Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Concepts of Genetics and Student Companion Website Access Card Package

by: Klug, William S.; Cummings, Michael R.; Spencer, Charlotte; Palladino, Michael A.

Concepts of Genetics and Student Companion Website Access Card Package

by: Klug, William S.; Cummings, Michael R.; Spencer, Charlotte; Palladino, Michael A.

ISBN 13:
9780131699441
ISBN 10:
013169944X
Edition: 9th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2009
Publisher: Benjamin Cummings
Newer Edition

Rent

Sorry, this item is currently unavailable.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

Extend or Purchase Your Rental at Any Time

Need to keep your rental past your due date? At any time before your due date you can extend or purchase your rental through your account.

Summary

For one or two term courses in genetics in the departments of Biology, Zoology, Agriculture or Health Science.

Preface

xxiv

Part One Genes, Chromosomes, and Heredity

Introduction to Genetics

(16)

From Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century

(3)

Mendel's Work on Transmission of Traits

(1)

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Uniting Mendel and Meiosis

(1)

Genetic Variation

(1)

The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes: DNA or Protein?

(1)

Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Recombinant DNA Era

(2)

The Structure of DNA and RNA

(1)

Gene Expression: From DNA to Phenotype

(1)

Proteins and Biological Function

(1)

Linking Genotype to Phenotype: Sickle-Cell Anemia

(1)

Genomics Grew Out of Recombinant DNA Technology

(2)

Making Recombinant DNA Molecules and Cloning DNA

(1)

Sequencing Genomes: The Human Genome Project

(1)

The Impact of Biotechnology Is Growing

(2)

Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply

(1)

Who Owns Transgenic Organisms?

(1)

Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine

(1)

Genetic Studies Rely On the Use of Model Organisms

(3)

The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms

(1)

Model Organisms and Human Diseases

(1)

We Live in the ``Age of Genetics''

(3)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Mitosis and Meiosis

(22)

Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function

(2)

Cell Boundaries

(1)

The Nucleus

(1)

The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles

(1)

In Diploid Organisms, Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs

(3)

Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells

(4)

Interphase and the Cell Cycle

(2)

Prophase

(1)

Prometaphase and Metaphase

(1)

Anaphase

(1)

Telophase

(1)

Meiosis Reduces the Chromosome Number from Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores

(4)

An Overview of Meiosis

(1)

The First Meiotic Division: Prophase I

(1)

Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase I

(1)

The Second Meiotic Division

(2)

The Development of Gametes Varies during Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

(1)

Meiosis Is Critical to the Successful Sexual Reproduction of All Diploid Organisms

(1)

Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Cytological Nature of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes

(6)

Chromatin and Chromosomes

(1)

The Synaptonemal Complex

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Insights and Solutions

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Mendelian Genetics

(27)

Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance

(1)

The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation

(4)

Mendel's First Three Postulates

(1)

Modern Genetic Terminology

(1)

Mendel's Analytical Approach

(1)

Punnett Squares

(1)

The Testcross: One Character

(1)

Mendel's Dihybrid Cross Revealed His Fourth Postulate: Independent Assortment

(3)

Independent Assortment

(3)

The Testcross: Two Characters

(1)

The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel's Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits

(2)

The Forked-Line Method, or Branch Diagram

(2)

Mendel's Work Was Rediscovered in the Early 20th Century

(1)

The Correlation of Mendel's Postulates with the Behavior of Chromosomes Formed the Foundation of Modern Transmission Genetics

(2)

Unit Factors, Genes, and Homologous Chromosomes

(2)

Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation

(1)

Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events

(3)

The Product Law and the Sum Law

(1)

Conditional Probability

(1)

The Binomial Theorem

(2)

Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data

(2)

Interpreting Χ2 Calculations

(1)

Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance in Humans

(10)

Pedigree Conventions

(1)

Pedigree Analysis

(2)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

(1)

Tay--Sachs Disease: A Recessive Molecular Disorder in Humans

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Insights and Solutions

(2)

Problems and Discussion Questions

(2)

Extra-Spicy Problems

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

(34)

Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways

(1)

Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles

(1)

In Incomplete Dominance, Neither Allele Is Dominant

(1)

In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident

(1)

Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population

(2)

The ABO Blood Groups

(1)

The A and B Antigens

(1)

The Bombay Phenotype

(1)

The white Locus in Drosophila

(1)

Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes

(2)

Dominant Lethal Mutations

(1)

Combinations of Two Gene Pairs Involving Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio

(1)

Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene

(5)

Epistasis

(1)

Unique Inheritance Patterns

(3)

Novel Phenotypes

(1)

Other Modified Dihybrid Ratios

(1)

Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects

(1)

X-Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome

(3)

X-Linkage in Drosophila

(1)

X-Linkage in Humans

(2)

Lesch--Nyhan Syndrome: The Molecular Basis of a Rare X-Linked Recessive Disorder

(1)

In Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Inheritance, an Individual's Sex Influences the Phenotype

(1)

Phenotypic Expression Is Not Always a Direct Reflection of the Genotype

(15)

Penetrance and Expressivity

(1)

Genetic Background: Suppression and Position Effects

(1)

Temperature Effects

(1)

Nutritional Effects

(1)

Onset of Genetic Expression

(1)

Genetic Anticipation

(1)

