9780136792352

Hallmarked as the most successful book of its kind, this remarkably thorough treatment covers all aspects of the propagation of plantsboth sexual and asexualwith considerable attention given to human (vs natural) efforts to increase plant numbers. The book presents both the art and science of propagation, and conveys knowledge of specific kinds of plants and the particular methods by which those plants must be propagated.A five-part organization outlines general aspects of plant propagation, seed propagation, vegetative propagation, methods of micropropagation, and propagation of selected plants.For anyone with an interest in how plants are grown and utilized for maintaining and adding enjoyment to human life.

Preface

xi

About the Authors

xv

PART I GENERAL ASPECTS OF PROPAGATION

1

(110)

How Plant Propagation Evolved in Human Society

3

(10)

Introduction

3

(1)

Chapter Objectives

4

(1)

Stages of Agricultural Development

4

(1)

Organization of Human Societies

5

(1)

Exploration, Science, and Learning

6

(2)

The Development of Nurseries

8

(1)

The Modern Plant Propagation Industry

9

(4)

Biology of Plant Propagation

13

(28)

Introduction

13

(1)

Chapter Objectives

13

(1)

Alternation of Generations in Reproduction

14

(4)

Seedling versus Clonal Populations

18

(4)

How Genes Impact Plant Propagation

22

(5)

Plant Hormones and Plant Development

27

(3)

Biological Life Cycles in Plants

30

(6)

Legal Protection of Cultivars

36

(5)

The Propagation Environment

41

(70)

Introduction

41

(1)

Chapter Objectives

42

(1)

Environmental Factors Affecting Propagation

42

(4)

Physical Structures for Managing the Propagation Environment

46

(20)

Containers for Propagating and Growing Young Liner Plants

66

(6)

Management of Media and Nutrition in Propagation and Liner Production

72

(10)

Management of Microclimatic Conditions in Propagation and Liner Production

82

(7)

Biotic Factors---Pathogen and Pest Management in Plant Propagation

89

(11)

Post-Propagation Care of Liners

100

(11)

PART II SEED PROPAGATION

111

(164)

The Development of Seeds

113

(28)

Introduction

113

(1)

Chapter Objectives

113

(1)

What is a Seed?

114

(1)

Relationship Between Flower Parts and Seed Parts

115

(3)

General Parts of a Seed

118

(2)

Stages of Seed Development

120

(11)

Unusual Types of Seed Development

131

(2)

Plant Hormones and Seed Development

133

(3)

Ripening and Dissemination

136

(5)

Principles and Practices of Seed Selection

141

(22)

Introduction

141

(1)

Chapter Objectives

141

(1)

Breeding Systems

142

(4)

Categories of Seed-Propagated Cultivars and Species

146

(5)

Control of Genetic Variability During Seed Production

151

(2)

Seed Production Systems

153

(10)

Techniques of Seed Production and Handling

163

(36)

Introduction

163

(1)

Chapter Objectives

163

(2)

Sources For Seeds

165

(2)

Harvesting and Processing Seeds

167

(5)

Seed Testing

172

(11)

Seed Treatments to Improve Germination

183

(5)

Seed Storage

188

(11)

Principles of Propagation From Seeds

199

(50)

Introduction

199

(1)

Chapter Objectives

199

(1)

The Germination Process

199

(21)

Dormancy: Regulation of Germination

220

(1)

Kinds of Primary Seed Dormancy

221

(14)

Secondary Dormancy

235

(1)

Hormonal Control of Dormancy and Germination

236

(13)

Techniques of Propagation by Seed

249

(26)

Introduction

249

(1)

Chapter Objectives

249

(1)

Seedling Production Systems

250

(25)

PART III VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

275

(362)

Principles of Propagation by Cuttings

277

(64)

Introduction

277

(1)

Chapter Objectives

278

(1)

Descriptive Observations of Adventitious Root and Bud (and Shoot) Formation

278

(14)

Correlative Effects: How Hormonal Control Affects Adventitious Root and Bud (and Shoot) Formation

292

(7)

