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Linux Administration : A Beginner's Guide

ISBN: 9780072262599 | 0072262591
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media
Pub. Date: 10/25/2005

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
With coverage of the most recent Linux kernel and multiple Linux platforms including Red Hat Linux Fedora 4, SuSe Linux, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and others, this updated instructional system is designed to show even the most novice user the keys to successful administration. Readers will learn to install and configure Linux, manage files and software, grant user rights, implement security at the kernel level, and more.
Acknowledgmentsxix
Introductionxxi
Part I Installing Linux as a Server
Technical Summary of Linux Distributions and Windows 2003
... MORE(12)
Learning about the Linux Operating System
4(1)
What Are Free Software and GNU All About?
5(3)
What Is the GNU Public License?
6(1)
The Advantages of Free Software
7(1)
Understanding the Differences Between Windows and Linux
8(5)
Single Users vs. Multiple Users vs. Network Users
8(1)
The Monolithic Kernel and the Micro-Kernel
9(1)
Separation of the GUI and the Kernel
9(1)
The Network Neighborhood
10(1)
The Registry vs. Text Files
11(1)
Domains and Active Directory
12(1)
Other References
13(2)
Installing Linux in a Server Configuration
15(30)
Hardware and Environmental Considerations
16(1)
Server Design
16(2)
Uptime
18(1)
Dual-Booting Issues
18(1)
Methods of Installation
19(1)
Installing Fedora Core Linux
20(24)
Project Prerequisites
20(1)
Carrying Out the Installation
21(19)
Initial System Configuration
40(4)
Summary
44(1)
Installing Software
45(26)
The RED HAT Package Manager
46(14)
Querying with RPM (Getting to Know One Another)
49(3)
Installing with RPM (Moving in Together)
52(3)
Uninstalling with RPM (Ending the Relationship)
55(1)
Other Things You Can Do with RPM
56(1)
GUI RPM Package Managers
57(3)
Compile and Install GNU Software
60(6)
Getting and Unpacking the Package
61(1)
Looking for Documentation (Getting to Know Each Other---Again)
62(1)
Configuring the Package
63(1)
Compiling the Package
64(1)
Installing the Package
65(1)
Testing the Software
65(1)
Cleanup
66(1)
Common Problems in Building from Source
66(1)
Problems with Libraries
66(1)
When There Is No configure Script
67(1)
Broken Source Code
67(1)
Summary
67(4)
Part II Single-Host Administration
Managing Users
71(28)
What Exactly Constitutes a User?
72(7)
Where User Information Is Kept
72(1)
The /etc/passwd file
73(4)
The /etc/shadow File
77(1)
The /etc/group File
78(1)
User Management Tools
79(6)
Command-Line User Management
79(4)
GUI User Managers
83(2)
Users and Access Permissions
85(1)
Understanding SetUID and SetGID Programs
86(1)
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
86(7)
How PAM Works
87(1)
PAM's Files and Their Locations
87(1)
Configuring PAM
88(5)
Debugging PAM
93(1)
A Grand Tour
93(4)
Creating Users with useradd
93(2)
Creating Groups with groupadd
95(1)
Modifying User Attributes with usermod
95(1)
Modifying Group Attributes with groupmod
96(1)
Deleting Groups and Users with groupdel and userdel
96(1)
Summary
97(2)
The Command Line
99(38)
An Introduction to BASH
100(5)
Job Control
101(1)
Environment Variables
102(3)
Command-Line Shortcuts
105(2)
Filename Expansion
105(2)
Documentation Tools
107(2)
The man Command
107(2)
The texinfo System
109(1)
Understanding File Listings, Ownerships, and Permissions
109(7)
Listing Files: Is
109(1)
File and Directory Types
110(1)
Block Devices
111(1)
Character Devices
112(1)
Named Pipes
112(1)
Change Ownership: chown
112(1)
