Socrates

Plato

Selection 3.1: Plato, Apology

Selection 3.2: Plato, Republic

Selection 3.3: Plato, Meno

Chapter 4: Aristotle

What Is It to Be?

Actuality and Possibility

Essence and Existence

Ten Basic Categories

The Three Souls

Aristotle and the Theory of Forms

Aristotle's Theory of Knowledge

Logic

Selection 4.1: Aristotle, Metaphysics

Chapter 5: Philosophers of the Hellenistic and Christian Eras

Metaphysics in the Roman Empire

The Middle Ages and Aquinas

Selection 5.1: St. Augustine, Confessions

Chapter 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology

Descartes and Dualism

Hobbes and Materialism

The Alternative Views of Conway, Spinoza, and Leibniz

The Idealism of Locke and Berkeley

Selection 6.1: Ren Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy

Selection 6.2: Benedictus de Spinoza, Ethics

Selection 6.3: George Berkeley, Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

Chapter 7: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

David Hume

Immanuel Kant

The Nineteenth Century

Selection 7.1: David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Selection 7.2: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason

Selection 7.3: Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of History

Selection 7.4: Arthur Schopenhauer, The World As Will and Representation

Chapter 8: The Continental Tradition

Existentialism

Two Existentialists

Phenomenology

An Era of Suspicion

Selection 8.1: Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism and Humanism

Selection 8.2: Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus

Selection 8.3: Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality

Selection 8.4: Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization

Selection 8.5: Jrgen Habermas, Toward a Rational Society

Selection 8.6: Richard Rorty, Philosophy and Social Hope

Chapter 9: The Pragmatic and Analytic Traditions

Pragmatism

Analytic Philosophy

The Philosophy of Mind

Selection 9.1: A. J. Ayer, The Elimination of Metaphysics

Selection 9.2: J. J. C. Smart, Sensations and Brain Processes

Selection 9.3: Richard Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth

PART II: MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Chapter 10: Moral Philosophy

Skepticism, Relativism, and Subjectivism

Egoism

Hedonism

The Five Main Ethical Frameworks

The Early Greeks

Epicureanism and Stoicism

Christianizing Ethics

Hobbes and Hume

Kant

The Utilitarians

Friedrich Nietzsche

Selection 10.1: Plato, Gorgias

Selection 10.2: Epicurus, Epicurus to Menoeceus

Selection 10.3: Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics

Selection 10.4: Epictetus, The Encheiridion

Selection 10.5: Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals

Selection 10.6: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism

Selection 10.7: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil

Chapter 11: Political Philosophy

Plato and Aristotle

Natural Law Theory and Contractarian Theory

Two Other Contractarian Theorists

American Constitutional Theory

Classic Liberalism and Marxism

Selection 11.1: Plato, Crito

Selection 11.2: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

Selection 11.3: John Stuart Mill, On Liberty

Selection 11.4: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto

Chapter 12: Recent Moral and Political Philosophy

G. E. Moore

Normative Ethics and Metaethics

W. D. Ross

Emotivism and Beyond

John Rawls, a Contemporary Liberal

Robert Nozick's Libertarianism

Communitarian Responses to Rawls

Herbert Marcuse, a Contemporary Marxist

"Isms"

Selection 12.1: James Rachels, Killing and Starving to Death

Selection 12.2: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice

Selection 12.3: Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia

PART III: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION: REASON AND FAITH

Chapter 13: Philosophy and Belief in God

Two Christian Greats

Mysticism

Seventeenth-Century Perspectives

Eighteenth-Century Perspectives

Nineteenth-Century Perspectives

Twentieth-Century Perspectives

Selection 13.1: St. Anselm, Proslogion

Selection 13.2: St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica

Selection 13.3: Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science

Selection 13.4: Antony Flew, Theology and Falsification

Selection 13.5: Mary Daly, After the Death of God the Father

PART IV: OTHER VOICES

Chapter 14: Feminist Philosophy

The First Wave

The Second Wave

Selection 14.1: Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Selection 14.2: Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex

Selection 14.3: Marielouise Janssen-Jurreit, Sexism: The Male Monopoly on History and Thought

Selection 14.4: Sandra Harding, Should the History and Philosophy of Science Be X-Rated?

Selection 14.5: Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family

Selection 14.6: Karen J. Warren, The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism

Chapter 15: Eastern Influences

Hinduism

Buddhism

Taoism

Confucianism

Zen Buddhism in China and Japan

The Philosophy of the Samurai (c. 1100-1900)

Selection 15.1: Confucius, Analects

Selection 15.2: Buddha, The Eightfold Path

Chapter 16: Postcolonial Thought

Historical Background

Africa

The Americas

South Asia

Selection 16.1: Lopold Sdar Senghor, On African Socialism

Selection 16.2: Martin Luther King, Jr., The Sword That Heals

Selection 16.3: Carlos Astrada, Existentialism and the Crisis of Philosophy

Selection 16.4: Francisco Mir Quesada, Man without Theory

Selection 16.5: Sonia Saldvar-Hull, Feminism on the Border: From Gender Politics to Geopolitics

Selection 16.6: Mohandas K. Gandhi, Satyagraha

Selection 16.7: Rabindranath Tagore, Towards Universal Man

Appendix: Aesthetics, by Dominic McIver Lopes

Photo Credits

Glossary/Index