Rent 9780130145444 | Essentials of Geology | Lutgens, Frederick K. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

Building on the tremendous reception to its parent text, Earth 6/e, the same groundbreaking media package is now integrated into this brief version of the best-selling introductory physical geology text. The GEODe II CD-ROM (included with every copy of the text), a text-dedicated web site, and more, provide complete, state-of-the-art multimedia support for both students and instructors. Essentials of Geology, 7/e retains the hallmarks professors have come to expect from Tarbuck and Lutgensstudent-friendly writing style, carefully crafted illustrations by Dennis Tasa that are both geologically accurate and visually appealing, and updated coverage of the most recent geologic events.

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Preface	p. xii
An Introduction to Geology	p. 1
The Science of Geology	p. 2
Historical Notes about Geology	p. 2
Catastrophism	p. 3
The Birth of Modern Geology	p. 3
Geologic Time	p. 5
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry	p. 7
Hypothesis	p. 7
Theory	p. 7
Scientific Methods	p. 8
A View of Earth	p. 8
Hydrosphere	p. 10
Atmosphere	p. 11
The Solid Earth	p. 11
Biosphere	p. 12
Dynamic Earth	p. 12
Plate Tectonics	p. 12
Plate Boundaries	p. 13
Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle	p. 16
The Basic Cycle	p. 16
Alternative Paths	p. 16
The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics	p. 19
Box 1.1 Earth as a System	p. 18
Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks	p. 22
Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks	p. 23
The Composition and Structure of Minerals	p. 23
Atomic Structure	p. 24
How Atoms Bond Together	p. 25
Isotopes and Radioactive Decay	p. 28
Properties of Minerals	p. 28
Crystal Form	p. 28
Luster	p. 29
Color	p. 29
Streak	p. 29
Hardness	p. 29
Cleavage	p. 30
Fracture	p. 30
Specific Gravity	p. 30
Other Properties of Minerals	p. 31
Mineral Groups	p. 31
The Silicates	p. 32
Common Silicate Minerals	p. 34
Important Nonsilicate Minerals	p. 37
Mineral Resources	p. 38
Asbestos: What Are the Risks	p. 40
Igneous Rocks	p. 43
Crystallization of Magma	p. 44
Igneous Textures	p. 45
Factors Affecting Crystal Size	p. 46
Types of Igneous Textures	p. 47
Igneous Compositions	p. 48
Bowen's Reaction Series	p. 49
Magmatic Differentiation	p. 51
Assimilation and Magma Mixing	p. 51
Naming Igneous Rocks	p. 52
Igneous Rock Types	p. 52
Felsic (Granitic) Rocks	p. 53
Intermediate (Andesitic) Rocks	p. 56
Mafic (Basaltic) Rocks	p. 57
Pyroclastic Rocks	p. 58
Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes	p. 58
Bingham Canyon, Utah	p. 60
Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity	p. 64
The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions	p. 65
Factors Affecting Viscosity	p. 65
Importance of Dissolved Gases	p. 67
Materials Extruded During an Eruption	p. 70
Lava Flows	p. 70
Gases	p. 70
Pyroclastic Materials	p. 71
Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions	p. 71
Shield Volcanoes	p. 71
Cinder Cones	p. 74
Composite Cones	p. 75
Nuee Ardente: A Deadly Pyroclastic Flow	p. 77
Lahar	p. 78
Other Volcanic Landforms	p. 78
Calderas and Pyroclastic Flows	p. 78
Fissure Eruptions and Lava Plateaus	p. 80
Volcanic Pipes and Necks	p. 81
Intrusive Igneous Activity	p. 82
Dikes	p. 82
Sills	p. 82
Laccoliths	p. 82
Batholiths	p. 83
Igneous Activity and Plate Tectonics	p. 85
Origin of Magma	p. 85
Partial Melting and Magma Compositions	p. 86
Distribution of Igneous Activity	p. 87
Mount St. Helens: Anatomy of an Eruption	p. 69
Volcano Sizes	p. 73
Volcanoes and Climate	p. 90
Weathering and Soils	p. 93
Earth's External Processes	p. 94