Change Group: chgrp
113(1)
Change Mode: chmod
113(3)
File Management and Manipulation
116(9)
Copy Files: cp
116(1)
Move Files: mv
116(1)
Link Files: In
117(1)
Find a File: find
117(1)
File Compression: gzip
118(1)
bzip2
118(1)
Create a Directory: mkdir
119(1)
Remove a Directory: rmdir
119(1)
Show Present Working Directory: pwd
119(1)
Tape Archive: tar
119(3)
Concatenate Files: cat
122(1)
Display a File One Screen at a Time: more
122(1)
Disk Utilization: du
122(1)
Show the Directory Location of a File: which
123(1)
Locate a Command: whereis
123(1)
Disk Free: df
124(1)
Synchronize Disks: sync
124(1)
Moving a User and Its Home Directory
125(7)
List Processes: ps
127(2)
Show an Interactive List of Processes: top
129(1)
Send a Signal to a Process: kill
130(2)
Miscellaneous Tools
132(2)
Show System Name: uname
132(1)
Who Is Logged In: who
133(1)
A Variation on who: w
133(1)
Switch User: su
133(1)
Editors
134(1)
vi
134(1)
emacs
134(1)
joe
135(1)
pico
135(1)
Standards
135(1)
Summary
136(1)
Booting and Shutting Down
137(24)
Boot Loaders
138(11)
GRUB
138(10)
LILO
148(1)
Bootstrapping
148(1)
The init Process
149(1)
rc Scripts
150(5)
Writing Your Own rc Script
151(4)
Enabling and Disabling Services
155(3)
Disabling a Service
157(1)
Odds and Ends of Booting and Shutting Down
158(2)
fsck!
158(1)
Booting into Single-User (``Recovery'') Mode
159(1)
Summary
160(1)
File Systems
161(26)
The Makeup of File Systems
162(3)
i-Nodes
162(1)
Superblocks
163(1)
ext3 and ReiserFS
164(1)
Which File System to Use?
165(1)
Managing File Systems
165(8)
Mounting and Unmounting Local Disks
165(6)
Using fsck
171(2)
Adding a New Disk
173(1)
Overview of Partitions
173(1)
Disk and Partition Naming Conventions
174(1)
Volume Management
174(10)
Creating Partitions and Logical Volumes
175(9)
Creating File Systems
184(2)
Summary
186(1)
Core System Services
187(22)
The init Service
188(3)
The /etc/inittab File
188(3)
The telinit Command
191(1)
xinetd and inetd
191(8)
The /etc/xinetd.conf File
193(6)
The Syslogd Daemon
199(5)
Invoking syslogd
199(1)
The /etc/syslog.conf File
199(5)
CRON
204(3)
The crontab File
205(1)
Editing the crontab File
206(1)
Summary
207(2)
Compiling the Linux Kernel
209(18)
What Exactly Is a Kernel?
210(1)
Finding the Kernel Source Code
211(2)
Getting the Correct Kernel Version
212(1)
Unpacking the Kernel Source Code
213(1)
Building the Kernel
213(11)
Preparing to Configure the Kernel
215(1)
Kernel Configuration
216(3)
Compiling the Kernel
219(1)
Installing the Kernel
220(2)
Booting the Kernel
222(1)
The Author Lied---It Didn't Work!
223(1)
Patching the Kernel
224(2)
Downloading and Applying Patches
224(2)
Summary
226(1)
Knobs and Dials: The proc File System
227(14)
What's Inside the /proc Directory?
228(1)
Tweaking Files Inside of /proc
229(1)
Some Useful /proc Entries
229(3)
Enumerated /proc Entries
231(1)
Common Reports and Settings Done with proc
232(3)
SYN Flood Protection
233(1)
Issues on High-Volume Servers
234(1)
Debugging Hardware Conflicts
235(1)
SysFS
235(2)
Summary
237(4)
Part III Security and Networking
TCP/IP for System Administrators
241(44)
The Layers
242(7)
Packets
242(3)
TCP/IP and the OSI Model
245(4)
Headers
249(9)
Ethernet
249(2)
IP
251(3)
TCP
254(3)
UDP
257(1)
A Complete TCP Connection
258(3)
Opening a Connection
258(1)
Transferring Data
259(1)
Closing the Connection
260(1)
How ARP Works
261(2)
The ARP Header: ARP Works with Other Protocols, Too!
262(1)
Bringing IP Networks Together
263(11)
Hosts and Networks
263(2)
Netmasks
265(1)
Static Routing
266(2)
Dynamic Routing with RIP
268(6)
Digging into tcpdump
274(8)
A Few General Notes
274(2)
Using tcpdump to Watch a Traceroute
276(1)
Why Is DNS Slow?
