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Becoming a Critical Thinker : A User Friendly Manual

ISBN: 9780137443352 | 0137443358
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 3/1/1998

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Table of Contents
Forewordvii(1)
Prefaceviii
1 Foundations of Arguments: What Is a Critical Thinker and When Do You Need to Be One?
1(22)
The Structure... MORE
3(1)
The Issue
3(4)
The Conclusion
7(2)
The Reasons
9(7)
Articles for Discussion
16(1)
"Talk-Show Host Angers Disabled Community: Hand Deformity Inherited from Mom Sparks L.A. Dispute"
16(2)
"Radio Show on Rights of the Disabled: Crippled Woman's Pregnancy Debated"
18(5)
2 Value Assumptions and Ethics: What Price Ethics and Can You Afford Not to Pay?
23(46)
Value Assumptions and Conflicts
26(11)
Ethics--An Important Dimension of Values
37(9)
Ideal Values versus Real Values
46(3)
Ethics in Argumentation
49(1)
Ethical Decision Making
50(8)
Articles for Discussion and Composition
58(1)
"It May not Be Plagiarism, But It's a Rip-Off"
58(3)
"Music, to Wal-Mart's Ears, Should be `Clean'"
61(3)
"Student Markets Primer on the Art of Cheating"
64(5)
3 Reality Assumptions: It's Eleven O'Clock: Do You Know Where Your Assumptions Are?
69(52)
Reality Assumptions
70(12)
Deductive Reasoning
82(2)
Validity in Deductive Arguments
84(7)
Truth in Deductive Arguments
91(2)
The Uses of Deductive Reasoning
93(4)
The Premise of Contention
97(3)
Game: Valid or Invalid, Sound or Unsound
100(2)
Introduction to Inductive Reasoning
102(5)
Articles for Discussion
107(1)
"Just Walk on By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space"
107(5)
"Is This the Promised Land?"
112(4)
"A Turn in the `Asian Way'"
116(5)
4 Inductive Arguments: Statistical and Causal Generalizations: Prove It to Me. What Are the Statistics?
121(50)
Statistical Evidence
122(1)
The Use of Statistics
123(3)
How the Research Is Done
126(7)
Using Surveys as Evidence
133(2)
Statistical Generalization
135(2)
The Reporting of Statistical Studies
137(3)
Causal Generalizations
140(1)
Hume's Conditions for Cause and Effect
141(2)
Technical Causation
143(10)
Mill's Analysis of Cause and Effect
153(1)
Using Difference and Similarity Together to Determine Cause
154(2)
Articles for Discussion
156(1)
"Black, White, or Other"
156(6)
"Researchers Practice the Science and Art of Public Opinion Polling"
162(9)
5 Inductive Generalizations: Controlled Studies, Expert Testimony, and Analogies: Who Said So? And Who Are They Anyway?
171(52)
Research Design
173(1)
Criteria for Evaluating Research Findings
174(9)
Controversy in Research Findings
183(9)
Use of Authority: Expert Testimony
192(4)
Problems with Expert Testimony
196(10)
Reasoning by Analogy
206(5)
Articles for Discussion
211(1)
"Food News Blues"
211(7)
"Study: Educational TV Truly Makes Kids Smarter"
218(5)
6 Reasoning Errors: I Know What I Think. Don't Confuse Me with Facts
223(40)
Inadequate Reasons as Fallacies
224(18)
Fallacies That Mislead
242(11)
What's My Fallacy?
253(1)
Articles for Discussion
254(1)
"Ashamed of Strug's Sacrifice"
255(1)
"Kerri Struggles and Wins"
255(1)
"Keep Women Off the Streets"
256(1)
"Who's to Say Who Earns Too Much? Do You Really Want Our Government Involved in This?"
257(2)
"Sowell Column Gets It All Wrong: When Public Pays for Stadiums, the Whole Debate Changes"
259(4)
7 The Power of Language: Talk Is Not Cheap. So Who Pays for It?
263(46)
Denotation and Connotation
265(3)
The Power of Connotation
268(3)
Reification: When Words Take on More Power than Reality
271(3)
Meanings Are in People
274(5)
The Problem of Vagueness
279(3)
Ambiguity in Language
282(3)
Article for Discussion
285(1)
"Federal Judge Orders Lawyer Not to Use Her Maiden Name"
285(2)
"Doublespeak, Including Weasel Words"
287(10)
More Articles for Discussion
297(1)
"`African-American' Is an Imprecise, Debatable Term"
297(2)
"A Diplomatic Translation: Here's What the New U.N. President Should Have Said"
299(3)
"Free-Range? Natural? Sorting Out the Poultry Labels"
302(7)
8 Suggestion in Media: Is What You See What You Get? Do You Really Want It?
309(46)
Suggestion in Daily Life
311(1)
Televised Suggestion
312(12)
Suggestion in Print Media
324(5)
The Power of Media to Shape Information
329(6)
Subliminal Persuasion
335(6)
Articles for Discussion
341(1)
"When Movies Go to War, Pentagon Tags Along: Not Every Story Gets Military OK, but Some Need the Assistance"
341(3)
"Survey Comes Clean About Sex on Soap Operas"
344(2)
"Prelude to Vegas: Neil Postman Gets Interviewed"
346(9)
9 Fairmindedness: It's You and Me, Kid, and I'm Not So Sure About You
355(42)
How We Defend Our Egos
359(7)
Areas Where We Have Trouble Being Rational
366(2)
Antidotes for Points of Logical Vulnerability
368(4)
Actively and Accurately Listening: Developing Empathy
372(1)
The Art of Listening Well
373(7)
Precautions about Active Listening
380(2)
Articles for Discussion
382(1)
"It Happend: To Deny That the Holocaust Occurred Is to Set the Precondition for Another One"
382(9)
"Breakfast and Cornrows: A Tale of Logical Vulnerability"
391(6)
10 Persuasive Speaking: What's Your Point? How Do You Sharpen It?
397(33)
Being an Advocate of Ideas: Communicating Publicly
398(1)
The Best Ways to Deal with Fear of Public Speaking
399(1)
Audience Analysis
400(3)
The Three Elements of a Persuasive Argument: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
403(4)
Sample Speech Outline
407(1)
"Mandatory AIDS/HIV Testing in Sports"
407(4)
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
411(1)
Problem-Solution Format
412(1)
Pathos: Emotional Appeal
413(5)
Articles for Discussion
418(1)
"Speak for Yourself"
418(3)
"Changing a Man's Mind"
421(2)
"I Have a Dream"
423(7)
Glossary430(5)
Index435

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