Rent 9780131898349 | Introduction to Logic | Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

Dedicated to the memory of Irving M. Copi, the twelfth edition of Introduction to Logic retains its breadth of coverage, while breaking new ground with a compelling new design and inclusion of new pedagogic features to help students in their study of logic. This new edition goes further than any previous edition-or competing logic text-in assisting students with their mastery of logic! NEW to Introduction to Logic, Twelfth Edition! New material-Additional coverage of conditional proofs; new category for fallacies of defective induction; separat... MORE

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Foreword	p. xiii
Preface to the Eleventh Edition	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Walk-through of eLogic Online Tutorial	p. xxii
Logic and Language	p. 1
Basic Logical Concepts	p. 3
What Logic Is	p. 3
Propositions and Sentences	p. 4
Arguments, Premisses, and Conclusions	p. 6
Analyzing Arguments	p. 11
Recognizing Arguments	p. 21
Arguments and Explanations	p. 35
Deduction and Validity	p. 42
Induction and Probability	p. 43
Validity and Truth	p. 46
Complex Argumentative Passages	p. 50
Reasoning	p. 58
Challenge to the Reader	p. 67
Summary of Chapter 1	p. 68
The Uses of Language	p. 71
Three Basic Functions of Language	p. 71
Discourse Serving Multiple Functions	p. 74
The Forms of Discourse	p. 76
Emotive Words	p. 86
Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement	p. 88
Emotively Neutral Language	p. 95
Summary of Chapter 2	p. 97
Definition	p. 99
Disputes, Verbal Disputes, and Definitions	p. 99
Kinds of Definition and the Resolution of Disputes	p. 102
Extension and Intension	p. 114
Extensional Definitions	p. 118
Intensional Definitions	p. 120
Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference	p. 125
Summary of Chapter 3	p. 134
Fallacies	p. 137
What Is a Fallacy?	p. 137
Fallacies of Relevance	p. 139
Fallacies of Presumption	p. 156
Fallacies of Ambiguity	p. 163
Summary of Chapter 4	p. 177
Deduction	p. 179
Categorical Propositions	p. 181
The Theory of Deduction	p. 181
Categorical Propositions and Classes	p. 182
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution	p. 185
The Traditional Square of Opposition	p. 188
Further Immediate Inferences	p. 193
Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions	p. 202
Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions	p. 208
Summary of Chapter 5	p. 214
Categorical Syllogisms	p. 217
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms	p. 217
The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument	p. 221
Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms	p. 224
Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies	p. 232
Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism	p. 236
Deduction of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism	p. 242
Summary of Chapter 6	p. 246
Arguments in Ordinary Language	p. 249
Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language	p. 249
Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument	p. 250
Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form	p. 253
Uniform Translation	p. 261
Enthymemes	p. 269
Sorites	p. 275
Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms	p. 279
The Dilemma	p. 287
Summary of Chapter 7	p. 296
Symbolic Logic	p. 299
The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic	p. 299
The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction	p. 300
Conditional Statements and Material Implication	p. 312
Argument Forms and Arguments	p. 321
Statement Forms and Material Equivalence	p. 335
Logical Equivalence	p. 340
The Paradoxes of Material Implication	p. 343
The Three "Laws of Thought"	p. 344
Summary of Chapter 8	p. 346
The Method of Deduction	p. 349
Formal Proof of Validity	p. 349
The Rule of Replacement	p. 359
Proof of Invalidity	p. 372
Inconsistency	p. 375
Summary of Chapter 9	p. 382
Quantification Theory	p. 385
Singular Propositions	p. 385
Quantification	p. 387
Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions	p. 391
Proving Validity	p. 398
Proving Invalidity	p. 406
Asyllogistic Inference	p. 411
Summary of Chapter 10	p. 419
Induction	p. 421
Analogy and Probable Inference	p. 423
Argument by Analogy	p. 423
Appraising Analogical Arguments	p. 430
Refutation by Logical Analogy	p. 440
Summary of Chapter 11	p. 446
Causal Connections: Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry	p. 449
Cause and Effect	p. 449
Mill's Methods	p. 455
Critique of Mill's Methods	p. 480
Summary of Chapter 12	p. 491
Science and Hypothesis	p. 493
The Values of Science	p. 493
Explanations: Scientific and Unscientific	p. 494
Evaluating Scientific Explanations	p. 496
Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation	p. 500
Scientists in Action: The Pattern of Scientific Investigation	p. 504
Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses	p. 510
Classification as Hypothesis	p. 518
Summary of Chapter 13	p. 530
Probability	p. 533
Alternative Conceptions of Probability	p. 533
The Probability Calculus	p. 536
Probability of Joint Occurrences	p. 537
Probability of Alternative Occurrences	p. 543
Challenge to the Reader	p. 549
Expected Value	p. 549
Challenge to the Reader	p. 558
Summary of Chapter 14	p. 558
Solutions to Selected Exercises	p. 560
Special Symbols	p. 621
Glossary/Index	p. 623
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