Weathering	p. 95
Mechanical Weathering	p. 95
Frost Wedging	p. 95
Unloading	p. 96
Biological Activity	p. 97
Chemical Weathering	p. 97
Water and Carbonic Acid	p. 97
How Granite Weathers	p. 97
Weathering of Silicate Minerals	p. 98
Spheroidal Weathering	p. 99
Rates of Weathering	p. 99
Mineral Makeup	p. 99
Climate	p. 100
Differential Weathering	p. 100
Soil	p. 100
An Interface in the Earth System	p. 101
What Is Soil?	p. 102
Controls of Soil Formation	p. 102
Parent Material	p. 102
Time	p. 103
Climate	p. 103
Plans and Animals	p. 103
Slope	p. 104
The Soil Profile	p. 104
Soil Types	p. 106
Pedalfer	p. 106
Pedocal	p. 106
Laterite	p. 107
Soil Erosion	p. 107
How Soil Is Eroded	p. 107
Rates of Erosion	p. 109
Sedimentation and Chemical Pollution	p. 110
Weathering Creates Ore Deposits	p. 110
Bauxite	p. 110
Other Deposits	p. 110
Laterites and the Clearing of the Rain Forest	p. 108
Sedimentary Rocks	p. 113
Types of Sedimentary Rocks	p. 115
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks	p. 115
Shale	p. 116
Sandstone	p. 117
Conglomerate and Breccia	p. 119
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks	p. 120
Limestone	p. 120
Dolostone	p. 122
Chert	p. 122
Evaporites	p. 122
Coal	p. 123
Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock	p. 123
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks	p. 124
Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments	p. 126
Sedimentary Structures	p. 126
Nonmetallic Mineral Resources From Sedimentary Rocks	p. 131
Energy Resources From Sedimentary Rocks	p. 132
Coal	p. 133
Oil and Natural Gas	p. 133
United States Per Capita Use of Mineral and Energy Resources	p. 132
Metamorphic Rocks	p. 137
Metamorphic Environments	p. 139
Agents of Metamorphism	p. 139
Heat as a Metamorphic Agent	p. 141
Pressure and Stress as Metamorphic Agents	p. 141
Chemical Activity as a Metamorphic Agent	p. 142
How Metamorphism Alters Rocks	p. 142
Textural Changes	p. 142
Mineralogical Changes	p. 144
Common Metamorphic Rocks	p. 144
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks	p. 145
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks	p. 146
Contact Metamorphism	p. 147
Metamorphism Along Fault Zones	p. 149
Regional Metamorphism	p. 149
Zones of Regional Metamorphism	p. 150
Metamorphism and Mineral Resources	p. 151
Impact Metamorphism and Tectites	p. 140
Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity	p. 155
Mass Wasting and Landform Development	p. 157
Controls and Triggers of Mass Wasting	p. 157
The Role of Water	p. 157
Oversteepened Slopes	p. 157
Vegetation	p. 158
Earthquakes as Triggers	p. 158
Classification of Mass-Wasting Processes	p. 158
Type of Material	p. 159
Type of Motion	p. 159
Rate of Movement	p. 160
Slump	p. 160
Rockslide	p. 161
Debris Flow	p. 163
Debris Flows in Semiarid Regions	p. 163
Lahars	p. 163
Earthflow	p. 165
Slow Movements	p. 166
Creep	p. 166
Solifluction	p. 166
Reducing Debris-Flow Hazards in the San Francisco Bay Region	p. 164
The Sensitive Permafrost Landscape	p. 167
Running Water	p. 169
Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle	p. 170
Running Water	p. 171
Streamflow	p. 172
Gradient and Channel Characteristics	p. 173
Discharge	p. 173
Changes From Upstream to Downstream	p. 175
Base Level and Graded Streams	p. 176
Work of Streams	p. 178
Erosion	p. 178
Transportation	p. 178
Deposition	p. 180
Stream Valleys	p. 182
Narrow Valleys	p. 183
Wide Valleys	p. 184
Floods and Flood Control	p. 184
Causes of Floods	p. 184
Flood Control	p. 185
Drainage Basins and Patterns	p. 187
The Effect of Urbanization on Discharge	p. 174
The Red River Floods	p. 181
Groundwater	p. 191
Importance of Underground Water	p. 192
Distribution of Underground Water	p. 193
The Water Table	p. 193
