's View of the Unconscious

113

(1)

Methods of Research

114

(3)

Summary of the Differences Between Adler and Freud

117

(1)

Evaluation

117

(5)

Empirical Research

117

(3)

Criticisms

120

(1)

Contributions

121

(1)

Summary

122

(2)

Experiential Exercises

124

(1)

Discussion Questions

124

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

125

(1)

Chapter Highlights

126

(2)

5 Karen Horney

128

(29)

Biographical Sketch

128

(4)

Basic Evil, Hostility, and Anxiety

132

(2)

Adjustments to Basic Anxiety

134

(3)

Moving Toward, Against, or Away from People

136

(1)

Real and Idealized Self

137

(2)

Externalization

139

(1)

Auxiliary Approaches to Artificial Harmony

140

(3)

Blind Spots

141

(1)

Compartmentalization

141

(1)

Rationalization

141

(1)

Excessive Self-Control

142

(1)

Arbitrary Rightness

142

(1)

Elusiveness

142

(1)

Cynicism

142

(1)

Feminine Psychology

143

(2)

Psychotherapy

145

(2)

Goal of Psychotherapy

146

(1)

Self-Analysis

147

(2)

Comparison of Horney and Freud

149

(1)

Early Childhood Experience

149

(1)

Unconscious Motivation

149

(1)

Biological Motivation

149

(1)

Psychotherapy

149

(1)

Is Anatomy Destiny?

150

(1)

Prognosis for Personality Change

150

(1)

Evaluation

150

(2)

Empirical Research

150

(1)

Criticisms

150

(1)

Contributions

151

(1)

Summary

152

(1)

Experiential Exercises

153

(1)

Discussion Questions

154

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

154

(1)

Chapter Highlights

155

(2)

6 Erik H. Erikson

157

(32)

Biographical Sketch

157

(3)

Anatomy and Destiny

160

(4)

Ego Psychology

164

(1)

Epigenetic Principle, Crises, Ritualizations, and Ritualisms

164

(3)

Epigenetic Principle

164

(1)

Crises

165

(1)

Ritualizations and Ritualisms

166

(1)

Eight Stages of Personality Development

167

(10)

1. Infancy: Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust

167

(1)

2. Early Childhood: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

168

(2)

3. Preschool Age: Initiative versus Guilt

170

(1)

4. School Age: Industry versus Inferiority

170

(2)

5. Adolescence: Identity versus Role Confusion

172

(2)

6. Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation

174

(1)

7. Adulthood: Generativity versus Stagnation

175

(1)

8. Old Age: Ego Integrity versus Despair

176

(1)

Goal of Psychotherapy

177

(1)

Comparison of Erikson and Freud

178

(2)

Development

178

(1)

Anatomy as Destiny

178

(1)

Ego Psychology

179

(1)

Unconscious Mind

179

(1)

Dream Analysis

179

(1)

Psychotherapy

180

(1)

Religion

180

(1)

Evaluation

180

(3)

Empirical Research

180

(1)

Criticisms

181

(2)

Contributions

183

(1)

Summary

183

(2)

Experiential Exercises

185

(1)

Discussion Questions

186

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

186

(1)

Chapter Highlights

187

(2)

7 Gordon Allport

189

(36)

Biographical Sketch

189

(4)

What Is Personality?

193

(2)

Dynamic Organization

194

(1)

Psychophysical Systems

194

(1)

Determine

194

(1)

Characteristic Behavior and Thought

194

(1)

Character, Temperament, and Type

195

(1)

Character

195

(1)

Temperament

195

(1)

Type

195

(1)

Criteria for an Adequate Theory of Personality

195

(1)

Allport's Concept of Trait

196

(3)

Traits Are Not Habits

199

(1)

Traits Are Not Attitudes

199

(1)

Types of Traits

199

(2)

Cardinal Dispositions

201

(1)

Central Dispositions

201

(1)

Secondary Dispositions

201

(1)

The Proprium

201

(3)

Conscience

204

(1)

Functional Autonomy

204

(3)

The Healthy, Mature Adult Personality

207

(2)

The Nature of Prejudice

209

(3)

Religion

212

(1)

Extrinsic Religion

212

(1)

Intrinsic Religion

212

(1)