277(2)
Graphing Odds and Ends
279(3)
Summary
282(3)
Network Configuration
285(16)
Modules and Network Interfaces
286(1)
Using ifconfig to Configure Set IP Addresses
287(5)
Simple Usage
288(1)
Setting Up NICs at Boot Time
289(2)
Additional Parameters
291(1)
Using Routes
292(3)
Simple Usage
292(1)
Displaying Routes
293(2)
A Simple Linux Router
295(3)
Routing with Static Routes
295(3)
How Linux Chooses an IP Address
298(1)
Summary
299(2)
Configuring the Linux Firewall
301(26)
How Netfilter Works
302(7)
A NAT Primer
303(3)
NAT-Friendly Protocols
306(1)
Chains
306(3)
Installing Netfilter
309(4)
Enabling Netfilter in the Kernel
310(2)
Compiling IPTables
312(1)
Configuring Netfilter
313(9)
Saving Your Netfilter Configuration
314(1)
The iptables Command
315(7)
Cookbook Solutions
322(3)
Rusty's Three-Line NAT
322(1)
Configuring a Simple Firewall
323(2)
Summary
325(2)
Local Security
327(16)
Common Sources of Risk
329(7)
SetUID Programs
329(2)
Unnecessary Processes
331(2)
Programs That Run as Root
333(1)
Access Granted to Users
333(3)
Mitigating Risk
336(3)
Using Chroot
336(3)
SELinux
339(1)
Monitoring Your System
339(2)
Logging
339(1)
Using ps and netstat
340(1)
Using df
340(1)
Mailing Lists
340(1)
Summary
341(2)
Network Security
343(14)
TCP/IP and Network Security
344(1)
The Importance of Port Numbers
344(1)
Tracking Services
345(5)
Using the netstat Command
345(1)
Security Implications of netstat's Output
346(2)
Shutting Down Services
348(2)
Monitoring Your System
350(1)
Making the Best Use of syslog
350(1)
Monitoring Bandwidth with MRTG
351(1)
Handling Attacks
351(1)
Network Security Tools
352(2)
Summary
354(3)
Part IV Internet Services
DNS
357(38)
The Hosts File
358(1)
Understanding How DNS Works
359(6)
Domains and Hosts Naming Conventions
359(2)
Subdomains
361(2)
The in-addr.arpa Domain
363(1)
Types of Servers
363(2)
Installing a DNS Server
365(5)
Understanding the BIND Configuration File
367(1)
The Specifics
367(3)
Configuring a DNS Server
370(8)
Defining a Primary Zone in the named.conf File
371(1)
Defining a Secondary Zone in the named.conf File
372(1)
Defining a Caching Zone in the named.conf File
373(1)
DNS Records Types
373(5)
Setting Up BIND Database Files
378(5)
Breaking Out the Individual Steps
379(4)
The DNS Toolbox
383(6)
host
383(1)
dig
384(2)
nslookup
386(1)
whois
387(1)
nsupdate
388(1)
The rndc Tool
388(1)
Configuring DNS Clients
389(4)
The Resolver
390(2)
Configuring the Client
392(1)
Summary
393(2)
FTP
395(18)
The Mechanics of FTP
396(15)
Client/Server Interactions
396(2)
Obtaining and Installing vsftpd
398(1)
Configuring vsftpd
399(8)
Customizing the FTP Server
407(4)
Summary
411(2)
Setting Up Your Web Server Using Apache
413(16)
Understanding the HTTP Protocol
414(3)
Headers
414(1)
Ports
415(1)
Process Ownership and Security
416(1)
Installing the Apache HTTP Server
417(2)
Apache Modules
418(1)
Starting Up and Shutting Down Apache
419(2)
Starting Apache at Boot Time
420(1)
Testing Your Installation
421(1)
Configuring Apache
421(6)
Creating a Simple Root-Level Page
421(1)
Apache Configuration Files
422(1)
Common Configuration Options
422(5)
Troubleshooting Apache
427(1)
Summary
428(1)
SMTP
429(12)
Understanding SMTP
430(3)
Rudimentary SMTP Details
430(2)
Security Implications
432(1)
Installing the Postfix Server
433(3)
Installing Postfix via RPM
433(1)
Installing Postfix from Source Code
434(2)
Configuring the Postfix Server
436(2)
The main.cf File
436(2)
Checking Your Configuration
438(1)
Running the Server
438(2)
