9780131898349

Dedicated to the memory of Irving M. Copi, the twelfth edition of Introduction to Logic retains its breadth of coverage, while breaking new ground with a compelling new design and inclusion of new pedagogic features to help students in their study of logic. This new edition goes further than any previous edition-or competing logic text-in assisting students with their mastery of logic! NEW to Introduction to Logic, Twelfth Edition! New material-Additional coverage of conditional proofs; new category for fallacies of defective induction; separated treatment of classic syllogistic logic and modern symbolic logic "VISUAL LOGIC" feature-Clear and vivid illustrations provided to clarify challenging logic topics Marginal definitions-Helps students define terms while reading Summary tables-Over 30 "OVERVIEWS" to help students review material at a glance New student supplemet-Available to package with new texts, LogicNotes with Practice Problems provides a Notebook with numerous practice problems and solutions (Package ISBN: 013-163729-0) eLogic-Prentice Hall's new CD-ROM-based logic tutorial Prentice Hall has revised its tutorial to provide students with over 800 exercises, drawn from the text, plus the tools students need to solve logic problems. Students can work problems, including diagramming arguments, creating Venn diagrams, constructing truth tables. And now students can build and check proofs! See the walk-through in this book or visit www.prenhall.com/philosophy for more information!

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface to the Eleventh Edition	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Walk-through of eLogic Online Tutorial	p. xxii
Logic and Language	p. 1
Basic Logical Concepts	p. 3
What Logic Is	p. 3
Propositions and Sentences	p. 4
Arguments, Premisses, and Conclusions	p. 6
Analyzing Arguments	p. 11
Recognizing Arguments	p. 21
Arguments and Explanations	p. 35
Deduction and Validity	p. 42
Induction and Probability	p. 43
Validity and Truth	p. 46
Complex Argumentative Passages	p. 50
Reasoning	p. 58
Challenge to the Reader	p. 67
Summary of Chapter 1	p. 68
The Uses of Language	p. 71
Three Basic Functions of Language	p. 71
Discourse Serving Multiple Functions	p. 74
The Forms of Discourse	p. 76
Emotive Words	p. 86
Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement	p. 88
Emotively Neutral Language	p. 95
Summary of Chapter 2	p. 97
Definition	p. 99
Disputes, Verbal Disputes, and Definitions	p. 99
Kinds of Definition and the Resolution of Disputes	p. 102
Extension and Intension	p. 114
Extensional Definitions	p. 118
Intensional Definitions	p. 120
Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference	p. 125
Summary of Chapter 3	p. 134
Fallacies	p. 137
What Is a Fallacy?	p. 137
Fallacies of Relevance	p. 139
Fallacies of Presumption	p. 156
Fallacies of Ambiguity	p. 163
Summary of Chapter 4	p. 177
Deduction	p. 179
Categorical Propositions	p. 181
The Theory of Deduction	p. 181
Categorical Propositions and Classes	p. 182
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution	p. 185
The Traditional Square of Opposition	p. 188
Further Immediate Inferences	p. 193
Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions	p. 202
Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions	p. 208
Summary of Chapter 5	p. 214
Categorical Syllogisms	p. 217
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms	p. 217
The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument	p. 221
Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms	p. 224
Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies	p. 232
Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism	p. 236
Deduction of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism	p. 242
Summary of Chapter 6	p. 246
Arguments in Ordinary Language	p. 249
Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language	p. 249
Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument	p. 250
Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form	p. 253
Uniform Translation	p. 261
Enthymemes	p. 269
Sorites	p. 275
Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms	p. 279
The Dilemma	p. 287
Summary of Chapter 7	p. 296
Symbolic Logic	p. 299
The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic	p. 299
The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction	p. 300
Conditional Statements and Material Implication	p. 312
Argument Forms and Arguments	p. 321
Statement Forms and Material Equivalence	p. 335
Logical Equivalence	p. 340
The Paradoxes of Material Implication	p. 343
The Three "Laws of Thought"	p. 344
Summary of Chapter 8	p. 346
The Method of Deduction	p. 349
Formal Proof of Validity	p. 349
The Rule of Replacement	p. 359
Proof of Invalidity	p. 372
Inconsistency	p. 375
Summary of Chapter 9	p. 382
Quantification Theory	p. 385
Singular Propositions	p. 385
Quantification	p. 387
Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions	p. 391
Proving Validity	p. 398
Proving Invalidity	p. 406
Asyllogistic Inference	p. 411
Summary of Chapter 10	p. 419
Induction	p. 421
Analogy and Probable Inference	p. 423
Argument by Analogy	p. 423
Appraising Analogical Arguments	p. 430