Genomic (Parental) Imprinting

(2)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

(1)

Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Insights and Solutions

(2)

Problems and Discussion Questions

(3)

Extra-Spicy Problems

(3)

Selected Readings

(1)

Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes

100

(37)

Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together

101

(3)

The Linkage Ratio

102

(2)

Crossing Over Serves as the Basis of Determining the Distance between Genes during Chromosome Mapping

104

(3)

Morgan and Crossing Over

104

(1)

Sturtevant and Mapping

104

(2)

Single Crossovers

106

(1)

Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Relies on the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers

107

(7)

Multiple Exchanges

107

(1)

Three-Point Mapping in Drosophila

108

(2)

Determining the Gene Sequence

110

(1)

A Mapping Problem in Maize

111

(3)

Interference Affects the Recovery of Multiple Exchanges

114

(1)

As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, Mapping Experiments Become More Inaccurate

115

(1)

Drosophila Genes Have Been Extensively Mapped

116

(1)

Crossing Over Involves a Physical Exchange between Chromatids

117

(1)

Recombination Occurs between Mitotic Chromosomes

118

(2)

Exchanges Also Occur between Sister Chromatids

120

(1)

Linkage Analysis and Mapping Can Be Performed in Haploid Organisms

120

(6)

Gene-to-Centromere Mapping

121

(2)

Ordered versus Unordered Tetrad Analysis

123

(1)

Linkage and Mapping

124

(2)

Lod Score Analysis and Somatic Cell Hybridization Were Historically Important in Creating Human Chromosome Maps

126

(2)

Gene Mapping Is Now Possible Using Molecular Analysis of DNA

128

(1)

Gene Mapping Using Annotated Computer Databases

128

(1)

Did Mendel Encounter Linkage?

128

(9)

Why Didn't Gregor Mendel Find Linkage?

129

(1)

Chapter Summary

129

(1)

Insights and Solutions

130

(2)

Problems and Discussion Questions

132

(3)

Extra-Spicy Problems

135

(1)

Selected Readings

136

(1)

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

137

(28)

Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow at an Exponential Rate

138

(1)

Conjugation Is One Means of Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

139

(7)

F+ and F- Bacteria

140

(1)

Hfr Bacteria and Chromosome Mapping

141

(3)

Recombination in F+ x F- Matings: A Reexamination

144

(1)

The F' State and Merozygotes

145

(1)

Mutational Analysis Led to the Discovery of the Rec Proteins Essential to Bacterial Recombination

146

(1)

F Factors Are Plasmids

146

(1)

Transformation Is Another Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

147

(1)

The Transformation Process

147

(1)

Transformation and Linked Genes

147

(1)

Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses

148

(3)

Phage T4: Structure and Life Cycle

148

(1)

The Plaque Assay

149

(1)

Lysogeny

150

(1)

Transduction Is Virus-Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer

151

(2)

The Lederberg--Zinder Experiment

151

(1)

The Nature of Transduction

152

(1)

Transduction and Mapping

153

(1)

Bacteriophages Undergo Intergenic Recombination

153

(1)

Mapping in Bacteriophages

154

(1)

Intragenic Recombination Occurs in Phage T4

154

(11)

The rII Locus of Phage T4

154

(1)

Complementation by rII Mutations

155

(1)

Recombinational Analysis

156

(1)

Deletion Testing of the rII Locus

156

(1)

The rII Gene Map

157

(2)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

159

(1)

Bacterial Genes and Disease: From Gene Expression to Edible Vaccines

159

(1)

Chapter Summary

160

(1)

Insights and Solutions

160

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

161

(2)

Extra-Spicy Problems

163

(1)

Selected Readings

164

(1)

Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes

165

(22)

Sexual Differentiation and Life Cycles

166

(3)

Chlamydomonas

166

(1)

Zea mays

167

(1)

Caenorhabditis elegans

168

(1)

X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the 20th Century

169

(1)

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans

170

(5)

Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes

171

(1)

47, XXX Syndrome

172

(1)

47, XYY Condition

172

(1)

Sexual Differentiation in Humans

173

(1)

The Y Chromosome and Male Development

173

(2)

The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0

175

(1)

Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals

175

(3)

Barr Bodies

176

(1)

The Lyon Hypothesis

176

(2)

The Mechanism of Inactivation

178

(1)

The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Determines Sex in Drosophila

178

(3)

Dosage Compensation in Drosophila

180

(1)

Drosophila Mosaics

180

(1)

Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Reptiles

181

(6)

Chapter Summary

182

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

183

(1)

A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans

183

(1)

Insights and Solutions

184

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

184

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

185

(1)

Selected Readings

186

(1)

Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Chromosome Number and Arrangement

187

(27)

Specific Terminology Describes Variations in Chromosome Number

188

(1)

Variation in the Number of Chromosomes Results from Nondisjunction

188

(1)

Monosomy, the Loss of a Single Chromosome, May Have Severe Phenotypic Effects

189

(1)

Partial Monosomy in Humans: The Cri-du-Chat Syndrome

189

(1)

Trisomy Involves the Addition of a Chromosome to a Diploid Genome

190

(4)

Down Syndrome

191

(2)

Patau Syndrome

193

(1)

Edwards Syndrome

193

(1)

Viability in Human Aneuploidy

193

(1)

Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants

194

(4)