Letters from Jenny

213

(2)

Study of Expressive Behavior and Values

215

(1)

Evaluation

216

(3)

Empirical Research

216

(1)

Criticisms

217

(1)

Contributions

218

(1)

Summary

219

(2)

Experiential Exercises

221

(1)

Discussion Questions

221

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

222

(1)

Chapter Highlights

222

(3)

8 Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck

225

(46)

Biographical Sketches

226

(5)

Raymond B. Cattell

226

(2)

Hans J. Eysenck

228

(3)

Factor Analysis

231

(5)

Nomothetic versus Idiographic Techniques

235

(1)

Taxonomy of Traits

236

(13)

Cattell's Analysis of Traits

236

(8)

Eysenck's Analysis of Traits

244

(1)

Historical Roots of Eysenck's Theory

245

(2)

Biological Bases of Personality

247

(2)

Is Anatomy Destiny?

249

(3)

Personality Development

252

(2)

Cattell's Multiple Influence Approach

252

(1)

Eysenck and Heritable Traits

253

(1)

Psychopathology

254

(1)

Psychotherapy

255

(1)

Contemporary Developments: The Big Five

256

(2)

Have the Big Five Displaced Cattell and Eysenck?

257

(1)

Evaluation

258

(6)

Cattell: Empirical Reserach

259

(1)

Eysenck: Empirical Research

259

(2)

Criticisms

261

(1)

Contributions

262

(2)

Summary

264

(2)

Experiential Exercises

266

(1)

Discussion Questions

267

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

267

(1)

Chapter Highlights

268

(3)

9 B.F. Skinner

271

(35)

Biographical Sketch

271

(4)

Behaviorism

275

(2)

Respondent and Operant Behavior

277

(1)

Operant Conditioning

278

(6)

Acquisition

279

(1)

Shaping

280

(1)

Extinction

281

(1)

Discriminative Operants

282

(1)

Secondary Reinforcement

283

(1)

Chaining

284

(1)

Verbal Behavior

285

(1)

Reinforcement Schedules

286

(1)

Superstitious Behavior

287

(1)

Reinforcement Contingencies

288

(3)

Positive Reinforcement

288

(1)

Negative Reinforcement

288

(1)

Avoidance

289

(1)

Punishment

289

(2)

Our Biggest Problem

291

(1)

Behavior Disorders and Behavior Therapy

292

(2)

Behavior Disorders

292

(1)

Token Economies

292

(2)

Walden Two

294

(2)

Beyond Freedom and Dignity

296

(1)

Evaluation

297

(2)

Empirical Research

297

(1)

Criticisms

297

(1)

Contributions

298

(1)

Summary

299

(2)

Experiential Exercises

301

(1)

Discussion Questions

301

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

302

(1)

Chapter Highlights

303

(3)

10 John Dollard and Neal Miller

306

(37)

Biographical Sketches

306

(5)

John Dollard

306

(2)

Neal Miller

308

(3)

Hull's Theory of Learning

311

(1)

Drive, Cue, Response, and Reinforcement

312

(2)

Drive

312

(1)

Cue

313

(1)

Response

313

(1)

Reinforcment

314

(1)

Response Hierarchies

314

(2)

The Gradient of Reinforcment

316

(1)

Fear as an Acquired Drive

316

(1)

Stimulus Generalization

317

(1)

Conflict

318

(3)

Approach-Approach Conflict

318

(1)

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

319

(1)

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

319

(2)

Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

321

(1)

Displacement

321

(3)

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

324

(1)

Impottance of Language

325

(2)

Unconscious Mind

327

(2)

Experiences That Were Never Verbalized

327

(1)

Repressed Experiences

328

(1)

Neurosis and Symptom Formation

329

(2)

Neurosis

329

(1)

Symptom Formation

330

(1)

Psychotherapy

331

(1)

Four Critical Training Situations of Childhood

332

(2)

Evaluation

334

(2)

Empirical Research

334

(1)

Criticisms

334

(1)

Contributions

335

(1)

Summary

336

(3)

Experiential Exercises

339

(1)

Discussion Questions

339

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

340

(1)

Chapter Highlights

341

(2)

11 Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel

343

(36)

Biographical Sketches

344

(3)