Checking the Mail Queue
439(1)
Flushing the Mail Queue
439(1)
The newaliases Command
439(1)
Making Sure Everything Works
439(1)
Summary
440(1)
POP and IMAP
441(12)
The Mechanics of POP and IMAP
444(2)
Checking POP
444(1)
Checking IMAP
445(1)
Installing the UW-IMAP and POP3 Server
446(3)
Other Issues in Mail Services
449(2)
SSL Security
449(1)
Availability
450(1)
Log Files
451(1)
Summary
451(2)
The Secure Shell (SSH)
453(20)
Understanding Public Key Cryptography
454(3)
Key Characteristics
456(1)
Cryptography References
457(1)
Understanding SSH Versions and Distributions
457(2)
OpenSSH and OpenBSD
458(1)
Alternative Vendors for SSH Clients
458(1)
The Weakest Link
459(1)
Downloading, Compiling, and Installing SSH from Source
459(3)
Installing OpenSSH via RPM
462(2)
Server Startup and Shutdown
462(1)
SSHD Configuration File
463(1)
Using Openssh
464(1)
The ssh Client
464(1)
Creating a Secure Tunnel
464(6)
Secure Copy (scp)
468(1)
Secure FTP (sftp)
468(1)
Files Used by SSH
469(1)
Summary
470(3)
Part V Intranet Services
Network File System (NFS)
473(20)
The Mechanics of NFS
474(6)
Versions of NFS
475(1)
Security Considerations for NFS
476(1)
Mount and Access a Partition
476(1)
Enabling NFS
477(1)
The Components of NFS
478(1)
Kernel Support for NFS
479(1)
Configuring an NFS Server
480(4)
The /etc/exports Configuration File
480(2)
Telling the NFS Server Process about /etc/exports
482(1)
The showmount Command
483(1)
Troubleshooting Server-Side NFS Issues
484(1)
Configuring NFS Clients
484(5)
The mount Command
485(1)
Soft vs. Hard Mounts
485(1)
Cross-Mounting Disks
485(3)
The Importance of the intr Option
488(1)
Performance Tuning
488(1)
Troubleshooting Client-Side NFS Issues
489(1)
Stale File Handles
489(1)
Permission Denied
489(1)
Client and Server NFS Configuration
490(1)
Common Uses for NFS
491(1)
Summary
492(1)
Network Information Service (NIS)
493(24)
Inside NIS
494(2)
The NIS Servers
495(1)
Domains
496(1)
Configuring the Master NIS Server
496(8)
Establishing the Domain Name
497(1)
Starting NIS
498(1)
Editing the Makefile
498(4)
Using ypinit
502(2)
Configuring an NIS Client
504(6)
Editing the /etc/yp.conf File
504(1)
Enabling and starting ypbind
505(1)
Editing the /etc/nsswitch.conf File
506(2)
NIS at Work
508(2)
Testing Your NIS Client Configuration
510(1)
Configuring a Secondary NIS Server
510(2)
Setting the Domain Name
510(1)
Setting Up the NIS Master to Push to Slaves
511(1)
Running ypinit
511(1)
NIS Tools
512(1)
Using NIS in Configuration Files
513(1)
Implementing NIS in a Real Network
514(1)
A Small Network
514(1)
A Segmented Network
514(1)
Networks Bigger Than Buildings
515(1)
Summary
515(2)
Samba
517(20)
The Mechanics of SMB
518(5)
Usernames and Passwords
518(1)
Encrypted Passwords
519(1)
Samba Daemons
519(1)
Installing Samba
520(1)
Compiling and Installing Samba from Source
521(2)
Samba Administration
523(1)
Starting and Stopping Samba
523(1)
Using SWAT
524(5)
Setting Up SWAT
524(2)
The SWAT Menus
526(1)
Creating a Share
527(2)
Using smbclient
529(3)
Browsing a Server
530(1)
Remote File Access
530(2)
Mounting Remote Samba Shares
532(1)
Creating Samba Users
532(2)
Allowing NULL Passwords
533(1)
Changing Passwords with smbpasswd
533(1)
Using Samba to Authenticate Against a Windows Server
534(1)
Troubleshooting Samba
535(1)
Summary
536(1)
LDAP
537(20)
LDAP Basics
538(3)
LDAP Directory
538(1)
Client/Server Model
539(1)
Uses of LDAP
540(1)
LDAP Terminologies
540(1)
OpenLDAP
541(7)
Server-Side Daemons
541(1)
OpenLDAP Utilities
542(1)
Installing OpenLDAP