The Biochemical Basis for Adventitious Root Formation

299

(3)

Molecular/Biotechnological Advances in Asexual Propagation

302

(2)

Management and Manipulation of Adventitious Root and Shoot Formation

304

(2)

Management of Stock Plants to Maximize Cutting Propagation

306

(11)

Treatment of Cuttings

317

(6)

Environmental Manipulation of Cuttings

323

(18)

Techniques of Propagation by Cuttings

341

(70)

Introduction

341

(1)

Chapter Objectives

341

(1)

Types of Cuttings

342

(15)

Sources of Cutting Material

357

(6)

Rooting Media

363

(3)

Wounding

366

(1)

Treating Cuttings with Auxins

367

(7)

Preventative Disease Control

374

(3)

Environmental Conditions for Rooting Leaf Cuttings

377

(11)

Preparing the Propagation Bed, Bench, Rooting Flats, and Containers, and Inserting the Cuttings

388

(1)

Preventing Operation Problems with Mist and Fog Propagation Systems

388

(3)

Management Practices

391

(4)

Care of Cuttings During Rooting

395

(2)

Hardening-Off and Post-Propagation Care

397

(3)

Handling Field-Propagated Plants

400

(3)

Container-Grown Plants and Alternative Field Production Systems

403

(8)

Principles of Grafting and Budding

411

(50)

Introduction

411

(1)

Chapter Objectives

411

(1)

The History of Grafting

412

(1)

Terminology

412

(2)

Seedling and Clonal Rootstock Systems

414

(1)

Reasons for Grafting and Budding

414

(6)

Natural Grafting

420

(1)

Formation of the Graft Union

420

(7)

Graft Union Formation in T- and Chip Budding

427

(2)

Factors Influencing Graft Union Success

429

(7)

Genetic Limits of Grafting

436

(2)

Graft Incompatibility

438

(10)

Scion-Rootstock (Shoot-Root) Relationships

448

(13)

Techniques of Grafting

461

(53)

Introduction

461

(1)

Chapter Objectives

461

(1)

Requirements for Successful Grafting

462

(1)

Types of Grafts

463

(28)

Production Processes of Graftage

491

(10)

Aftercare of Grafted Plants

501

(3)

Field, Bench, and Miscellaneous Grafting Systems

504

(10)

Techniques of Budding

514

(25)

Introduction

514

(1)

Chapter Objectives

514

(1)

Importance and Utilization of Budding

515

(1)

Rootstocks for Budding

515

(2)

Time of Budding---Summer, Spring, or June

517

(7)

Types of Budding

524

(11)

Top-Budding (Topworking)

535

(2)

Double-Working by Budding

537

(1)

Microbudding

538

(1)

Layering and Its Natural Modifications

539

(21)

Introduction

539

(1)

Chapter Objectives

539

(1)

Reasons for Layering Success

540

(1)

Management of Plants During Layering

541

(1)

Procedures in Layering

541

(10)

Plant Modifications Resulting in Natural Layering

551

(9)

Propagation by Specialized Stems and Roots

560

(32)

Introduction

560

(1)

Chapter Objectives

560

(1)

Bulbs

561

(13)

Corms

574

(3)

Tubers

577

(3)

Tuberous Roots and Stems

580

(3)

Rhizomes

583

(3)

Pseudobulbs

586

(6)

Principles and Practices of Clonal Selection

592

(45)

Introduction

592

(1)

Chapter Objectives

592

(1)

History

593

(1)

Using Clones as Cultivars

593

(3)

Origin of Clones as Cultivars

596

(2)

Phenotypic Variations Within Clones

598

(4)

Patterns of Genetic Chimeras Within Clones

602

(6)

Management of Phase Variation During Vegetative Propagation

608

(6)

Pathogens and Plant Propagation

614

(3)

Selection and Management of Propagation Sources

617

(8)

Propagation Sources and Their Management

625

(12)

PART IV CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATION

637

(78)

Principles of Tissue Culture and Micropropagation

639

(51)

Introduction

639

(1)