Albert Bandura

344

(1)

Welter Mischel

345

(2)

Consistency of Human Behavior

347

(3)

Reciprocal Determinism

349

(1)

Cognitive Social Person Variables

350

(2)

Observational Learning

352

(5)

Attentional Processes

356

(1)

Retentional Processes

356

(1)

Motor Reproduction Processes

356

(1)

Motivational Processes

357

(1)

Self-Regulated Behavior

357

(7)

Self-Efficacy

358

(2)

Moral Conduct

360

(2)

Delay of Gratification

362

(2)

Dysfunctional Expectancies and Psychotherapy

364

(3)

Social Cognitive Theory View of Human Nature

367

(3)

Freedom versus Determinism

367

(2)

Mind-Body Relationship

369

(1)

Evaluation

370

(3)

Empirical Research

370

(1)

Criticisms

371

(1)

Contributions

372

(1)

Summary

373

(2)

Experiential Exercises

375

(1)

Discussion Questions

375

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

376

(1)

Chapter Highlights

377

(2)

12 Edward O. Wilson and David P. Barash

379

(51)

Biographical Sketches

380

(2)

Edward O. Wilson

380

(1)

David P. Barash

381

(1)

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

382

(2)

Inclusive Fitness

383

(1)

Basic Assumptions of Sociobiology

384

(1)

Perpetuation of the Genes

384

(1)

Natural Selection Shapes Social Behavior

384

(1)

Nature of Human Nature

385

(4)

Empirical Theory

385

(1)

Sociobiological Theory

386

(1)

Proximate versus Ultimate Causation

387

(1)

Why Are Some Behaviors "Sweeter" Than Others?

388

(1)

What Is Inherited?

389

(1)

Relationship Between Biology and Culture

389

(3)

Innate Tendency to Create Culture

389

(1)

Limitations of Culture as a Modifier of Human Behavior

389

(2)

Mind-Body Relationship

391

(1)

Altruism

392

(2)

Kin Altruism

393

(1)

Reciprocal Altruism

393

(1)

Male and Female Criteria for Mate Selection

394

(5)

Double Standard

396

(2)

Biology of Mating Arrangements

398

(1)

Biology of Parenting

399

(3)

Involvement of Men in Parenting

400

(1)

Stepparenting

401

(1)

Adoption

401

(1)

Intentional Childlessness

402

(1)

Aggression, Territoriality, and Warfare

402

(2)

Are Humans Innately Aggressive?

402

(1)

Territoriality and Warfare

403

(1)

Rape, Incest, and Suicide

404

(5)

Rape

404

(1)

Incest

405

(2)

Suicide

407

(1)

Other Forms of Self-Destructive Behavior

408

(1)

Religion

409

(3)

Need for Rules and Regulations

410

(1)

Biology of Ethics

410

(2)

Importance of Myth

412

(1)

Sociobiology and Freudian Theory

412

(3)

Id, Ego, and Superego

412

(2)

Aggression

414

(1)

Unconscious

414

(1)

Irrationality and Rationality

414

(1)

Sociobiology and Jungian Theory

415

(1)

Science and Politics

415

(1)

Evaluation

416

(5)

Empirical Research

416

(1)

Criticisms

417

(3)

Contributions

420

(1)

Summary

421

(3)

Experiential Exercises

424

(1)

Discussion Questions

425

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

426

(1)

Chapter Highlights

427

(3)

13 George Kelly

430

(37)

Biographical Sketch

430

(4)

Categorization of Kelly's Theory

434

(2)

Basic Postulate-People as Scientists

436

(2)

Kelly, Vaihinger, and Adler

437

(1)

The 11 Corollaries

438

(5)

CPC Cycle

443

(1)

Circumspection Phase

443

(1)

Preemption Phase

443

(1)

Control Phase

443

(1)

Creativity Cycle

444

(1)

Loosened Construction Phase

444

(1)

Tightened Construction Phase

444

(1)

Test Phase

445

(1)

Kelly's Interpretation of Traditional Psychological Concepts

445

(5)

Motivation

445

(1)

Anxiety

445

(1)

Hostility

446

(1)

Aggression

447

(1)

Guilt

447

(1)

Threat

448

(1)

Fear

448

(1)