Autopolyploidy

195

(1)

Allopolyploidy

196

(2)

Endopolyploidy

198

(1)

Variation Occurs in the Structure and Arrangement of Chromosomes

198

(1)

A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome

199

(1)

A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of the Genetic Material

200

(3)

Gene Redundancy and Amplification: Ribosomal RNA Genes

200

(1)

The Bar-Eye Mutation in Drosophila

201

(1)

The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution

201

(2)

Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence

203

(3)

Consequences of Inversions during Gamete Formation

203

(1)

Position Effects of Inversions

204

(1)

Evolutionary Advantages of Inversions

205

(1)

Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome

206

(2)

Translocations in Humans: Familial Down Syndrome

206

(2)

Fragile Sites in Humans Are Susceptible to Chromosome Breakage

208

(6)

Fragile X Syndrome (Martin--Bell Syndrome)

208

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

209

(1)

The Link between Fragile Sites and Cancer

209

(1)

Chapter Summary

210

(1)

Insights and Solutions

210

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

211

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

212

(1)

Selected Readings

213

(1)

Extranuclear Inheritance

214

(17)

Organelle Heredity Involves DNA in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

215

(3)

Chloroplasts: Variegation in Four O'Clock Plants

215

(1)

Chloroplast Mutations in Chlamydomonas

216

(1)

Mitochondrial Mutations: The Case of poky in Neurospora

216

(1)

Petites in Saccharomyces

217

(1)

Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle Heredity

218

(3)

Organelle DNA and the Endosymbiotic Theory

218

(1)

Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Chloroplast DNA

219

(1)

Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Mitochondrial DNA

220

(1)

Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human Disorders

221

(1)

Infectious Heredity Is Based on a Symbiotic Relationship between Host Organism and Invader

222

(2)

Kappa in Paramecium

222

(2)

Infective Particles in Drosophila

224

(1)

In Maternal Effect, the Maternal Genotype Has a Strong Influence during Early Development

224

(7)

Ephestia Pigmentation

224

(1)

Limnaea Coiling

224

(1)

Embryonic Development in Drosophila

225

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

226

(1)

Mitochondrial DNA and the Mystery of the Romanovs

226

(1)

Chapter Summary

227

(1)

Insights and Solutions

228

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

228

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

229

(1)

Selected Readings

230

(1)

Part Two DNA: Structure, Replication, and Variation

DNA Structure and Analysis

231

(32)

The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics

232

(1)

Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material

233

(1)

Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria and Bacteriophages

233

(6)

Transformation: Early Studies

233

(2)

Transformation: The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment

235

(1)

The Hershey--Chase Experiment

236

(3)

Transfection Experiments

239

(1)

Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryotes

239

(1)

Indirect Evidence: Distribution of DNA

239

(1)

Indirect Evidence: Mutagenesis

239

(1)

Direct Evidence: Recombinant DNA Studies

240

(1)

RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses

240

(1)

Knowledge of Nucleic Acid Chemistry Is Essential to the Understanding of DNA Structure

241

(2)

Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids

241

(2)

Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates

243

(1)

Polynucleotides

243

(1)

The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function

243

(5)

Base Composition Studies

244

(1)

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

245

(1)

The Watson--Crick Model

245

(3)

Alternative Forms of DNA Exist

248

(1)

The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded

249

(2)

Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

250

(1)

Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA

251

(12)

Absorption of Ultraviolet Light (UV)

251

(1)

Sedimentation Behavior

251

(2)

Denaturation and Renaturation of Nucleic Acids

253

(1)

Molecular Hybridization

254

(1)

Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)

255

(1)

Reassociation Kinetics and Repetitive DNA

255

(2)

Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids

257

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

258

(1)

The Twists and Turns of the Helical Revolution

258

(1)

Chapter Summary

259

(1)

Insights and Solutions

259

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

260

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

261

(1)

Selected Readings

262

(1)

DNA Replication and Recombination

263

(23)

DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication

264

(4)

The Meselson--Stahl Experiment

265

(1)

Semiconservative Replication in Eukaryotes

266

(1)

Origins, Forks, and Units of Replication

266

(2)

DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five Polymerases, as well as Other Enzymes

268

(3)

DNA Polymerase I

268

(1)

Synthesis of Biologically Active DNA

269

(1)

DNA Polymerase II, III, IV, and V

270

(1)

Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication

271

(1)

The DNA Helix Must Be Unwound

271

(1)

Initiation of DNA Synthesis Requires an RNA Primer

272

(1)

Antiparallel Strands Require Continuous and Discontinuous DNA Synthesis

272

(1)

Concurrent Synthesis Occurs on the Leading and Lagging Strands

273

(1)

Proofreading and Error Correction Are an Integral Part of DNA Replication

273

(1)

A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication

273

(1)

Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes

274

(1)

Eukaryotic DNA Synthesis Is Similar to Synthesis in Prokaryotes, but More Complex

275

(1)

Multiple Replication Origins

275

(1)

Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases

275

(1)

The Ends of Linear Chromosomes Are Problematic during Replication

276

(2)

DNA Recombination, Like DNA Replication, Is Directed by Specific Enzymes

278

(1)

Gene Conversion Is a Consequence of DNA Recombination

279

(7)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

281

(1)

Telomerase: The Key to Immortality?

