9780131175921

For freshman/sophomore-level courses in Computers in Health Care. This comprehensive survey of the interconnections of IT and health care is the only up-to-date text that teaches computer literacy AND introduces students to the uses of information technology in health care delivery. It familiarizes students with the basic vocabulary and concepts necessary in computer literacy-including discussions of hardware and software, communications and networking, ethical issues, and privacy concerns. In addition, it discusses how IT is transforming every aspect of health care-from administrative applications (such as the electronic medical record), to clinical systems involved in direct patient care, to special-purpose applications (such as simulation software used in the education of health care professionals). Section I provides a general introduction to computer literacy and information technology-at a level appropriate for health care students. Section II examines the impa

Preface

xiii

Reviewers

xvii

Introduction to Information Technology---Hardware, Software, and Telecommunications

1

(18)

Outline

1

(1)

Learning Objectives

2

(1)

Information Technology and Computer Literacy

2

(1)

What Is a Computer?

2

(1)

Hardware

3

(3)

Digital and Analog Devices

3

(1)

Input Devices

4

(1)

Processing Hardware and Memory

5

(1)

Open Architecture

6

(1)

Output Devices

6

(1)

Secondary Storage Devices

6

(1)

Software

6

(2)

System Software

7

(1)

Application Software

7

(1)

An Overview of Networking, Connectivity, and Telecommunications

8

(1)

Protocols

9

(1)

Communications Hardware

9

(1)

Analog and Digital Signals: The Modem

9

(1)

Uses of Telecommunications and Networking

9

(1)

The Internet and the World Wide Web

9

(2)

Intranets/Extranets

10

(1)

Internet Services

10

(1)

The World Wide Web

10

(1)

Chapter Summary

11

(1)

Key Terms

12

(1)

Review Questions

13

(3)

Multiple Choice

13

(2)

True/False Questions

15

(1)

Critical Thinking

15

(1)

Sources

16

(1)

Related Web Sites

17

(2)

Security and Privacy in an Electronic Age

19

(22)

Outline

19

(1)

Learning Objectives

20

(1)

Security and Privacy---An Overview

20

(1)

Threats to Information Technology

21

(4)

Computer Technology and Crime

21

(1)

Security

22

(3)

Privacy

25

(1)

Databases

26

(3)

Government Databases

27

(1)

Private Databases

28

(1)

Databases and the Internet

29

(1)

Privacy, Security, and Health Care

29

(5)

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996

30

(1)

Privacy of Medical Records under HIPAA and the USA Patriot Act

31

(1)

Telemedicine and Privacy

32

(1)

E-mail and Privacy

32

(1)

Privacy and Electronic Medical Records

32

(2)

Chapter Summary

34

(1)

Key Terms

34

(1)

Review Questions

35

(3)

Multiple Choice

35

(2)

True/False Questions

37

(1)

Critical Thinking

37

(1)

Sources

38

(2)

Related Web Site

40

(1)

An Introduction to Medical Informatics and the Administrative Applications of Computers

41

(18)

Outline

41

(1)

Learning Objectives

41

(1)

Medical Informatics

42

(1)

Administrative Applications of Computer Technology in the Medical Office

43

(1)

Medical Office Administrative Software---An Overview

44

(2)

The Patient Information Form

45

(1)

The Electronic Medical Record

45

(1)

Coding and Grouping

46

(1)

Accounting, Using MediSoft

46

(1)

Insurance

47

(4)

Claims

48

(3)

Accounting Reports

51

(1)

Other Systems

51

(1)

Chapter Summary

52

(1)

Key Terms

53

(1)

Review Questions

53

(3)

Definitions

53

(1)

Multiple Choice

54

(1)

True/False Questions

55

(1)

Critical Thinking

56

(1)

Sources

56

(3)

Telemedicine

59

(20)

Outline

59

(1)

Learning Objectives

59

(1)

Overview

60

(1)

Store-and-Forward Technology and Interactive Videoconferencing

61

(1)

Teleradiology

61

(1)

Telepathology

62

(1)

Teledermatology

62

(1)

Telecardiology

63

(1)

Telestroke

63

(1)

Telepsychiatry

64

(1)

Remote Monitoring Devices

65

(1)

Telehome Care

65

(1)

Telemedicine in Prison

66

(1)

Other Uses of Telemedicine

67

(1)

The Telenurse

68

(1)

Issues in Telemedicine

68

(2)

Selected Reading

70

(1)

Chapter Summary

71

(1)

Key Terms

71

(1)

Review Questions

72

(2)

Multiple Choice

72

(2)