Refutation by Logical Analogy	p. 440
Summary of Chapter 11	p. 446
Causal Connections: Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry	p. 449
Cause and Effect	p. 449
Mill's Methods	p. 455
Critique of Mill's Methods	p. 480
Summary of Chapter 12	p. 491
Science and Hypothesis	p. 493
The Values of Science	p. 493
Explanations: Scientific and Unscientific	p. 494
Evaluating Scientific Explanations	p. 496
Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation	p. 500
Scientists in Action: The Pattern of Scientific Investigation	p. 504
Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses	p. 510
Classification as Hypothesis	p. 518
Summary of Chapter 13	p. 530
Probability	p. 533
Alternative Conceptions of Probability	p. 533
The Probability Calculus	p. 536
Probability of Joint Occurrences	p. 537
Probability of Alternative Occurrences	p. 543
Challenge to the Reader	p. 549
Expected Value	p. 549
Challenge to the Reader	p. 558
Summary of Chapter 14	p. 558
Solutions to Selected Exercises	p. 560
Special Symbols	p. 621
Glossary/Index	p. 623
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Irving Copi first publishedIntroduction to Logicin 1953, a little more than half a century ago. The book has grown mightily in the years since--but it is a mark of Professor Copi's power as thinker and teacher that this book has become the one work used by more people around the world in the study of logic than any other book ever written--with the possible exception ofThe Organonof Aristotle. Three reasons for this long-continuing success are justly noted as follows. First, Professor Copi perfected the structure for a textbook in logic which was not only intellectually coherent, but also fit smoothly and usefully into the widely practiced patterns of college instruction. That original structure remains the architectonic of this twelfth edition: first, it presents the basic concepts of logic and the logical difficulties encountered in everyday uses of language; next, the methods of deductive reasoning are presented in a manner which an account of traditional syllogistics precedes an explanation of modern symbolic logic; and last, the methods of inductive reasoning are presented in a manner beginning with the analysis of simple arguments by analogy and advance to moderately sophisticated techniques in science and the theory of probability. Second, Professor Copi was an understanding teacher who clearly saw that the mastery of the principles of logic could best be acquired by giving students many opportunities to exercise their skills and reinforce their satisfactions with materials whose contents are interesting and worthy. Logic, he would say, is an art as well as a science, and proficiency in its use requires practice as well as comprehension. Therefore, from the very beginning, every edition ofIntroduction to Logichas been rich with illustrative materials and exercises taken from arguments encountered in real life. The present edition retains that spirit, by introducing many fresh and intriguing exercises and illustrations which have been drawn from lively controversies-political, scientific, and moral-of the twenty-first century. Third,Introduction to Logicbecame the most widely used of all textbooks in logic because Irving Copi had the talents that enabled him to combine great accuracy with clarity, and deep penetration with engaging exposition. This was, and is, a textbook--but a textbook that has been written well, and one that we hope does not loom before students as a parade of chores, but wins its readers as friends confronting a series of enjoyable intellectual challenges. These merits are fairly claimed for the original manuscript of Irving Copi. Ensuing editions have always sought to preserve those merits and to find new ways to realize them. Instructors who useIntroduction to Logicin their courses may be helped by a brief report in this preface of the manifestations of that continuing revitalization in this twelfth edition. The larger structure of the book has been retained as noted above, but some important changes have been introduced to that structure. 1. Organization of the Twelfth Edition How best to present the basic conceptual material of the early chapters has been a perennial pedagogical concern. We must resolve the unavoidable tension between the need to put a series of related basic concepts before the student early on, and the competing need to follow the introduction of each of these concepts with exercises that can exhibit their use and complexity. We have tried several different approaches, sometimes breaking the exposition into several chapters, and in the eleventh edition we combined theoretical exposition and many exercises into one very long chapter. But this most recent pattern has been found to make the material somewhat more difficult to digest. We have consulted widely with our colleagues across the country on this matter; the resolution with which we now emerge is the following. The fir

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Introduction to Logic

Introduction to Logic

0131898345

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