How Groundwater Moves	p. 196
Factors Affecting the Storage and Movement of Groundwater	p. 196
Porosity	p. 196
Permeability, Aquitards and Aquifers	p. 196
Springs	p. 197
Wells	p. 197
Artesian Wells	p. 198
Environmental Problems Associated With Groundwater	p. 199
Treating Groundwater as a Nonrenewable Resource	p. 199
Land Subsidence Caused by Groundwater Withdrawal	p. 200
Groundwater Contamination	p. 201
Hot Springs and Geysers	p. 202
Geothermal Energy	p. 203
The Geologic Work of Groundwater	p. 205
Caverns	p. 205
Karst Topography	p. 207
The Ogallala Aquifer--How Long Will the Water Last?	p. 194
Glaciers and Glaciation	p. 210
Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles	p. 211
Valley (Alpine) Glaciers	p. 212
Ice Sheets	p. 212
Other Types of Glaciers	p. 213
How Glaciers Move	p. 213
Rates of Glacial Movement	p. 213
Budget of a Glacier	p. 214
Glacial Erosion	p. 215
Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion	p. 217
Glaciated Valleys	p. 217
Aretes and Horns	p. 219
Roches Moutonnees	p. 220
Glacial Deposits	p. 221
Types of Glacial Drift	p. 221
Moraines, Outwash Plains, and Kettles	p. 222
Drumlins, Eskers, and Kames	p. 224
Glaciers of the Ice Age	p. 225
Some Indirect Effects of Ice Age Glaciers	p. 225
Causes of Glaciation	p. 226
Plate Tectonics	p. 227
Variations in Earth's Orbit	p. 228
What If the Ice Melted?	p. 212
Climate Change Recorded in Glacial Ice	p. 230
Deserts and Wind	p. 233
Common Misconceptions	p. 234
Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands	p. 235
Low-Latitude Deserts	p. 235
Middle-Latitude Deserts	p. 237
Geologic Processes In Aird Climates	p. 237
Weathering	p. 238
The Role of Water	p. 238
Basin and Range: The Evolution of Desert Landscape	p. 239
Transportation of Sediment by Wind	p. 241
Bed Load	p. 241
Suspended Load	p. 241
Wind Erosion	p. 242
Deflation, Blowouts, and Desert Pavement	p. 243
Wind Abrasion	p. 243
Wind Deposits	p. 244
Sand Deposits	p. 244
Types of Sand Dunes	p. 246
Loess Deposits	p. 247
Desertification: A Global Environmental Problem	p. 236
Dust Bowl: Soil Erosion in the Great Plains	p. 242
Shorelines	p. 250
Waves	p. 251
Characteristics of Waves	p. 252
Types of Waves	p. 252
Wave Erosion	p. 253
Wave Refraction	p. 255
Moving Sand Along the Beach	p. 256
Shoreline Features	p. 258
Wave-Cut Cliffs and Platforms	p. 258
Arches, Stacks, Spits, and Bars	p. 258
Barrier Islands	p. 260
The Evolving Shore	p. 260
Shoreline Erosion Problems	p. 260
Groins	p. 262
Breakwaters and Seawalls	p. 262
Beach Nourishment	p. 263
Abandonment and Relocation	p. 263
Contrasting the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts	p. 263
Emergent and Submergent Coasts	p. 265
Tides	p. 266
Causes of Tides	p. 266
Spring and Neap Tides	p. 267
Tidal Currents	p. 268
Louisana's Vanishing Coastal Wetlands	p. 257
Is Global Warming Causing Sea Level to Rise?	p. 264
The Ocean Floor	p. 270
The Vast World Ocean	p. 271
Mapping the Ocean Floor	p. 272
Continental Margins	p. 277
Passive Continental Margins	p. 277
Active Continental Margins	p. 278
Submarine Canyons and Turbidity Currents	p. 279
Features of the Deep Ocean Basin	p. 280
Deep-Ocean Trenches	p. 280
Abyssal Plains	p. 281
Seamounts	p. 281
Mid-Ocean Ridges	p. 281
Coral Reefs and Atolls	p. 283
Seafloor Sediments	p. 284
Terrigenous Sediment	p. 284
Biogenous Sediment	p. 284
Hydrogenous Sediment	p. 285
Drilling Deep Into the Ocean Floor	p. 276
Seafloor Sediments and Climate Change	p. 285
Earthquakes and Earth's Interior	p. 288
What Is an Earthquake?	p. 289
Earthquakes and Faults	p. 292
Elastic Rebound	p. 292
Earthquakes Along the San Andreas	p. 293
Foreshocks and Aftershocks	p. 294
Tectonic Forces and Earthquakes	p. 294
Earthquake Waves	p. 295