True/False Questions

74

(1)

Critical Thinking

74

(1)

Sources

74

(4)

Related Web Sites

78

(1)

Information Technology in Radiology

79

(16)

Outline

79

(1)

Learning Objectives

79

(1)

Introduction

80

(1)

X-rays

80

(1)

Ultrasound

81

(1)

Digital Imaging Techniques

82

(4)

Computerized Tomography

82

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

83

(1)

Positron Emission Tomography

84

(2)

Bone Density Tests

86

(1)

Bloodless Surgery

86

(1)

Selected Reading

87

(2)

Chapter Summary

89

(1)

Key Terms

89

(1)

Review Questions

89

(2)

Multiple Choice

89

(2)

True/False Questions

91

(1)

Critical Thinking

91

(1)

Sources

91

(4)

Information Technology in Dentistry

95

(20)

Outline

95

(1)

Learning Objectives

96

(1)

Overview

96

(1)

Education

96

(1)

Administrative Applications

97

(3)

The Electronic Dental Chart

97

(3)

Demographics and the Transformation of Dentistry

100

(2)

Computerized Instruments in Dentistry

102

(1)

Endodontics

102

(1)

Periodontics

103

(1)

Cosmetic Dentistry

103

(1)

Diagnosis and Expert Systems

103

(1)

Diagnostic Tools

104

(2)

X-rays

104

(1)

Digital Radiography

104

(2)

Electrical Conductance

106

(1)

Emerging Methods

106

(1)

Light Illumination

106

(1)

Lasers in Dentistry

106

(2)

Minimally Invasive Dentistry

108

(1)

Surgery

109

(1)

The Growth of Specialization

109

(1)

Teledentistry

109

(1)

Selected Reading

109

(1)

Chapter Summary

110

(1)

Key Terms

111

(1)

Review Questions

111

(2)

Multiple Choice

111

(1)

True/False Questions

112

(1)

Critical Thinking

113

(1)

Sources

113

(2)

Information Technology in Surgery

115

(18)

Outline

115

(1)

Learning Objectives

115

(1)

Overview

116

(1)

Computer-Assisted Surgery

116

(8)

Computer-Assisted Surgical Planning

116

(1)

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)

117

(1)

Computer-Assisted Surgery and Robotics

118

(1)

ROBODOC, AESOP, ZEUS, da Vinci, MINERVA, and Other Robotic Devices

119

(3)

Augmented Reality

122

(1)

Telepresence Surgery

123

(1)

Discussion and Future Directions

124

(1)

Lasers in Surgery

124

(1)

Conclusion

124

(1)

Selected Reading

125

(1)

Chapter Summary

126

(1)

Key Terms

127

(1)

Review Questions

127

(2)

Multiple Choice

127

(1)

True/False Questions

128

(1)

Critical Thinking

129

(1)

Sources

129

(4)

Information Technology in Pharmacy

133

(22)

Outline

133

(1)

Learning Objectives

134

(1)

Overview

134

(1)

Biotechnology and the Human Genome Project

134

(3)

Rational Drug Design

134

(1)

Bioinformatics

135

(1)

The Human Genome Project

135

(1)

Developments in Biotechnology

136

(1)

Computer-Assisted Drug Trials

137

(1)

Computer-Assisted Drug Review

138

(1)

The Computerized Pharmacy

138

(5)

Computers and Drug Errors

138

(2)

The Automated Community Pharmacy

140

(2)

Automating the Hospital Pharmacy

142

(1)

The Hospital Pharmacy Robot and Bar Codes

142

(1)

Point-of-Use Drug Dispensing

142

(1)

Telepharmacy

143

(2)

Drug Delivery on a Chip

145

(1)

The Impact of Information Technology on Pharmacy

145

(1)

Selected Reading

146

(2)

Chapter Summary

148

(1)

Key Terms

148

(1)

Review Questions

149

(2)

Multiple Choice

149

(1)

True/False Questions

150

(1)

Critical Thinking

150

(1)

Sources

151

(4)

Computerized Medical Devices, Assistive Technology, and Prosthetic Devices

155

(20)

Outline

155

(1)

Learning Objectives

155

(1)

Overview

156

(1)

Computerized Medical Instruments

156

(2)

Computerized Devices in Optometry/Opthalmology

157

(1)

Assistive Devices

158

(2)

Augmentative Communications Devices

160

(2)

Environmental Control Systems

161

(1)

Prosthetic Devices

162

(3)

CFES Technology

165

(1)

Risks Posed by Implants

166

(1)

Conclusion

166

(1)

Selected Readings

166

(3)