281

(1)

Chapter Summary

282

(1)

Insights and Solutions

282

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

283

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

284

(1)

Selected Readings

285

(1)

DNA Organization in Chromosomes

286

(20)

Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes Are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules

287

(2)

Supercoiling Is Common in the DNA of Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes

289

(1)

Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in Structure

290

(2)

Polytene Chromosomes

290

(1)

Lampbrush Chromosomes

291

(1)

DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes

292

(4)

Chromatin Structure and Nucleosomes

292

(2)

High Resolution Studies of the Nucleosome Core

294

(1)

Heterochromatin

295

(1)

Chromosome Banding Differentiates Regions along the Mitotic Chromosome

296

(1)

Eukaryotic Chromosomes Demonstrate Complex Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA

297

(4)

Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA

297

(1)

Centromeric DNA Sequences

298

(1)

Telomeric DNA Sequences

299

(1)

Middle Repetitive Sequences: VNTRs and Dinucleotide Repeats

300

(1)

Repetitive Transposed Sequences: SINES and LINES

300

(1)

Middle Repetitive Multiple-Copy Genes

301

(1)

The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes

301

(5)

Chapter Summary

301

(1)

Insights and Solutions

302

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

302

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

303

(2)

Selected Readings

305

(1)

Part Three Expression and Regulation of Genetic Information

The Genetic Code and Transcription

306

(28)

The Genetic Code Exhibits a Number of Characteristics

307

(1)

Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code

307

(2)

The Triplet Nature of the Code

308

(1)

The Nonoverlapping Nature of the Code

308

(1)

The Commaless and Degenerate Nature of the Code

309

(1)

Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Led to Deciphering of the Code

309

(4)

Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell-Free System

309

(1)

Homopolymer Codes

310

(1)

Mixed Copolymers

310

(1)

The Triplet Binding Assay

311

(1)

Repeating Copolymers

312

(1)

The Coding Dictionary Reveals Several Interesting Patterns among the 64 Codons

313

(2)

Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis

313

(1)

The Ordered Nature of the Code

314

(1)

Initiation, Termination, and Suppression

314

(1)

The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Phage MS2

315

(1)

The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal

315

(1)

Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes

316

(1)

Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template

317

(1)

Studies with Bacteria and Phages Provided Evidence for the Existence of mRNA

317

(1)

RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis

318

(2)

Promoters, Template Binding, and the Sigma Subunit

318

(1)

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of RNA Synthesis

319

(1)

Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Prokaryotic Transcription in Several Ways

320

(3)

Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes

320

(1)

Recent Discoveries Concerning RNA Polymerase Function

321

(1)

Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA and Its Processing: Caps and Tails

322

(1)

The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences

323

(3)

Splicing Mechanisms: Autocatalytic RNAs

324

(1)

Splicing Mechanisms: The Spliceosome

325

(1)

RNA Editing

326

(1)

Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy

326

(8)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

328

(1)

Antisense Oligonucleotides: Attacking the Messenger

328

(1)

Chapter Summary

329

(1)

Insights and Solutions

329

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

330

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

331

(2)

Selected Readings

333

(1)

Translation and Proteins

334

(27)

Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs

335

(3)

Ribosomal Structure

335

(1)

tRNA Structure

336

(1)

Charging tRNA

337

(1)

Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps

338

(4)

Initiation

338

(1)

Elongation

339

(1)

Termination

340

(1)

Polyribosomes

341

(1)

Crystallographic Analysis Has Revealed Many Details about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome

342

(1)

Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes

342

(1)

The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

343

(1)

Phenylketonuria

344

(1)

Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene: One-Enzyme Hypothesis

344

(2)

Analysis of Neurospora Mutants by Beadle and Tatum

344

(2)

Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical Pathways

346

(1)

Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide

346

(3)

Sickle-Cell Anemia

347

(1)

Human Hemoglobins

348

(1)

The Nucleotide Sequence of a Gene and the Amino Acid Sequence of the Corresponding Protein Exhibit Colinearity

349

(1)

Protein Structure Is the Basis of Biological Diversity

349

(4)

Posttranslational Modification

352

(1)

Protein Function Is Directly Related to the Structure of the Molecule

353

(1)

Proteins Are Made Up of One or More Functional Domains

354

(7)

Exon Shuffling and the Origin of Protein Domains

354

(2)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

356

(1)

Mad Cow Disease: The Prion Story

356

(1)

Chapter Summary

357

(1)

Insights and Solutions

357

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

357

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

358

(2)

Selected Readings

360

(1)

Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition

361

(31)

Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways

362

(3)

Spontaneous, Induced, and Adaptive Mutations

362

(1)

Classification Based on Location of Mutation

363

(1)

Classification Based on Type of Molecular Change

364

(1)

Classification Based on Phenotypic Effects

364

(1)

The Spontaneous Mutation Rate Varies Greatly among Organisms

365

(1)

Deleterious Mutations in Humans

365

(1)

Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Replication Errors and Base Modifications

366

(3)

DNA Replication Errors

366

(1)

Replication Slippage

366

(1)

The Odds of Losing at Genetic Roulette

367

(1)

Tautomeric Shifts

368

(1)

Depurination and Deamination

368

(1)

Oxidative Damage

369

(1)

Transposons

369

(1)

Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation

369

(3)