542(2)
Configuring slapd
544(3)
Starting and Stopping slapd
547(1)
Configuring OpenLDAP Clients
548(7)
Creating Directory Entries
549(1)
Searching, Querying, and Modifying the Directory
550(2)
Using OpenLDAP for User Authentication
552(3)
Summary
555(2)
Printing
557(16)
Printing Terminologies
558(1)
The CUPS System
559(2)
Running CUPS
559(1)
Installing CUPS
559(1)
Configuring CUPS
560(1)
Adding Printers
561(6)
Local Printers and Remote Printers
562(1)
Using the Web Interface
563(2)
Using the Command-Line Tools to Add a Printer
565(2)
Routine CUPS Administration
567(2)
Setting the Default Printer
567(1)
Enabling and Disabling Printers
567(1)
Accepting and Rejecting Print Jobs
567(1)
Managing Printing Privileges
568(1)
Deleting Printers
568(1)
Managing printers via the Web Interface
568(1)
Using Client-Side Printing Tools
569(2)
lpr
570(1)
lpq
570(1)
lprm
571(1)
Summary
571(2)
DHCP
573(12)
The Mechanics of DHCP
574(1)
The DHCPServer
575(8)
Installing DHCP Software via RPM
575(1)
Configuring the DHCP Server
575(6)
A Sample dhcpd.conf File
581(1)
General Runtime Behavior
582(1)
The DHCP Client Daemon
583(1)
Configuring the DHCP Client
583(1)
Summary
584(1)
Backups
585(14)
Evaluating Your Backup Needs
586(3)
How Much Data?
586(1)
What Kind of Media?
587(1)
Performance Considerations of Tape
588(1)
How Much Network Throughput?
588(1)
What Speed of Recovery?
588(1)
What Kind of Tape Management?
589(1)
Managing the Tape Device
589(3)
Using mknod and scsidev to Create the Device Files
590(1)
Manipulating the Tape Device with mt
591(1)
Command-Line Tools
592(5)
dump and restore
592(5)
tar
597(1)
Summary
597(2)
Index599
Steve Shah (San Jose, CA) is Director of Product Management at NetScaler where he is responsible for the security and Layer 4-7 switching capabilities of the company's award-winning application delivery systems. Prior to NetScaler, Steve played a similar role at Array Networks as Director of Product Management, where he did everything from kernel level TCP/IP hacking to product marketing. Before Array Networks, he was also a member of Alteon Web Systems team where he lead the development effort of their SSL accelerator product.

Steve is also the author of Linux Administration: A Beginners Guide which is currently in its 3rd edition, and a contributor to several editions of Unix Unleashed, RedHat Linux Unleashed, Using Linux, and Content Delivery Networks. He holds a BS in Computer Science with a minor in Creative Writing, and a MS in Computer Science from UC Riverside. Steve has been programming since 1986, performing systems administration since 1992, and has been concerned about security matters ever since seeing his password appear in a packet trace.

Wale Soyinka (Union City, CA) is a Systems/Network Engineering consultant with several years experience in the field. He has written an extensive library of Linux administration training materials used as part of the curriculum in some Community Colleges in the Bay Area. He is also the author of a projects lab manual "Microsoft Windows 2000 Managing Network Environments" which is part of the Microsoft certification series published by Prentice Hall. His recent work includes participating on the East Bay Community College ITIEP (Information Technology Industry Education Partnership) task force to develop standardized UNIX and Linux curriculum. He also currently participates in several Open Source discussions and projects.

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