9780130981370

Designed to reflect important changes in health care and significant advancements in medical sociology, this reader-friendly book provides a readable, interesting, and in-depth overview of the field. It offers solid coverage of traditional topics with a keen focus on the current issues and public policy debates affecting this dynamic area of study. The volume offers perspectives on the sociology of health, healing, and illness, the influence of the social environment on health and illness, health and illness behavior, health care practitioners and their relationships with patients and a look at the social implications of health care technology and comparative health care systems. For individuals looking for an appreciation for how the sociological perspective and social theory contribute to health, healing and illness.

Preface

xi

Part I Perspectives on the Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness

A Brief Introduction to the Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness

1

(11)

Definition of Medical Sociology

1

(1)

Historical Development of Medical Sociology

2

(4)

Sociology's Contribution to Understanding Health, Healing, and Illness

6

(3)

The Role of the Medical Sociologist in the Twenty-First Century

9

(1)

Summary

10

(1)

Health on the Internet

10

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

10

(1)

Discussion Question

11

(1)

References

11

(1)

The Development of Scientific Medicine

12

(22)

A Brief History of Medicine

13

(1)

Early Humans

13

(1)

The Egyptian Civilization

14

(1)

Greek and Roman Societies

14

(4)

The Medieval Era

18

(1)

Medicine in the Renaissance

19

(1)

Medicine from 1600 to 1900

20

(3)

The Ascendancy of Medical Authority in America

23

(6)

Perspectives on the Ascendancy of Medical Authority

29

(2)

Summary

31

(1)

Health on the Internet

32

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

32

(1)

Discussion Question

32

(1)

References

33

(1)

Part II The Influence of the Social Environment on Health and Illness

Social Epidemiology

34

(24)

The Work of the Epidemiologist

34

(2)

The Epidemiological Transition

36

(1)

Life Expectancy and Mortality

37

(5)

Infant Mortality

42

(4)

Maternal Mortality

46

(2)

Morbidity

48

(5)

Disability

53

(1)

Summary

54

(1)

Health on the Internet

54

(1)

Key Concept and terms

55

(1)

Discussion Case

55

(1)

References

56

(2)

Society Disease, and Illness

58

(27)

The Interrelationship of Fundamental Causes and Proximate Risk Factors: The Case of Developing Countries

60

(1)

The Influence of Genetic Transmission on Disease and Illness

61

(1)

Cardiovascular Diseases

62

(5)

Cancer

67

(6)

HIV/AIDS

73

(4)

Alzheimer's Disease

77

(1)

Mental Illness

78

(3)

Summary

81

(1)

Health on the Internet

81

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

82

(1)

Discussion Case

82

(1)

References

83

(2)

Social Stress

85

(22)

Definition of Stress

85

(1)

Historical Development of the Stress Concept

85

(1)

A Model of Social Stress

86

(1)

Stressors

87

(6)

Appraisal of Stressors

93

(1)

Mediators of Stress: Coping and Social Support

94

(3)

Stress Outcomes

97

(1)

The Role of Social Class, Race, and Gender in Social Stress

98

(5)

Summary

103

(1)

Health on the Internet

103

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

104

(1)

Discussion Cases

104

(1)

References

105

(2)

Part III Health and Illness Behavior

Health Behavior

107

(19)

The Concept of Health

107

(2)

Health Behavior

109

(1)

Describing Individual Health Behaviors

109

(7)

Explaining Health Behavior

116

(6)

Summary

122

(1)

Health on the Internet

123

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

123

(1)

Discussion Cases

123

(1)

References

124

(2)

Experiencing Illness and Disability

126

(24)

Stages of Illness Experience

126

(1)

Stage 1: Symptom Experience

126

(3)

Stage 2: Assumption of the Sick Role; Illness as Deviance

129

(5)

Stage 3: Medical Care Contact/Self-Care

134

(8)

Stage 4: Dependent-Patient Role

142

(1)

Stage 5: Recovery and Rehabilitation

142

(1)