Base Analogs

370

(1)

Alkylating Agents

370

(1)

Acridine Dyes and Frameshift Mutations

370

(1)

Ultraviolet Light and Thymine Dimers

371

(1)

Ionizing Radiation

372

(1)

Genomics and Gene Sequencing Have Enhanced Our Understanding of Mutations in Humans

372

(3)

ABO Blood Types

373

(1)

Muscular Dystrophy

373

(1)

Trinucleotide Repeats in Fragile X Syndrome, Myotonic Dystrophy, and Huntington Disease

373

(2)

Genetic Techniques, Cell Cultures, and Pedigree Analysis Are All Used to Detect Mutations

375

(2)

Detection in Bacteria and Fungi

375

(1)

Detection in Plants

375

(1)

Detection in Humans

375

(2)

The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds

377

(1)

Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Counteract Mutations

377

(5)

Proofreading and Mismatch Repair

377

(1)

Postreplication Repair and the SOS Repair System

378

(1)

Photoreactivation Repair: Reversal of UV Damage in Prokaryotes

379

(1)

Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair

379

(1)

Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Nucleotide Excision Repair in Humans

380

(1)

Double-Strand Break Repair in Eukaryotes

381

(1)

Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Disrupt Genetic Function

382

(10)

Insertion Sequences

382

(1)

Bacterial Transposons

382

(1)

The Ac--Ds System in Maize

383

(1)

Mobile Genetic Elements and Wrinkled Peas: Mendel Revisited

384

(1)

Copia Elements in Drosophila

385

(1)

P Element Transposons in Drosophila

385

(1)

Transposable Elements in Humans

386

(1)

Chapter Summary

386

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

387

(1)

Chernobyl's Legacy

387

(1)

Insights and Solutions

388

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

389

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

390

(1)

Selected Readings

391

(1)

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

392

(19)

Prokaryotes Exhibit Efficient Genetic Mechanisms to Respond to Environmental Conditions

393

(1)

Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System

393

(5)

Structural Genes

394

(1)

The Discovery of Regulatory Mutations

394

(1)

The Operon Model: Negative Control

395

(1)

Genetic Proof of the Operon Model

395

(2)

Isolation of the Repressor

397

(1)

The Catabolite-Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon

398

(1)

Crystal Structure Analysis of Repressor Complexes Has Confirmed the Operon Model

399

(2)

The tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System

401

(1)

Evidence for the trp Operon

401

(1)

Attenuation Is a Critical Process during the Regulation of the trp Operon in E. coli

402

(1)

TRAP and AT Proteins Govern Attenuation in B. subtilis

403

(1)

The ara Operon Is Controlled by a Regulator Protein That Exerts Both Positive and Negative Control

404

(7)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

406

(1)

Quorum Sensing: How Bacteria Talk to One Another

406

(1)

Chapter Summary

407

(1)

Insights and Solutions

407

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

408

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

409

(1)

Selected Readings

410

(1)

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

411

(23)

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Differs from Regulation in Prokaryotes

412

(1)

Chromosome Organization in the Nucleus Influences Gene Expression

412

(1)

Transcription Initiation Is a Major Form of Gene Regulation

413

(2)

Promoters Have a Modular Organization

413

(1)

Enhancers Control the Rate of Transcription

414

(1)

Transcription in Eukaryotes Requires Several Steps

415

(2)

Transcription Requires Chromatin Remodeling

415

(1)

Histone Modification Is Part of Chromatin Remodeling

416

(1)

Assembly of the Basal Transcription Complex Occurs at the Promoter

417

(3)

RNA Polymerases and Transcription

417

(1)

Formation of the Transcription Initiation Complex

417

(1)

Activators Bind to Enhancers and Change the Rate of Transcription Initiation

418

(2)

Gene Regulation in a Model Organism: Positive Induction and Catabolite Repression in the gal Genes of Yeast

420

(2)

DNA Methylation and Regulation of Gene Expression

422

(1)

Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression

423

(3)

Alternative Splicing Pathways for mRNA

423

(1)

Alternative Splicing and Cell Function

423

(2)

Alternative Splicing Amplifies the Number of Proteins Produced by a Genome

425

(1)

RNA Silencing of Gene Expression

425

(1)

Alternative Splicing and mRNA Stability Also Regulate Gene Expression

426

(8)

Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Model for Regulation of Alternative Splicing

426

(1)

Controlling mRNA Stability

427

(1)

Chapter Summary

428

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

429

(1)

Human Genetic Diseases and Loss of Gene Regulation

429

(1)

Insights and Solutions

430

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

430

(2)

Extra-Spicy Problems

432

(1)

Selected Readings

433

(1)

Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer

434

(23)

Cancer Is a Genetic Disease

435

(2)

What Is Cancer?

436

(1)

The Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells

436

(1)

Cancer As a Multistep Process, Requiring Multiple Mutations

436

(1)

Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability and DNA Repair

437

(2)

Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell Cycle Regulation

439

(3)

The Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction

439

(1)

Cell Cycle Control and Checkpoints

440

(2)

Many Cancer-Causing Genes Disrupt Control of the Cell Cycle

442

(4)

The Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E Proto-oncogenes

443

(1)

The ras Proto-oncogenes

443

(1)

The p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene

444

(1)

The RB1 Tumor Suppressor Gene

445

(1)

Cancer Is a Genetic Disorder Affecting Cell--Cell Contact

446

(1)

Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited

447

(2)

Viruses Contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals

449

(2)

Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers

451

(6)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

452

(1)

Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Testing

452

(1)

Chapter Summary

453

(1)

Insights and Solutions

453

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

454

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

455

(1)

Selected Readings

456

(1)

Part Four Genomic Analysis

Recombinant DNA Technology

457

(27)

Recombinant DNA Technology Combines Several Experimental Techniques

458

(1)

Recombinant DNA Technology Is the Foundation of Genome Analysis

458

(1)

Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA at Specific Recognition Sequences

458

(2)

Vectors Carry DNA Molecules to Be Cloned

460

(3)

Plasmid Vectors

460

(1)

Lambda (λ) Phage Vectors

461

(1)

Cosmid Vectors

462

(1)

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes

462

(1)

Expression Vectors

463

(1)

DNA Was First Cloned in Prokaryotic Host Cells

463

(1)

Yeast Cells Are Used as Eukaryotic Hosts for Cloning

464

(1)

Genes Can Be Transferred to Eukaryotic Cells

465

(1)

Plant Cell Hosts

465

(1)

Mammalian Cell Hosts

466

(1)

The Polymerase Chain Reaction Makes DNA Copies Without Host Cells

466

(2)

Limitations of PCR

467

(1)

Other Applications of PCR

468

(1)

Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences

468

(2)

Genomic Libraries

468

(1)

Chromosome-Specific Libraries

468

(1)

cDNA Libraries

469

(1)

Specific Clones Can Be Recovered from a Library

470

(1)

Probes Identify Specific Clones

470

(1)

Screening a Library

471

(1)

Cloned Sequences Can Be Characterized in Several Ways

471

(3)

Restriction Mapping

471

(2)

Nucleic Acid Blotting

473

(1)

DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize a Clone

474

(10)

DNA Sequencing and Genome Projects

477

(1)

Chapter Summary

478

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

479

(1)

DNA Fingerprints and Forensics: The Case of the Telltale Palo Verde

479

(1)

Insights and Solutions

480

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

480

(3)

Selected Readings

483

(1)

Genomics and Proteomics

484

(32)

Genomics: Sequencing Is the Basis for Identifying and Mapping All Genes in a Genome

486

(1)

An Overview of Genomic Analysis

487

(1)

Compiling the Sequence

487

(1)

Annotating the Sequence

487

(1)

Functional Genomics Classifies Genes and Identifies Their Functions

488

(3)

Functional Genomics of a Bacterial Genome

489

(1)

Strategies for Functional Assignments of Unknown Genes

489

(2)

Prokaryotic Genomes Have Some Unexpected Features

491

(1)

Size Range of Eubacterial Genomes

491

(1)

Linear Chromosomes and Multiple Chromosomes in Bacteria

491

(1)

Genomes of Eubacteria

492

(1)

Genomes of Archaea

493

(1)

Eukaryotic Genomes Have Several Organizational Patterns

493

(3)

General Features of Eukaryotic Genomes

494

(1)

Transcriptional Units in the C. elegans Genome

494

(1)

Genomes of Higher Plants

495

(1)

The Human Genome: The Human Genome Project (HGP)

496

(3)

Origins of the Human Genome Project

496

(1)

Major Features of the Human Genome

496

(1)

The Unfinished Tasks in Human Genome Sequencing

497

(1)

Chromosomal Organization of Human Genes

498

(1)

Our Genome and the Chimpanzee Genome

498

(1)

Comparative Genomics Is a Versatile Tool

499

(4)

Finding New Genes Using Comparative Genomics

499

(1)

Comparative Genomics and Model Organisms

500

(1)

Comparative Analysis of Nuclear Receptors and Drug Development

501

(1)

The Minimum Genome for Living Cells

502

(1)

Comparative Genomics: Multigene Families Diversify Gene Function

503

(2)

Gene Duplications

503

(1)

Evolution of Gene Families: The Globin Genes

504

(1)

Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Proteins in a Cell

505

(11)

Reconciling the Number of Genes and the Number of Proteins

505

(1)

Proteomics Technology

506

(1)

The Bacterial Proteome Changes with Alterations in the Environment

507

(1)

Proteome Analysis of an Organelle: The Nucleolus

508

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

509

(1)

Beyond Dolly: The Cloning of Humans

509

(1)

Chapter Summary

510

(1)

Insights and Solutions

511

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

511

(3)

Extra-Spicy Problems

514

(1)

Selected Readings

515

(1)

Dissection of Gene Function: Mutational Analysis in Model Organisms

516

(33)

Geneticists Use Model Organisms That Are Genetically Tractable

517

(6)

Features of Genetic Model Organisms

517

(1)

Yeast as a Genetic Model Organism

517

(2)

Drosophila as a Genetic Model Organism

519

(2)

The Mouse as a Genetic Model Organism

521

(2)

Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Mutations and Forward Genetics

523

(6)

Generating Mutants with Radiation, Chemicals, and Transposon Insertion

523

(1)

Screening for Mutants

523

(2)

Selecting for Mutants

525

(1)

Defining the Genes

525

(1)

Dissecting Genetic Networks: Epistasis and Pathways

526

(1)

Extending the Analysis: Suppressors and Enhancers

527

(1)

Extending the Analysis: Cloning the Genes

528

(1)

Extending the Analysis: Biochemical Functions

528

(1)

Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Genomics and Reverse Genetics

529

(7)

Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Purified Protein

529

(1)

Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Mutant Model Organism

530

(1)

Genetic Analysis Beginning with the Cloned Gene

531

(2)

Genetics Analysis Using Gene Targeting Technologies

533

(3)

Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Functional Genomic and RNAi Technologies

536

(2)

RNAi: Genetics without Mutations

536

(1)

High-Throughput Functional Genomics Techniques

537

(1)

Gene Expression Microarrays

537

(1)

Genome-Wide Mapping of Protein--DNA Binding Sites

538

(1)

Geneticists Advance Our Understanding of Molecular Processes by Undertaking Genetic Research in Model Organisms: Three Case Studies

538

(11)

Yeast: Cell Cycle Genes

539

(2)

Drosophila: The Heidelberg Screens

541

(2)

The Mouse: A Model for ALS Gene Therapy

543

(1)

Chapter Summary

544

(1)

Insights and Solutions

545

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

546

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

547

(1)

Selected Readings

548

(1)

Applications and Ethics of Biotechnology

549

(26)

Biotechnology Has Revolutionized Agriculture

550

(2)

Transgenic Crops and Herbicide Resistance

550

(1)

Nutritional Enhancement of Crop Plants

550

(1)

Concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms

551

(1)

Pharmaceutical Products Are Synthesized in Genetically Altered Organisms

552

(3)

Insulin Production in Bacteria

552

(1)

Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical Products

553

(1)

Transgenic Plants and Edible Vaccines

554

(1)

Biotechnology Is Used to Diagnose and Screen Genetic Disorders

555

(5)

Prenatal Diagnosis of Sickle-cell Anemia

555

(1)

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genetic Screening

556

(1)

DNA Microarrays

557

(1)

Drug Development

558

(1)

Disease Diagnosis

559

(1)

Genome Scanning

559

(1)

Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas

560

(1)

Genetic Disorders Can Be Treated by Gene Therapy

560

(3)

Gene Therapy for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

561

(1)

Problems and Failures in Gene Therapy

562

(1)

The Future of Gene Therapy

562

(1)

Gene Therapy Raises Many Ethical Concerns

563

(1)

Ethical Issues Are an Outgrowth of the Human Genome Project

563

(1)

The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Program

564

(1)

Finding and Mapping Genes in the Human Genome with Recombinant DNA Technology

564

(3)

RFLPs as Genetic Markers

564

(1)

Linkage Analysis Using RFLPs

565

(1)

Positional Cloning: The Gene for Neurofibromatosis

565

(1)

Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) Gene Mapping

566

(1)

DNA Fingerprints Can Identify Individuals

567

(8)

Minisatellites (VNTRs) and Microsatellites (STRs)

567

(1)

Forensic Applications

568

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

569

(1)

Gene Therapy---Two Steps Forward or Two Steps Back?

569

(1)

Chapter Summary

570

(1)

Insights and Solutions

570

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

571

(2)

Extra-Spicy Problems

573

(1)

Selected Readings

574

(1)

Part Five Genetics of Organisms and Populations

Developmental Genetics of Model Organisms

575

(24)

Developmental Genetics Seeks to Explain How a Differentiated State Develops from an Organism's Genome

576

(1)

Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms and the Use of Model Organisms

577

(1)

Model Organisms in the Study of Development

577

(1)

Analysis of Developmental Mechanisms

577

(1)

Basic Concepts in Developmental Genetics

577

(1)

Master Switch Genes Program Genomic Expression

578

(1)

The Control of Eye Formation

578

(1)

Genetics of Embryonic Development in Drosophila: Specification of the Body Axis

579

(4)

Overview of Drosophila Development

579

(2)

Genes That Regulate Formation of the Anterior--Posterior Body Axis

581

(1)

Genetic Analysis of Embryogenesis

581

(2)

Zygotic Genes Program Segment Formation in Drosophila

583

(2)

Gap Genes

583

(1)

Pair-Rule Genes

584

(1)

Segment Polarity Genes

584

(1)

Homeotic Genes Control the Developmental Fate of Segments along the Anterior--Posterior Axis

585

(3)

Hox Genes in Drosophila

585

(1)

Hox Genes and Human Genetic Disorders

586

(1)

Control of Hox Gene Expression

587

(1)

Cascades of Gene Action Control Differentiation

588

(1)

Plants Have Evolved Systems That Parallel the Hox Genes of Animals

589

(1)

Homeotic Genes in Arabidopsis

589

(1)

Evolutionary Divergence in Homeotic Genes

590

(1)

Cell--Cell Interactions in C. elegans Development

590

(4)

Signaling Systems in Development

590

(1)

The Notch Signaling Pathway

591

(1)

Overview of C. elegans Development

591

(1)

Genetic Analysis of Vulva Formation

592

(2)

Programmed Cell Death Is Required for Normal Development

594

(5)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

595

(1)

Stem Cell Wars

595

(1)

Chapter Summary

596

(1)

Insights and Solutions

596

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

597

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

598

(1)

Selected Readings

598

(1)

Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits

599

(18)

Not All Polygenic Traits Show Continuous Variation

600

(1)

Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms

600

(3)

The Multiple Gene Hypothesis for Quantitative Inheritance

601

(1)

Additive Alleles: The Basis of Continuous Variation

602

(1)

Calculating the Number of Polygenes

602

(1)

The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis

603

(2)

The Mean

603

(1)

Variance

603

(1)

Standard Deviation

604

(1)

Standard Error of the Mean

604

(1)

Covariance

604

(1)

Analysis of a Quantitative Character

604

(1)

Heritability Estimates the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability

605

(3)

Broad-Sense Heritability

606

(1)

Narrow-Sense Heritability

606

(1)

Artificial Selection

607

(1)

Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans

608

(1)

Quantitative Trait Loci Can Be Mapped

609

(8)

Chapter Summary

610

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

611

(1)

The Green Revolution Revisited

611

(1)

Insights and Solutions

612

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

613

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

614

(2)

Selected Readings

616

(1)

Population Genetics

617

(23)

Allele Frequencies in Population Gene Pools Vary in Space and Time

618

(1)

The Hardy--Weinberg Law Describes the Relationship between Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in an Ideal Population

618

(2)

The Hardy--Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations

620

(2)

Testing for Hardy--Weinberg Equilibrium

622

(1)

The Hardy--Weinberg Law Can Be Used for Multiple Alleles, X-Linked Traits, and Estimating Heterozygote Frequencies

622

(2)

Calculating Frequencies for Multiple Alleles

622

(1)

Calculating Frequencies for X-linked Traits

623

(1)

Calculating Heterozygote Frequency

624

(1)

Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change

624

(5)

Natural Selection

624

(1)

Fitness and Selection

625

(2)

Selection in Natural Populations

627

(1)

Natural Selection and Quantitative Traits

628

(1)

Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool

629

(1)

Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies

630

(2)

Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations

632

(1)

Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency

632

(8)

Inbreeding

633

(1)

Genetic Effects of Inbreeding

634

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

635

(1)

Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa

635

(1)

Chapter Summary

636

(1)

Insights and Solutions

636

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

637

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

638

(1)

Selected Readings

638

(2)

Evolutionary Genetics

640

(23)

Speciation Can Occur by Transformation or by Splitting Gene Pools

641

(1)

Most Populations and Species Harbor Considerable Genetic Variation

642

(2)

Artificial Selection

642

(1)

Protein Polymorphisms

642

(1)

Variations in Nucleotide Sequence

643

(1)

Explaining the High Level of Genetic Variation in Populations

644

(1)

The Genetic Structure of Populations Changes across Space and Time

644

(3)

The Definition of Species Is a Great Challenge for Evolutionary Biology

647

(1)

A Reduction in Gene Flow between Populations, Accompanied by Divergent Selection or Genetic Drift, Can Lead to Speciation

647

(6)

Examples of Speciation

649

(1)

The Minimum Genetic Divergence Required for Speciation

649

(2)

In at Least Some Instances, Speciation Is Rapid

651

(2)

We Can Use Genetic Differences among Populations or Species to Reconstruct Evolutionary History

653

(3)

A Method for Estimating Evolutionary Trees from Genetic Data

653

(2)

Molecular Clocks

655

(1)

Reconstructing Evolutionary History Allows Us to Answer a Variety of Questions

656

(7)

Transmission of HIV from a Dentist to His Patients

656

(1)

The Relationship of Neanderthals to Modern Humans

657

(1)

The Origin of Mitochondria

657

(1)

Chapter Summary

658

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

659

(1)

What Can We Learn from the Failure of the Eugenics Movement?

659

(1)

Insights and Solutions

660

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

660

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

661

(1)

Selected Readings

662

(1)

Conservation Genetics

663

Genetic Diversity Is at the Heart of Conservation Genetics

664

(2)

Loss of Genetic Diversity

665

(1)

Identifying Genetic Diversity

666

(1)

Population Size Has a Major Impact on Species Survival

666

(2)

Genetic Effects Are More Pronounced in Small, Isolated Populations

668

(2)

Genetic Drift

668

(1)

Inbreeding

668

(1)

Reduction in Gene Flow

669

(1)

Genetic Erosion Diminishes Genetic Diversity

670

(1)

Conservation of Genetic Diversity Is Essential to Species Survival

670

Ex Situ Conservation: Captive Breeding

671

(1)

Captive Breeding: The Black-Footed Ferret

671

(1)

Ex Situ Conservation and Gene Banks

672

(1)

In Situ Conservation

672

(1)

Population Augmentation

673

(1)

Genetics, Technology, and Society

674

(1)

Gene Pools and Endangered Species: The Plight of the Florida Panther

674

(1)

Chapter Summary

675

(1)

Insights and Solutions

675

(1)

Problems and Discussion Questions

675

(1)

Extra-Spicy Problems

676

(1)

Selected Readings

677

Appendix A Glossary

(16)

Appendix B Answers

Credits

(1)

Index

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Concepts of Genetics and Student Companion Website Access Card Package

Concepts of Genetics and Student Companion Website Access Card Package

9780131699441

013169944X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Concepts of Genetics and Student Companion Website Access Card Package

Concepts of Genetics and Student Companion Website Access Card Package

9780131699441

013169944X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Related Products