Finding Earthquake Epicenters	p. 297
Earthquake Intensity and Magnitude	p. 298
Destruction from Earthquakes	p. 300
Destruction from Seismic Vibrations	p. 300
Tsunami	p. 302
Landslides and Ground Subsidence	p. 305
Fire	p. 305
Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?	p. 305
Short-Range Predictions	p. 305
Long-Range Forecasts	p. 306
Earthquakes and Earth's Interior	p. 307
Discovering Earth's Major Layers	p. 308
Discovering Earth's Composition	p. 310
Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies	p. 291
Plate Tectonics	p. 313
Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time	p. 314
Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle	p. 315
Evidence: Fossils Match Across the Seas	p. 315
Evidence: Rock Types and Structures Match	p. 317
Evidence: Ancient Climates	p. 318
The Great Debate	p. 318
Plate Tectonics: A Modern Version of an Old Idea	p. 319
Plate Boundaries	p. 322
Divergent Boundaries	p. 322
Convergent Boundaries	p. 325
Transform Fault Boundaries	p. 329
Testing the Plate Tectonics Model	p. 332
Evidence: Paleomagnetism	p. 332
Magnetic Reversals and Seafloor Spreading	p. 333
Evidence: Earthquake Patterns	p. 335
Evidence: Ocean Drilling	p. 335
Evidence: Hot Spots	p. 337
Pangaea: Before and After	p. 338
Breakup of Pangaea	p. 339
Before Panagea	p. 339
The Driving Mechanism	p. 342
Convection Current Hypothesis	p. 342
Slab-Push and Slab-Pull Hypotheses	p. 344
Hot Plumes Hypothesis	p. 344
Plate Tectonics Into the Future	p. 342
Mountain Building	p. 346
Crustal Uplift	p. 348
Isostasy	p. 348
Isostatic Adjustment	p. 348
Rock Deformation	p. 350
Types of Deformation	p. 350
Folds	p. 351
Faults	p. 352
Joints	p. 356
Mountain Types	p. 357
Fault-Block Mountains	p. 357
Upwarped Mountains	p. 361
Folded Mountains	p. 361
Mountain Building	p. 361
Mountain Building at Convergent Boundaries	p. 363
Mountain Building and Continental Accretion	p. 367
The San Andreas Fault System	p. 354
The Rocky Mountains	p. 362
Geologic Time	p. 370
Geology Needs a Time Scale	p. 371
Relative Dating--Key Principles	p. 372
Law of Superposition	p. 372
Principle of Original Horizontality	p. 372
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships	p. 372
Inclusions	p. 374
Unconformities	p. 374
Using Relative Dating Principles	p. 375
Correlation of Rock Layers	p. 376
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life	p. 377
Types of Fossils	p. 377
Conditions Favoring Preservation	p. 379
Fossils and Correlation	p. 381
Dating with Radioactivity	p. 382
Radioactivity	p. 382
Half-Life	p. 384
Radiometric Dating	p. 385
Dating With Carbon-14	p. 386
Importance of Radiometric Dating	p. 387
The Geologic Time Scale	p. 387
Structure of the Time Scale	p. 388
Precambrian Time	p. 388
Difficulties in Dating the Geologic Time Scale	p. 388
Radon	p. 385
Earth History: A Brief Summary	p. 393
Origin of Earth	p. 395
Earth's Atmosphere Evolves	p. 396
Precambrian Time: Vast and Enigmatic	p. 397
Precambrian Rocks	p. 397
Precambrian Fossils	p. 398
Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes	p. 399
Early Paleozoic History	p. 399
Early Paleozoic Life	p. 402
Late Paleozoic History	p. 403
Late Paleozoic Life	p. 405
Mesozoic Era: Age of the Dinosaurs	p. 407
Mesozoic History	p. 407
Mesozoic Life	p. 409
Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals	p. 410
Cenozoic North America	p. 411
Cenozoic Life	p. 415
The Great Paleozoic Extinction	p. 407
Demise of the Dinosaurs	p. 412
Metric and English Units Compared	p. 420
Periodic Table of the Elements	p. 422
Mineral Identification Key	p. 423
Topographic Maps	p. 426
Glossary	p. 432
Index	p. 445
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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