Chapter Objectives

639

(2)

A Brief History of Tissue Culture and Micropropagation

641

(2)

Types of Tissue Culture Systems

643

(29)

Control of the Tissue Culture Environment

672

(1)

Special Problems Encountered by In Vitro Culture

673

(3)

Variation in Micropropagated Plants

676

(14)

Techniques for Micropropagation

690

(25)

Introduction

690

(1)

Chapter Objectives

690

(1)

Uses for Micropropagation

691

(2)

Disadvantages of Micropropagation

693

(1)

General Laboratory Facilities and Procedures

694

(9)

Micropropagation Procedures

703

(1)

Stage I---Establishment and Stabilization

703

(3)

Stage II---Shoot Multiplication

706

(1)

Stage III---Root Formation

707

(1)

Stage IV---Acclimatization to Greenhouse Conditions

708

(7)

PART V PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PLANT SPECIES

715

(136)

Propagation Methods and Rootstocks for Fruit and Nut Species

717

(41)

Propagation of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines

758

(55)

Propagation of Selected Annuals and Herbaceous Perennials Used as Ornamentals

813

(38)

Subject Index

851

(14)

Plant Index, Scientific Names

865

(8)

Plant Index, Common Names

873

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The seventh edition ofPlant Propagation: Principles and Practicescontinues the gradual reorganization and distribution in subject matter among the three active co-authors and the updating of biological concepts that underlie the practical application of the existing plant propagation technology. The first edition in 1959 contains the following excerpt: "The study of plant propagation involves three different aspects. These may be considered as objectives in any course of study involving the propagation of plants. First of all, plant propagation requires a knowledge of mechanical manipulations and technical skills whose mastery requires a certain amount of practice and experience. This would include such things as how to bud or graft or how to make cuttings, etc.This is the art of propagation. Secondly, successful plant propagation requires knowledge of plant growth and structure.This is the science of propagation.Some of this information can be learned empirically by working with the plants themselves, but it should be supplemented, if possible, with information gained from formal courses in botany, horticulture, plant physiology, and genetics. Such knowledge aids propagators in understanding why they do the things they do. It also makes it possible for them to better perform the practices. A third important requirement of successful plant propagation isa knowledge of specific kinds of plants and the particular methods by which those plants must be propagated.To a large extent the method must be geared to the requirements of the particular kind of plant being propagated." In preparing the seventh edition 42 years later we have maintained those same three objectives and, as much as possible, presented them in separate identified chapters as principles and practices although the order has changed somewhat. During the different editions, the amount of material has increased astronomically and the limits of scientific concepts and applicability have expanded beyond the wildest forecasts in 1959. Instead of simply piling more information onto previous information, we have tried to integrate new science and technology into the evolving pattern that characterizes the range from traditional to the present combination of science and technology. First of all, we must recognize the revolutionary impact of biotechnology not only upon the concepts of biology but also its practical applications in the propagation industry. We have had a long enough history to see the historical continuity in the evolution of human progress and scientific advancement. Chapter 1 has remained intact as a historical account of how propagation activities have been a primary backdrop for human progress leading up to our present era. Chapter 2 has been almost completely rewritten to synthesize a comprehensive view of propagation from the standpoint of the gene and the epigenetic control of development. Biotechnology is introduced as three separate branches: (a)cell and tissue culture technology,(b)gene marker technology,and (c)recombinant gene technology.Cell and tissue culture technology, which includes all aseptic aspects of the culture of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, embryos, etc., was introduced in the first edition by a section on embryo culture which expanded into a full chapter by the third edition. From there the subject was treated in dual chapters of principles and practices. In this edition, this section has remained intact but is reorganized and partly rewritten. This technology has not only found its place in commercial propagation but is an essential aspect of current genetic engineering. DNA marker-based technology is now coming into its own to directly identify cultivars and to study taxonomic relationships. The ability to sequence genes and to manipulate them in the laboratory has created an essentially new field of biology known as genomics which will ha

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Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation : Principles and Practices

Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation : Principles and Practices

0136792359

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