Experiencing Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability

143

(3)

Summary

146

(1)

Health on the Internet

147

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

147

(1)

Discussion Question

148

(1)

References

148

(2)

Part IV Health Care Practitioners and Their Relationship with Patients

Physicians and the Profession of Medicine

150

(25)

The Profession of Medicine

150

(6)

The Social Control of Medicine

156

(6)

The Number, Composition, and Distribution of Physicians in the United States

162

(3)

Female Physicians

165

(3)

Physician Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

168

(2)

Physician Impairment: Stresses and Strains of the Physician Role

170

(1)

Summary

170

(1)

Health on the Internet

171

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

171

(1)

Discussion Case

172

(1)

References

172

(3)

Medical Education and the Socialization of Physicians

175

(21)

The History of Medical Education

175

(2)

Modern Medical Education

177

(7)

The Medical School Experience: Attitude and Value Acquisition

184

(3)

The Medical School Experience: Stress

187

(3)

The Medical School Experience: Career Choices

190

(1)

Future Directions in U.S. Medical Education

191

(1)

Summary

192

(1)

Health on the Internet

193

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

193

(1)

Discussion Case

193

(1)

References

194

(2)

Nurses, Mid-Level Health Care Practitioners, and Allied Health Workers

196

(23)

Evolution of Nonphysician Health Care Practitioners

196

(3)

Nurses and the Field of Nursing

199

(8)

Mid-Level Health Care Practitioners

207

(2)

Allied Health Workers

209

(1)

The Health Care Team

210

(2)

Relationships among Health Care Workers

212

(3)

The Changing Environment among Health Care Workers

215

(1)

Summary

216

(1)

Health on the Internet

216

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

216

(1)

Discussion Question

217

(1)

References

217

(2)

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

219

(26)

The Meaning of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

219

(1)

Scientific Medicine and Alternative Healing

220

(1)

Complementary and Alternative Healers

221

(2)

Chiropractic

223

(5)

Acupuncture

228

(3)

Spiritual Healing and Christian Science

231

(5)

Ethnic Folk Healing

236

(4)

Summary

240

(1)

Health on the Internet

241

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

241

(1)

Discussion Case

241

(1)

References

242

(3)

The Physician-Patient Relationship: Background and Models

245

(25)

Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship

245

(2)

Key Dimensions of the Physician-Patient Relationship

247

(9)

The Influence of Social Class, Race, and Symptomology on the Physician-Patient Relationship

256

(1)

The Influence of Gender on the Physician-Patient Relationship

257

(4)

Patient Satisfaction with Physicians

261

(2)

Patient Compliance with Medical Regimens

263

(2)

Summary

265

(1)

Health on the Internet

265

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

265

(1)

Discussion Case

266

(1)

References

266

(4)

Professional and Ethical Obligations of Physicians in the Physician-Patient Relationship

270

(19)

Truth-telling as an Issue

270

(4)

Confidentiality as an Issue

274

(4)

Obligation to Treat AIDS Patients

278

(6)

Summary

284

(1)

Health on the Internet

285

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

285

(1)

Discussion Cases

285

(1)

References

286

(3)

Part V The Health Care System

The Health Care System of the United States

289

(25)

Health Care Expenditures

289

(3)

Financing Health Care

292

(4)

America's Uninsured Population

296

(1)

Explaining the High Cost of Health Care

297

(5)

Cost Containment: DRGs, Rationing, and Managed Care

302

(6)

The Politics of Health Care Reform

308

(3)

Summary

311

(1)

Health on the Internet

311

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

311

(1)

Discussion Cases

312

(1)

References

312

(2)

Health Care delivery

314

(22)

The Emergence of Freestanding Ambulatory Care Sites

314

(3)

The Flourishing of Managed Care Organizations: HMOs and PPOs

317

(4)

Emergence of the Modern Hospital

321

(11)

Home Health Care

332

(1)

Summary

333

(1)

Health on the Internet

333

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

333

(1)