Unconscious

449

(1)

Learning

450

(1)

Reinforcement

450

(1)

Psychotherapy

450

(5)

Role Construct Repertory Test

450

(4)

Fixed-Role Therapy

454

(1)

Being Oneself

455

(1)

Construct Systems and Paradigms

455

(1)

Evaluation

456

(4)

Current Status

456

(1)

Empirical Research

456

(2)

Criticisms

458

(12)

Contributions

459

(1)

Summary

460

(2)

Experiential Exercises

462

(1)

Discussion Questions

463

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

464

(1)

Chapter Highlights

465

(2)

Carl Rogers

467

(34)

Biographical Sketch

467

(4)

Actualizing Tendency

471

(3)

Organismic Valuing Process

473

(1)

Phenomenological Field

474

(1)

Emergence of the Self

474

(1)

Need for Positive Regard

475

(1)

Incongruent Person

476

(1)

Psychotherapy

477

(3)

Fully Functioning Person

480

(1)

Q-Sort Technique

481

(3)

Rogers-Skinner Debate

484

(2)

Freedom to Learn

486

(1)

Modern Marriage

487

(2)

Person of Tomorrow

489

(1)

Evaluation

490

(4)

Empirical Research

490

(2)

Criticisms

492

(1)

Contributions

493

(1)

Summary

494

(3)

Experiential Exercises

497

(1)

Discussion Questions

498

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

498

(1)

Chapter Highlights

499

(2)

15 Abraham Maslow

501

(34)

Biographical Sketch

501

(7)

Third Force Psychology

508

(2)

Hierarchy of Needs

510

(4)

Physiological Needs

510

(1)

Safety Needs

511

(1)

Belongingness and Love Needs

511

(1)

Esteem Needs

511

(1)

Self-Actualization

512

(1)

Desire to Know and Understand

513

(1)

The Aesthetic Needs

514

(1)

Being Motivation

514

(1)

Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People

515

(6)

Negative Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People

520

(1)

Why Self-Actualization Is Not Universal

521

(1)

Conditions Necessary for Self-Actualization

522

(1)

Eupsychia

522

(1)

Ashrams-Places for Personal Growth

523

(1)

Transpersonal Psychology

524

(1)

Evaluation

525

(5)

Empirical Research

525

(2)

Criticisms

527

(2)

Contributions

529

(1)

Summary

530

(1)

Experiential Exercises

531

(1)

Discussion Questions

532

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

532

(1)

Chapter Highlights

533

(2)

16 Rollo Reese May

535

(30)

Biographical Sketch

535

(4)

Existentialism

539

(3)

Dasein

539

(1)

Three Modes of Existence

540

(1)

Alienation

540

(1)

Freedom

540

(1)

Responsibility

540

(1)

Ontology

541

(1)

Phenomenology

541

(1)

Authenticity

541

(1)

Death

541

(1)

Thrownness

542

(1)

Human Dilemma

542

(2)

Intentionality

544

(1)

Anxiety and Guilt

544

(3)

Normal Anxiety

545

(1)

Neurotic Anxiety

546

(1)

Normal and Neurotic Guilt

546

(1)

Importance of Values

547

(2)

Nature of Love

549

(2)

Sex

549

(1)

Eros

549

(1)

Philia

550

(1)

Agape

551

(1)

Psychotherapy

551

(2)

Importance of Myth

553

(2)

New Science of Humans

555

(1)

Evaluation

555

(3)

Empirical Research

555

(2)

Criticisms

557

(1)

Contributions

557

(1)

Summary

558

(2)

Experiential Exercises

560

(1)

Discussion Questions

561

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

561

(1)

Chapter Highlights

562

(3)

17 A Final Word

565

(6)

Personality Theories Often Reflect the Biographies of Their Authors

565

(2)

Much About Personality Remains Unknown

567

(1)

Composite of All Major Theories Best Explains Personality

567

(2)

You Are The Final Judge

569

(1)

Summary

569

(1)

Experiential Exercises

570

(1)

References

571

(28)

Name Index

599

(6)

Subject Index

605

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An Introduction to Theories of Personality

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

9780138955090

0138955093

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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An Introduction to Theories of Personality

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

9780138955090

0138955093

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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