Chapter Summary

169

(1)

Key Terms

170

(1)

Review Questions

170

(2)

Multiple Choice

170

(1)

True/False Questions

171

(1)

Critical Thinking

172

(1)

Sources

172

(3)

Informational Resources: Computer-Assisted Instruction, Expert Systems, and Health Information Online

175

(30)

Outline

175

(1)

Learning Objectives

176

(1)

Overview

176

(1)

Education

176

(9)

The Visible Human

176

(1)

Computer-Assisted Instruction

177

(1)

Simulation Software

178

(1)

Virtual Reality Simulations

178

(3)

Patient Simulators

181

(1)

Distance Learning

181

(4)

Decision Support: Expert Systems

185

(1)

Health Information on the Internet

186

(9)

Medical Literature Databases

187

(2)

E-mail

189

(3)

Self-help on the Web

192

(1)

Support Groups on the Web

193

(1)

Judging the Reliability of Health Information on the Internet

194

(1)

Self-help Software

195

(1)

Conclusion

195

(1)

Selected Reading

196

(1)

Chapter Summary

197

(1)

Key Terms

198

(1)

Review Questions

198

(2)

Multiple Choice

198

(1)

True/False Questions

199

(1)

Critical Thinking

200

(1)

Sources

200

(3)

Related Web Sites

203

(2)

Conclusion and Future Directions

205

(10)

Outline

205

(1)

Learning Objectives

205

(1)

Overview

205

(1)

Clinical and Special Purpose Applications: Future Trends

206

(2)

Administrative Applications: The Integrated Electronic Medical Record

208

(2)

Demographic Changes and Occupational Outlooks for Health Care Professionals

210

(1)

Social Implications

211

(1)

Chapter Summary

211

(1)

Sources

212

(3)

Glossary

215

(14)

Index

229

What is included with this book?

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Information technology continues to change many aspects of society, including health care and its delivery. InInformation Technology for the Health Professions,we take a practical approach to introducing health care professionals to the myriad uses of computer technology in health care fields. After a brief introduction to the essential concepts needed to understand computer hardware, software, telecommunications, and the privacy and security of information, we see how these technologies have affected various aspects of health care. The term information technology includes not only computers, but also communications networks and computer literacy, that is, knowledge of the uses of computer technology. Rapidly changing computer technology continues to exert a major influence on all aspects of society. The understanding of the interconnections of hardware, software, networks, and new medical techniques is essential. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION The second edition ofInformation Technology for the Health Professionshas been expanded and updated for the new millennium. It includes new sections on recent technological developments and their uses in health care and its delivery, on new laws affecting privacy and security of medical information, an expanded chapter on medical informatics and the administrative uses of computers, and a new chapter on computer technology in dentistry. Dated materials have been deleted. AlthoughInformation Technologyis geared to an audience interested in health care, it is written at a level appropriate for the layperson. Chapter 1: Introduction to Information Technology--Hardware, Software, and Telecommunications The first three chapters of the first edition on computer literacy, computer hardware and software, and networking and telecommunications have been condensed, keeping only information essential to students and others interested in computers and health care. These chapters have been combined into a new Chapter 1, which provides the student with information necessary to anyone living and working in a computerized society. Chapter 2: Security and Privacy in an Electronic Age Chapter 2 deals with the problems of security and privacy of information in electronic form and on networks. Both general issues of security and privacy in an electronic age and problems specific to health care are discussed. New issues of security and privacy are raised by new laws. The student is introduced to the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) that provides the first national minimum standards for the privacy of medical information. The book also deals with the effects of the USA Patriot Act on medical privacy. Chapter 3: An Introduction to Medical Informatics and the Administrative Applications of Computers Chapter 3 is an expanded introduction to medical informatics--the use of technology to organize information in health care. The student is introduced to the traditional classifications of clinical uses of computers (used in direct patient care); administrative uses of computers used in office administration, financial planning, billing, and scheduling; and the special purpose uses of computers in education and pharmacy. The chapter has an expanded section on the administrative uses of computers discussing the computerization of tasks in the medical office, the electronic medical record, and bucket billing. It also introduces the student to grouping and coding systems, insurance, and the various accounting reports used in the health care environment. Chapter 4: Telemedicine Chapter 4 deals with telemedicine and its rapid expansion. Telecommunications and connectivity have made possible telemedicine, from the simple sharing of patient records or X-rays over networks, to distance exams, to remote operation of medical instruments, to teleconferencing. The earliest tele

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Information Technology for the Health Professions

Information Technology for the Health Professions

0131175920

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