Discussion Case

334

(1)

References

334

(2)

The Social Implications of Advanced Health Care Technology

336

(27)

Societal Control of Technology

336

(1)

Health Care Technology

337

(5)

The Right to Refuse or Demand Advanced Health Care Technology

342

(8)

Organ Donation and Transplantation

350

(5)

New Reproductive Technologies

355

(4)

Summary

359

(1)

Health on the Internet

360

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

360

(1)

Discussion Case

360

(1)

References

361

(2)

Comparative Health Care Systems

363

(23)

Major Influences on Health Care Systems

363

(2)

Health Care Services in Developing and Industrialized Countries

365

(1)

Types of Health Care Systems

366

(2)

China

368

(3)

Russia

371

(3)

Canada

374

(5)

Great Britain

379

(3)

Common Challenges to Health Care Systems around the World

382

(1)

Summary

382

(1)

Health on the Internet

383

(1)

Key Concepts and Terms

383

(1)

Discussion Questions

383

(1)

References

384

(2)

Photo Credits

386

(1)

Name Index

387

(9)

Subject Index

396

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We are living through a time of dynamic changes regarding disease and illness, health- and illnessrelated behaviors, the health care professions, and the health care systems in the United States and other countries. The fourth edition of this text has been written to update our description and analysis of these dynamic processes and the work of medical sociologists that help us to understand them. In preparing this fourth edition we have sought to retain and strengthen the emphases and features of the earlier editions; to thoroughly update patterns, trends, and statistics; and to present new material that reflects important changes in health care in society and important advancements in medical sociology. KEY EMPHASES WITHIN THE TEXT This edition of the text maintains the same five emphases as the earlier editions.First, we provide broad coverage of the traditional subject matter of medical sociology and include both new perspectives and new research findings on this material.The core areas of medical sociology (the influence of the social environment on health and illness, health and illness behavior, health care practitioners and their relationships to patients, and the health care system) all receive significant attention within the text. Naturally, statistics throughout the text have been updated to provide timely analysis of patterns and trends. Recent research findings and thought have been incorporated in every chapter. Attention devoted to relatively new areas in the field has not reduced coverage of traditional areas such as social stress, illness behavior, and the physician-patient relationship. Second, we have continued to emphasize emerging areas of analysis in medical sociology and recent work within the field.Recent health care reform efforts in both the public and private domains continue to have dramatic effects on almost every aspect of health care. We describe these effects on the profession of medicine (Chapter 8); medical education (Chapter 9); the status of nurses, mid-level health care practitioners, and alternative healers (Chapters 10 and 11); the physician-patient relationship (Chapter 12); the way that we pay for care (Chapter 14); and the sites at which we receive health care (Chapter 15). We also continue to incorporate key medical ethics issues throughout the text. These issues represent some of the most important health related debates occurring in the United States today, and many medical sociologists have acknowledged the importance of understanding these policy debates and setting them within a sociological context. We have attempted to provide balanced and comprehensive coverage of several of these issues (especially in Chapters 13 and 16 and in the Discussion Questions and Cases at the ends of chapters). This fourth edition also provides extended analysis of a wide range of topics including: Expanded focus on global perspective.Material on both developing and industrialized countries has been added to the text in several chapters. In addition, each chapter includes a new feature, "In Comparative Focus," that offers an informative comparison between the United States and one or more other countries on a selected topic. For example, infant mortality in developing countries (with a focus on Pakistan) is examined in Chapter 3; the provision of prenatal care in Western Europe is examined in Chapter 4; the status of female physicians in Mexico is examined in Chapter 8; the extent of truth-telling in the physician-patient relationship in Japan is examined in Chapter 13; and the exportation of managed care to Latin America is examined in Chapter 15. Extended coverage of health issues of children and adolescents. A reworking (and retitling) of Chapter 4 to extend coverage on experiencing chronic illness and disability. Extended coverage of the effects of the Human Ge

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The Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness

The Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness

0130981370

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