9780133895728

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Here is a clear, systematic introduction to the fundamentals of linguistic phonetics with a total learning package designed to help students become proficient in phonetics and phonetic transcription. Fundamentals of Phonetics by Larry Small provides speech and hearing students with a good understanding of phonetics principles through practice. The text uses in-text exercises and supplemental audio recordings to teach the practical skills necessary to successfully perform phonetic transcription of individuals using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Students learn about the transcription of consonants and vowels, connected speech, and individuals with speech sound disorders. A chapter on speech acoustics introduces spectrograms and the acoustic characteristics of speech sounds. Students also learn how to transcribe individuals who display regional and ethnic dialectal variation of speech, including those who have learned to speak English as a second language. Throughout the text are included chapter objectives, learning exercises, in-class and take-home assignments, online resources, and study questions that will help students learn, process, and practice the material presented in the text.

Larry H. Small received both a B.S. in Speech Pathology and Audiology (1977), and an M.A. in Audiology (1977) from Kent State University. He received his Ph.D. in Speech and Hearing Science from Ohio University in 1984. He worked as a clinical audiologist at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha from 1978 – 1980. Dr. Small joined the faculty of Bowling Green State University (BGSU) in 1984, and remained on the faculty for twenty-four years, prior to his retirement in 2008 when he was named Associate Professor Emeritus. While at BGSU, he served as the Director of the University Honors Program (1991 – 1996). He was also Chair of the Department of Communication Disorders from 2003-2007. Dr. Small was on the Executive Board of the Council of Academic Programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CAPCSD) from 2007-2011, serving as President from 2009-2010. He began teaching undergraduate and AuD courses at Ohio State University (OSU) in 2008. For the past thirty years, he has taught courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels in phonetics, hearing science, diagnostic audiology and aural rehabilitation, both at BGSU and OSU. He has authored or co-authored numerous presentations and publications. Dr. Small was named an ASHA Fellow in 2014.

Preface xi

1 Phonetics: A “Sound” Science 1

Learning Objectives 1

Variation in Phonetic Practice 4

The IPA and Unicode Fonts 4

A Note on Pronunciation and Dialect 6

Study Questions 7

Online Resources 7

2 Phonetic Transcription of English 9

Learning Objectives 9

The Difference Between Spelling and Sound 10

Morphemes 12

Phonemes 13

Allophones: Members of a Phoneme Family 18

Syllables 20

Word Stress 24

Broad Versus Narrow Transcription 29

Review Exercises 30

Study Questions 33

Online Resources 34

Assignments 35

3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech

Mechanism 39

Learning Objectives 39

The Respiratory System and Respiration 39

The Laryngeal System and Phonation 41

The Supralaryngeal System and Articulation 44

The Vocal Tract and Resonance 48

Review Exercises 49

Study Questions 51

Online Resources 51

4 Vowels 53

Learning Objectives 53

What Is a Vowel? 53

Transcription of the English Vowels 58

Review Exercises 97

Study Questions 102

Online Resources 102

Assignments 103

5 Consonants 111

Learning Objectives 111

What Is a Consonant? 111

Consonants Versus Vowels 111

Manner, Place, and Voicing 113

Transcription of the English Consonants 115

Review Exercises 153

Study Questions 157

Online Resources 158

Assignments 159

6 Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels

and Consonants 173

Learning Objectives 173

Time, Frequency, and Intensity 173

Vowels 177

Consonants 184

Review Exercises 197

Study Questions 201

Online Resources 201

7 Connected Speech 203

Learning Objectives 203

Assimilation 204

Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech 213

Review Exercises 226

Study Questions 232

Online Resources 233

Assignments 235

8 Clinical Phonetics: Transcription of Speech

Sound Disorders 243

Learning Objectives 243

Phonological Processes 244

Children with Phonological Disorders 255

Transcription of Speech Sound Disorders: Diacritics 257

The extIPA and the VoQS 268

Transcription of Speech Sound Disorders:

Non-English Phonemes 269

Suggestions for Transcription 274

Review Exercises 276

Study Questions 279

Online Resource 280

Assignments 281

9 Dialectal Variation 291

Learning Objectives 291

Regional Dialects 294

Southern American English 301

Eastern American English 303

Social and Ethnic Dialects 305

African American English 306

Learning English as a Second Language 309

Spanish-Influenced English 312

Asian-Influenced English I: East Asian Languages 315

Asian-Influenced English II: Asian Indian English 319

Russian- and Arabic-Influenced English 327

Review Exercises 331

Study Questions 340

Online Resources 340

Assignments 343

References 347

Answers to Questions 352

Appendix 407

Glossary 409

Index 417

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Fundamentals of Phonetics A Practical Guide for Students

Fundamentals of Phonetics A Practical Guide for Students

0133895726

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials