Rent 9780131891029 | Literature and the Writing Process | McMahan, Elizabeth; Day, Susan X.; Funk, Robert @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

Blending a complete writing about literature volume, a literature anthology and a handbook into one, this unique volume guides readers through the allied processes of critical reading and writing--illustrating the "use" of writing as a way of studying literature, and providing readers with all the tools necessary to analyze literature on their own. The book promotes interactive learning by integrating writing instruction with the study of literature. The volume addresses all aspects of literature and the writing process including an overview of... MORE

Contents by Genre

xxvii

Thematic Contents

xxxiii

Preface

xxxix

Part I Composing: An Overview

(54)

... MORE

The Prewriting Process

(14)

Reading for Writing

(4)

James Joyce, ``Eveline''

(4)

Who Are My Readers?

(1)

Analyze the Audience

(1)

Prewriting Exercise

(1)

Why Am I Writing?

(1)

Reasons for Writing

(1)

Prewriting Exercise

(1)

What Ideas Should I Use?

(1)

Reading and Thinking Critically

(1)

Discovering and Developing Ideas

(5)

Self-Questioning

(1)

Directed Freewriting

(1)

Figure 1-1 Directed Freewriting

(1)

Problem Solving

(1)

Clustering

(1)

Figure 1-2 Clustering

(1)

What Point Should I Make?

(1)

Relate a Part to the Whole

(1)

How Do I Find the Theme?

(2)

Stating the Thesis

(1)

The Writing Process

(15)

How Should I Organize My Ideas?

(1)

Arguing Your Interpretation

(4)

The Elements of Good Argument

(2)

Building an Effective Argument

(1)

Arranging the Ideas

(1)

Chart 2-1 Checklist for Arguing an Interpretation

(1)

Developing with Details

(1)

Questions for Consideration

(1)

Maintaining a Critical Focus

(1)

Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details

(1)

How Should I Begin?

(2)

Postpone If Nothing Comes

(1)

Write an Appealing Opening

(1)

State the Thesis

(1)

How Should I End?

(1)

Relate the Discussion to Theme

(1)

Postpone or Write Ahead

(1)

Write an Emphatic Final Sentence

(1)

Composing the First Draft

(1)

Pausing to Rescan

(1)

Quoting from Your Sources

(1)

Sample Student Paper: First Draft

(4)

Suggestions for Writing

(1)

Ideas for Writing

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

(1)

The Rewriting Process

(23)

What Is Revision?

(1)

Getting Feedback: Peer Review

(2)

Revising in Peer Groups

(1)

Chart 3-1 Peer Evaluation Checklist for Revision

(1)

What Should I Add or Take Out?

(3)

Outlining After the First Draft

(1)

Making the Outline

(1)

Checking the Outline

(1)

Sample After-Writing Outline

(1)

Examining the Sample Outline

(1)

Outlining Exercise

(1)

What Should I Rearrange?

(1)

Does It Flow?

(1)

What Is Editing?

(1)

What Sentences Should I Combine?

(3)

Chart 3-2 Transitional Terms for All Occasions

(1)

Chart 3-3 Revising Checklist

(1)

Combining for Conciseness

(1)

Sentence Combining Exercise

(1)

Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety

(1)

Varying the Pattern

(1)

Exercise on Style

(1)

Which Words Should I Change?

(4)

Check Your Verbs

(1)

Exercise on Word Choice

(1)

Use Active Voice Most of the Time

(1)

Use Passive If Appropriate

(1)

Exercise on Passive Voice

(1)

Feel the Words

(1)

Attend to Tone

(1)

Use Formal Language

(1)

What Is Proofreading?

(1)

Try Reading It Backward

(1)

Look for Your Typical Errors

(1)

Chart 3-4 Proofreading Checklist

(1)

Read the Paper Aloud

(1)

Find a Friend to Help

(1)

Sample Student Paper: Final Draft

(6)

Part II Writing About Short Fiction

(97)

How Do I Read Short Fiction?

(6)

Notice the Structure

(1)

Subplots

(1)

Consider Point of View and Setting

(1)

Study the Characters

(1)

Foils

(1)

Look for Specialized Literary Techniques

(1)

Examine the Title

(1)

Investigate the Author's Life and Times

(1)

Continue Questioning to Discover Theme

(2)

Chart 4-1 Critical Questions for Reading the Short Story

(2)

Writing About Structure

(18)

What Is Structure?

(1)

How Do I Discover Structure?

(1)

Looking at Structure

(12)

Tim O'Brien, ``The Things They Carried''

(12)

Prewriting

(1)

Finding Patterns

(1)

Writing

(1)

Grouping Details

(1)

Relating Details to Theme

(1)

Ideas for Writing

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

(1)

Rewriting

(2)

Integrating Quotations Gracefully

(1)

Exercise on Integrating Quotations

(1)

Writing About Imagery and Symbolism

(23)

What Are Images?

(1)

What Are Symbols?

(1)

Archetypal Symbols

(1)

Phallic and Yonic Symbols

(1)

How Will I Recognize Symbols?

(1)

Reference Works on Symbols

(1)

Looking at Images and Symbols

(6)

Shirley Jackson, ``The Lottery''

(6)

Prewriting

(1)

Interpreting Symbols

(1)

Writing

(1)

Producing a Workable Thesis

(1)

Exercise on Thesis Statements

(1)

Ideas for Writing

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

(1)

Rewriting

(1)

Sharpening the Introduction

(1)

Sample Student Papers: Second and Final Drafts

(11)

Writing About Point of View

104

(12)

What Is Point of View?

104

(2)

Describing Point of View

105

(1)

Looking at Point of View

106

(6)

Alice Walker, ``Everyday Use''

106

(6)

Prewriting

112

(1)

Analyzing Point of View

113

(1)

Writing

113

(1)

Relating Point of View to Theme

113

(1)

Ideas for Writing

114

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

114

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

114

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

114

(1)

Rewriting

115

(1)

Sharpening the Conclusion

115

(1)

Writing About Setting and Atmosphere

116

(17)

What Are Setting and Atmosphere?

116

(1)

Looking at Setting and Atmosphere

117

(10)

Tobias Wolff, ``Hunters in the Snow''

117

(10)

Prewriting

127

(1)

Prewriting Exercise

127

(1)

Writing

128

(1)

Discovering an Organization

128

(1)

Ideas for Writing

129

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

129

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

129

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

129

(1)

Rewriting: Organization and Style

130

(3)

Checking Your Organization

130

(1)

Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences

130

(1)

Sentence Modeling Exercise

131

(2)

Writing About Theme

133

(19)

What Is Theme?

133

(1)

Looking at Theme

134

(13)

Flannery O'Connor, ``Good Country People''

134

(13)

Prewriting

147

(1)

Figuring Out Theme

147

(1)

Stating the Theme

147

(1)

Writing

148

(1)

Choosing Supporting Details

148

(1)

Ideas for Writing

149

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

149

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

149

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

149

(1)

Rewriting

150

(1)

Achieving Coherence

150

(1)

Checking for Coherence

150

(1)

Editing: Improving Connections

150

(2)

Repeat Words and Synonyms

150

(1)

Try Parallel Structure

151

(1)

CASEBOOK Joyce Carol Oates's ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''

152

(17)

Joyce Carol Oates (1938-- ), ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''

152

(12)

The Story's Origins

164

(1)

Four Critical Interpretations

165

(4)

Topics for Discussion and Writing

167

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

168

(1)

Anthology of Short Fiction

169

(224)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804--1864)

``The Birthmark''

169

(10)

Edgar Allan Poe (1809--1849)

``The Cask of Amontillado''

179

(5)

Kate Chopin (1851--1904)

``Desiree's Baby''

184

(4)

``The Story of an Hour''

188

(2)

Edith Wharton (1862--1937)

``Roman Fever''

190

(9)

Willa Cather (1873--1947)

``Paul's Case''

199

(13)

Sherwood Anderson (1876--1941)

``Hands''

212

(4)

James Joyce (1882--1941)

``Araby''

216

(4)

D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)

``The Rocking-Horse Winner''

220

(10)

Katherine Anne Porter (1890--1980)

``The Jilting of Granny Weatherall''

230

(7)

Zora Neale Hurston (c. 1891--1960)

``The Gilded Six-Bits''

237

(8)

William Faulkner (1897--1962)

``A Rose for Emily''

245

(6)

Ernest Hemingway (1899--1961)

``Hills Like White Elephants''

251

(4)

John Steinbeck (1902--1968)

``The Chrysanthemums''

255

(7)

Frank O'Connor (1903--1966)

``My Oedipus Complex''

262

(8)

Richard Wright (1908--1960)

``The Man Who Was Almost a Man''

270

(8)

Ann Petry (1908--1997)

``Like a Winding Sheet''

278

(6)

Eudora Welty (1909--2001)

``A Worn Path''

284

(6)

Irwin Shaw (1913--1984)

``The Girls in Their Summer Dresses''

290

(4)

Tillie Olsen (1913-- )

``I Stand Here Ironing''

294

(6)

Hisaye Yamamoto (1921-- )

``Seventeen Syllables''

300

(8)

Flannery O'Connor (1925--1964)

``A Good Man Is Hard to Find''

308

(10)

Ursula K. Le Guin (1929-- )

``The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas''

318

(5)

Chinua Achebe (1930-- )

``Dead Men's Path''

323

(2)

Alice Munro (1931-- )

``An Ounce of Cure''

325

(8)

John Updike (1932-- )

``A & P''

333

(4)

Raymond Carver (1938--1988)

``What We Talk About When We Talk About Love''

337

(8)

Toni Cade Bambara (1939--1995)

``The Lesson''

345

(6)

Bharati Mukherjee (1940-- )

``A Father''

351

(7)

Isabel Allende (1942-- )

``The Judge's Wife''

358

(5)

Sandra Cisneros (1954-- )

``Geraldo No Last Name''

363

(1)

Louise Erdrich (1954-- )

``The Red Convertible''

364

(7)

Ha Jin (1956-- )

``The Bridegroom''

371

(13)

Sherman Alexie (1966-- )

``This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona''

384

(9)

Part III Writing About Poetry

393

(33)

How Do I Read Poetry?

395

(4)

Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase

395

(1)

Make Associations for Meaning

396

(3)

Chart 10-1 Critical Questions for Reading Poetry

397

(2)

Writing About Persona and Tone

399

(17)

Who Is Speaking?

399

(1)

What Is Tone?

400

(1)

Recognizing Verbal Irony

400

(1)

Describing Tone

400

(1)

Looking at Persona and Tone

401

(3)

``My Papa's Waltz''

401

(1)

Theodore Roethke

``The Ruined Maid''

401

(1)

Thomas Hardy

``The Unknown Citizen''

402

(1)

W. H. Auden

``Go, Lovely Rose''

403

(1)

Edmund Waller

``One Perfect Rose''

404

(1)

Dorothy Parker

Prewriting

404

(4)

Asking Questions About the Speaker in ``My Papa's Waltz''

404

(1)

Devising a Thesis

405

(1)

Describing the Tone in ``The Ruined Maid''

406

(1)

Discovering a Thesis

406

(1)

Describing the Tone in ``The Unknown Citizen''

407

(1)

Discovering a Thesis

407

(1)

Discovering the Tone in ``Go, Lovely Rise''

408

(1)

Discovering the Tone in ``One Perfect Rise''

408

(1)

Writing

408

(1)

Explicating and Analyzing

408

(1)

Ideas for Writing

409

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

409

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

410

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

410

(1)

Editing

410

(2)

Quoting Poetry in Essays

411

(1)

Sample Student Paper: Poetry

412

(4)

Analyzing the Student Essay

415

(1)

Writing About Poetic Language

416

(10)

What Do the Words Suggest?

416

(3)

Connotation and Denotation

416

(1)

Figures of Speech

416

(1)

Metaphor and Simile

417

(1)

Personification

418

(1)

Imagery

418

(1)

Symbol

418

(1)

Paradox

418

(1)

Oxymoron

419

(1)

Looking at Poetic Language

419

(3)

Walt Whitman, ``A Noiseless Patient Spider''

419

(1)

William Shakespeare, ``Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?''

420

(1)

H. D., ``Heat''

420

(1)

Hayden Carruth, ``In the Long Hall''

421

(1)

Donald Hall, ``My Son My Executioner''

421

(1)

Prewriting

422

(1)

Examining Poetic Language

422

(1)

Writing

422

(1)

Comparing and Contrasting

423

(1)

Ideas for Writing

423

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

423

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

423

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

424

(1)

Rewriting: Style

424

(2)

Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms

424

(1)

Finding Lively Words

425

(1)

Exercise on Diction

425

(1)

CASEBOOK Love Poetry

426

(33)

Sappho (ca. 612--ca. 580 B.C.), ``With His Venom''

426

(1)

Anonymous, ``Western Wind''

426

(1)

John Donne (1572--1631), ``A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning''

427

(1)

Andrew Marvell (1621--1678), ``To His Coy Mistress''

428

(1)

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806--1861), ``How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways?''

429

(1)

Emily Dickinson (1830--1886), ``Wild Nights---Wild Nights!''

429

(1)

Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892--1950), ``What Lips My Lips Have Kissed''

430

(1)

Adrienne Rich (1929-- ), ``Living in Sin''

430

(1)

Sharon Olds (1942-- ), ``Topography''

431

(1)

Topics for Discussion and Writing

432

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

432

(1)

Sample Student Papers: Second and Final Drafts

433

(8)

Comparison Exercise

433

(8)

Writing About Poetic Form

441

(18)

What Are the Forms of Poetry?

441

(4)

Rhythm and Rhyme

441

(1)

Chart 13-1 Rhythm and Meter in Poetry

442

(1)

Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance

443

(1)

Exercise on Poetic Form

443

(1)

Stanzas: Closed and Open Form

443

(1)

Poetic Syntax

444

(1)

Looking at the Forms of Poetry

445

(4)

``We Real Cool''

445

(1)

Gwendolyn Brooks

``Eight O'Clock''

445

(1)

A. E. Housman

``anyone lived in a pretty how town''

446

(1)

E. E. Cummings

``Telephone Conversation''

447

(1)

Wole Soyinka

``Nuns Fret Not''

448

(1)

William Wordsworth

``Sonnet''

448

(1)

Billy Collins

Prewriting

449

(2)

Experimenting with Poetic Forms

449

(2)

Writing

451

(1)

Relating Form to Meaning

451

(1)

Ideas for Writing

452

(2)

Ideas for Expressive Writing

452

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

453

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

454

(1)

Rewriting: Style

454

(2)

Finding the Exact Word

454

(1)

Exercises on Diction

454

(2)

Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form: David Huddle, ``The `Banked Fire' of Robert Hayden's `Those Winter Sundays'''

456

(2)

Dorthi Charles (1963-- )

``Concrete Cat''

458

(1)

CASEBOOK The Poetry and Prose of Langston Hughes

459

(98)

Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography

459

(2)

Poetry

461

(6)

``The Negro Speaks of Rivers''

461

(1)

``Mother to Son''

462

(1)

``The Weary Blues''

462

(1)

``Saturday Night''

463

(1)

``Trumpet Player''

464

(1)

``Harlem (A Dream Deferred)''

465

(1)

``Theme for English B''

465

(1)

Considering the Poems

466

(1)

Prose

467

(7)

``Salvation''

467

(1)

``On the Road''

468

(3)

``Thank You, M'am''

471

(3)

Considering the Prose

474

(1)

Critial Commentaries

474

(5)

``Hughes and the Black Controversy''

474

(1)

Onwuchekwa Jemie

``A Poet for the People''

474

(1)

Margaret Larkin

``Forerunner and Ambassador''

475

(1)

Richard Wright

``Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity''

476

(1)

Karen Jackson Ford

``Jazz and Langston Hughes's Poetry''

477

(1)

Peter Townsend

``Harlem Rent Parties''

478

(1)

Langston Hughes

Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes

479

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

479

(1)

Anthology of Poetry

Thomas Wyatt (1503--1542)

``They Flee from Me''

480

(1)

William Shakespeare (1564--1616)

``When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes''

480

(1)

``Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds''

481

(1)

``That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold''

481

(1)

``My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun''

482

(1)

John Donne (1572--1631)

``Death, Be Not Proud''

482

(1)

Ben Jonson (1572--1637)

``On My First Son''

482

(1)

Richard Lovelace (1618--1657)

``To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars''

483

(1)

William Blake (1757--1827)

``The Lamb''

483

(1)

``The Tyger''

484

(1)

``The Sick Rose''

485

(1)

``London''

486

(1)

William Wordsworth (1770--1850)

``The World Is Too Much with Us''

486

(1)

George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)

``She Walks in Beauty''

487

(1)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792--1822)

``Ozymandias''

487

(1)

John Keats (1795--1821)

``On First Looking into Chapman's Homer''

488

(1)

``Ode on a Grecian Urn''

488

(1)

Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809--1892)

``The Eagle''

489

(1)

Walt Whitman (1819--1892)

``When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer''

490

(1)

``One's-Self I Sing''

490

(1)

Matthew Arnold (1822--1888)

``Dover Beach''

490

(1)

Emily Dickinson (1830--1886)

``Success Is Counted Sweetest''

491

(1)

``I'm Nobody! Who Are You?''

492

(1)

``Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers''

492

(1)

``He Put the Belt Around My Life''

492

(1)

``Much Madness Is Divinest Sense''

493

(1)

``Because I Could Not Stop for Death''

493

(1)

``Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church''

494

(1)

Thomas Hardy (1840--1928)

``Channel Firing''

494

(1)

Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844--1889)

``Pied Beauty''

495

(1)

``Spring and Fall''

495

(1)

A. E. Housman (1859--1936)

``To an Athlete Dying Young''

496

(1)

``Loveliest of Trees''

497

(1)

William Butler Yeats (1865--1939)

``The Second Coming''

497

(1)

Stephen Crane (1871--1900)

``A Man Said to the Universe''

498

(1)

``War Is Kind''

498

(1)

Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872--1906)

``We Wear the Mask''

499

(1)

Robert Frost (1874--1963)

``Mending Wall''

499

(1)

``Birches''

500

(2)

``'Out, Out---'''

502

(1)

``Fire and Ice''

502

(1)

``Design''

503

(1)

Carl Sandburg (1878--1967)

``Fog''

503

(1)

``Grass''

503

(1)

``Chicago''

504

(1)

Wallace Stevens (1879--1955)

``The Emperor of Ice Cream''

505

(1)

``Anecdote of the Jar''

505

(1)

William Carlos Williams (1883--1963)

``Danse Russe''

505

(1)

``The Red Wheelbarrow''

506

(1)

D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)

``Piano''

506

(1)

``Snake''

507

(2)

T. S. Eliot (1888--1965)

``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock''

509

(3)

Claude McKay (1890--1948)

``America''

512

(1)

Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892--1950)

``Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word''

512

(1)

``First Fig''

513

(1)

Wilfred Owen (1893--1918)

``Dulce et Decorum Est''

513

(1)

E. E. Cummings (1894--1962)

``in Just-''

514

(1)

``next to of course god america i''

515

(1)

``she being Brand''

515

(1)

``pity this busy monster, manunkind''

516

(1)

Jean Toomer (1894--1967)

``Reapers''

516

(1)

Stevie Smith (1902--1971)

``Not Waving But Drowning''

517

(1)

Countee Cullen (1903--1946)

``Incident''

517

(1)

Pablo Neruda (1904--1973)

``The United Fruit Co.''

518

(1)

``Sweetness, Always''

519

(1)

W. H. Auden (1907--1973)

``Funeral Blues''

520

(1)

Theodore Roethke (1908--1963)

``Dolor''

521

(1)

``I Knew a Woman''

521

(1)

Elizabeth Bishop (1911--1979)

``One Art''

522

(1)

May Sarton (1912--1995)

``AIDS''

522

(1)

Robert Hayden (1913--1980)

``Those Winter Sundays''

523

(1)

Karl Shapiro (1913--2000)

``Auto Wreck''

524

(1)

Randall Jarrell (1914--1965)

``The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner''

525

(1)

Octavio Paz (1914--1998)

``The Street''

525

(1)

Dudley Randall (1914--2000)

``To the Mercy Killers''

525

(1)

Dylan Thomas (1914--1953)

``The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower''

526

(1)

``Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night''

527

(1)

Gwendolyn Brooks (1917--2000)

``Sadie and Maud''

527

(1)

``The Bean Eaters''

528

(1)

Howard Nemerov (1920--1991)

``The Goose Fish''

528

(1)

Richard Wilbur (1921-- )

``Love Calls Us to the Things of This World''

529

(1)

Philip Larkin (1922--1985)

``Home Is So Sad''

530

(1)

James Dickey (1923--1997)

``The Leap''

530

(2)

Wislawa Szymborska (1923-- )

``End and Beginning''

532

(1)

Lisel Mueller (1924-- )

``Things''

533

(1)

Maxine Kumin (1925-- )

``Woodchucks''

533

(1)

Allen Ginsberg (1926--1997)

``A Supermarket in California''

534

(1)

James Wright (1927--1980)

``Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio''

535

(1)

Anne Sexton (1928--1974)

``You All Know the Story of the Other Woman''

535

(1)

Adrienne Rich (1929-- )

``Aunt Jennifer's Tigers''

536

(1)

Adrian Henri (1932--2000)

``Any Prince to Any Princess''

536

(2)

Sylvia Plath (1932--1963)

``Mirror''

538

(1)

``Daddy''

538

(2)

John Updike (1932-- )

``Ex-Basketball Player''

540

(1)

Linda Pastan (1932-- )

``Ethics''

541

(1)

``Marks''

542

(1)

Imamu Amiri Baraka (1934-- )

``Biography''

542

(1)

Audre Lorde (1934--1992)

``Hanging Fire''

543

(1)

Marge Piercy (1936-- )

``Barbie Doll''

544

(1)

``The Woman in the Ordinary''

544

(1)

Seamus Heaney (1939-- )

``Digging''

545

(1)

John Lennon (1940--1980) and Paul McCartney (1942-- )

``Eleanor Rigby''

546

(1)

Sharon Olds (1942-- )

``The Death of Marilyn Monroe''

547

(1)

``Sex Without Love''

547

(1)

Nikki Giovanni (1943-- )

``Dreams''

548

(1)

Gina Valdes (1943-- )

``My Mother Sews Blouses''

549

(1)

Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-- )

``Facing It''

549

(1)

``My Father's Love Letters''

550

(1)

Rita Dove (1952-- )

``Daystar''

551

(1)

Alberto Rios (1952-- )

``In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did''

552

(1)

Jimmy Santiago Baca (1952-- )

``There Are Black''

553

(1)

Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952-- )

``Latin Women Pray''

554

(1)

Cornelius Eady (1954-- )

``The Supremes''

554

(1)

Louise Erdrich (1954-- )

``Indian Boarding School: The Runaways''

555

(1)

Martin Espada (1957-- )

``Coca-Cola and Coco Frio''

556

(1)

``Liberating a Pillar of Tortillas''

556

(1)

Paired Poems for Comparison

557

(11)

Christopher Marlowe (1564--1593)

``The Passionate Shepherd to His Love''

558

(1)

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?--1618)

``The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd''

558

(1)

Robert Browning (1812--1889)

``My Last Duchess''

559

(1)

Gabriel Spera (1966-- )

``My Ex-Husband''

560

(2)

Thomas Hardy (1840--1928)

``The Convergence of the Twain''

562

(1)

David R. Slavitt (1935-- )

``Titanic''

563

(1)

Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869--1935)

``Richard Cory''

564

(1)

Paul Simon (1942-- )

``Richard Cory''

564

(1)

Robert Frost (1874--1963)

``The Road Not Taken''

565

(1)

Blanche Farley (1937-- )

``The Lover Not Taken''

566

(1)

William Stafford (1914--1993)

``Traveling Through the Dark''

566

(1)

Mary Oliver (1935-- )

``The Black Snake''

567

(1)

Poets' Profiles

568

(15)

Part IV Writing About Drama

583

(103)

How Do I Read a Play?

585

(5)

Listen to the Lines

585

(1)

Visualize the Scene

586

(1)

Envision the Action

587

(1)

Drama on Film

588

(2)

Chart 14-1 Critical Questions for Reading Plays

589

(1)

Writing About Dramatic Structure

590

(49)

What Is Dramatic Structure?

590

(1)

Looking at Dramatic Structure

591

(36)

Sophocles, Antigone

592

(35)

Prewriting

627

(1)

Analyzing Dramatic Structure

627

(1)

Writing

628

(2)

Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis

628

(1)

Quoting from a Play

629

(1)

Ideas for Writing

630

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

630

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

630

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

631

(1)

Rewriting

631

(1)

Avoiding Unclear Language

631

(1)

Sample Student Paper: Drama

632

(7)

Questions for Discussion

638

(1)

Writing About Character

639

(47)

What Is the Modern Hero?

639

(1)

The Classical Tragic Hero

639

(1)

The Modern Tragic Hero

640

(1)

Looking at the Modern Hero

640

(42)

Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie

640

(42)

Prewriting

682

(1)

Analyzing the Characters

682

(1)

Writing

682

(1)

Choosing a Structure

683

(1)

Ideas for Writing

683

(1)

Ideas for Responsive Writing

683

(1)

Ideas for Critical Writing

684

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

684

(1)

Rewriting

684

(2)

Developing Paragraphs Specifically

685

(1)

Exercise on Providing Quotations

685

(1)

CASEBOOK The Glass Menagerie: Interpreting Amanda

686

(90)

Review of The Glass Menagerie

687

(1)

Burton Rasco

``Diverse, Unique Amanda''

687

(1)

Howard Taubman

``Tennessee Williams' Gallery of Feminine Characters''

688

(1)

Durant Da Ponte

``Entering The Glass Menagerie''

688

(1)

C.W.E. Bigsby

``Amanda''

689

(3)

Marc Robinson

Responding to the Critics

691

(1)

For Further Reading and Research

691

(1)

Drama for Writing: The Research Paper

692

(84)

What Is Cultural Analysis?

692

(46)

Looking at Cultural Issues

693

(1)

David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly

693

(45)

Using Library Sources in Your Writing

738

(1)

A Student Researcher's Process

738

(1)

Prewriting

739

(8)

Finding a Thesis

739

(1)

Figure 17-1 Reading Notes

740

(1)

Locating Sources

741

(1)

The Online Catalog

741

(1)

Indexes and Databases

742

(1)

Using the Internet

742

(1)

Chart 17-1 Internet Sources for Literature

743

(2)

Evaluating Online Sources

745

(1)

Reference Works in Print

745

(1)

Chart 17-2 Selected Reference Works in Literature

746

(1)

Taking Notes

747

(1)

Writing

747

(3)

Developing a Plan

747

(1)

Writing Before Researching

748

(1)

Avoiding Plagiarism

749

(1)

Introducing Quotations

750

(1)

Ideas for Researched Writing

750

(2)

About Short Stories

750

(1)

About Poetry

751

(1)

About Drama

752

(1)

Rewriting

752

(1)

Citing Sources

752

(1)

Including Informational Notes

753

(1)

Editing

753

(1)

Chart 17-3 Checklist for Accurate Documentation

754

Sample Documented Students Papers

753

(2)

Paper on Drama: Final Draft

755

(9)

Paper on a Short Story: Final Draft

764

(4)

Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style

768

(8)

Sample Entries for a Works Cited List

770

(4)

Citing Electronic Publications

774

(2)

Anthology of Drama

776

(283)

Sophocles (ca. 496 -- ca. 405 B.C.)

Oedipus the King

776

(42)

William Shakespeare (1564--1616)

Othello, the Moor of Venice

818

(86)

Henrik Ibsen (1828--1906)

A Doll's House

904

(50)

Susan Glaspell (1882--1948)

Trifles

954

(10)

Edward Albee (1928-- )

The Sandbox

964

(4)

Lorraine Hansberry (1930--1965)

A Raisin in the Sun

968

(54)

Luis Valdez (1940-- )

Los Vendidos

1022

(8)

David Ives (1950-- )

Sure Thing

1030

(7)

Wendy Wasserstein (1950-- )

Tender Offer

1037

(6)

Harvey Fierstein (1954-- )

On Tidy Endings

1043

(16)

Part V The Editing Process

1059

(2)

A Handbook for Correcting Errors

1061

(29)

Proofreading

1061

(1)

Correcting Sentence Boundary Errors

1061

(5)

Phrases and Clauses

1061

(1)

Fragments

1061

(1)

Chart A Examples of Phrases and Clauses

1062

(1)

Chart B Kinds of Phrases

1063

(1)

Chart C Kinds of Clauses

1064

(1)

Comma Splices

1065

(1)

Run-On Sentences

1066

(1)

Clearing Up Confused Sentences

1067

(1)

Solving Faulty Predication Problems

1067

(1)

Fixing Subject-Verb Agreement Errors

1068

(2)

Fixing Pronoun Errors

1070

(3)

Correcting Shifts in Person

1073

(1)

Correcting Shifts in Tense

1074

(1)

Finding Modifier Mistakes

1075

(1)

Coping with Irregular Verbs

1076

(1)

Getting Verbs Right

1076

(1)

Writing in Active Voice

1077

(1)

Solving Punctuation Problems

1077

(2)

Using Necessary Commas Only

1079

(1)

Using Apostrophes

1080

(2)

Distinguishing Hyphens from Dashes

1082

(1)

Integrating Quotations Gracefully

1082

(1)

Quoting from a Story: Crediting Sources

1082

(1)

Quoting from a Poem

1083

(1)

Quoting from a Play

1084

(1)

Punctuating Quoted Material

1084

(3)

Writing Smooth Transitions

1087

(1)

Catching Careless Mistakes

1088

(2)

Appendix: Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature

1090

(6)

Formalism

1090

(1)

Historical Approaches

1091

(1)

Biographical

1091

(1)

Cultural

1091

(1)

Marxist

1092

(1)

Psychological Approaches

1092

(1)

Mythological and Archetypal Approaches

1093

(1)

Gender Focus

1093

(1)

Reader Response

1094

(1)

Deconstruction

1094

(1)

Where Do You Stand?

1095

(1)

Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms

1096

(10)

Credits

1106

(5)

Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry

1111

(8)

Subject Index

1119

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Literature and the Writing Process

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