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Bridge Engineering : Rehabilitation, and Maintenance of Modern Highway Bridges

by:
ISBN: 9780071459037 | 0071459030
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional
Pub. Date: 9/28/2006

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
The very latest coverage of the enitre bridge engineering processWritten for new and experienced highway engineers, this master resource offers the most complete and practical treatment available for every aspect of highway bridge design, rehabilitation, and maintenance. From initial concept all the way to final contract documentation preparation, "Bridge Engineering" presents a clear and detailed road map to the entire bridge engineering process.
U.S. Audience: architects (113,000), civil engineers (228,000), and ... MORE
Design Examples and Perspectivesxvii
Prefacexix
Preface to First Editionxxi
The Structure
1(38)
... MOREUse and Functionality
3(14)
Terminology and Nomenclature
4(1)
Superstructure
4(2)
Substructure
6(3)
Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
9(1)
Miscellaneous Terms
10(2)
Structure Types and Applications
12(1)
Slab-on-Stringer
12(1)
One-Way Slab
13(1)
Steel and Concrete Box Girder
13(1)
Cable-Stayed
14(1)
Suspension
14(1)
Steel and Concrete Arch
14(2)
Truss
16(1)
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
17(2)
Bridge Designers and Their Projects
19(2)
The Bridge Engineering Lexicon
21(18)
References
37(2)
Project Inception
39(34)
Project Funding
39(3)
User Fees
40(1)
Nonuser Fees
40(1)
Special Benefit Fees
41(1)
Private Financing
41(1)
Debt Financing
42(1)
Conclusions
42(1)
Types of Design Standards
42(4)
General Specifications
43(1)
Material-Related Design Codes
44(1)
Steel
44(1)
Concrete
44(1)
Timber
44(1)
Use of Design Standards
45(1)
Site Inspection
46(15)
The Scoping Inspection
47(1)
Recording the Inspection
48(1)
Rating Substructure Elements
49(1)
Joints
49(1)
Bearings, Bridge Seats, and Pedestals
50(2)
Concrete Elements
52(1)
Steel Elements
52(1)
Timber Elements
52(1)
Embankment
53(1)
Rating Superstructure Elements
54(1)
Deck and Wearing Surface
54(1)
Primary and Secondary Members
55(1)
Rating Appurtenance and Site-Related Elements
56(1)
Railing
56(1)
Drainage Systems
57(1)
Utilities
57(1)
Lighting and Signing
57(1)
Inspecting for Scour
58(1)
The Channel
58(2)
The Substructure
60(1)
Conclusions
60(1)
Site Survey
61(3)
Topography
61(1)
Planimetry
62(1)
Structure Features
63(1)
Physical Testing
64(2)
Coring
64(1)
Delamination Testing
64(1)
Testing for Cover
65(1)
Measuring Steel Thickness
65(1)
Detecting Fatigue Cracks
66(1)
The Inspection Team
66(2)
As-Built Plans and Other Record Data
68(2)
Supplementing As-Built Plans
68(1)
Guard Railing
68(1)
Drainage Facilities
69(1)
Traffic Barriers
69(1)
Miscellaneous Elements
69(1)
Other Sources
69(1)
Conclusions
70(3)
References
71(2)
The Superstructure
73(296)
Superstructure Types
73(11)
Steel Superstructures
74(1)
Rolled Beam
75(1)
Rolled Beam with Cover Plate
75(1)
Plate Girder
75(1)
Box Girder
75(1)
Steel Rigid Strut Frame
75(1)
Large Structures
76(1)
Concrete Superstructures
76(1)
Prestressed Concrete Girder
76(2)
Concrete Box Girder
78(1)
Concrete Slab
79(1)
Adjacent Prestressed Slab
79(1)
Concrete Rigid Frame
79(1)
Concrete Strut Frame
79(1)
Concrete Arch
79(1)
Timber Superstructures
79(1)
Glulam Timber
80(1)
Stressed-Laminated Timber Deck
80(1)
Trestle
81(1)
Truss
81(1)
Secondary Members
81(1)
Diaphragms
81(3)
Lateral Bracing
84(1)
Portal and Sway Bracing
84(1)
Deck Types
84(3)
Noncomposite and Composite Decks
84(1)
Cast-in-Place Concrete Slab
85(1)
Precast, Prestressed Concrete Panels
85(1)
Steel Orthotropic Plate
85(1)
Steel Grid
86(1)
Timber
86(1)
Corrugated Metal
87(1)
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
87(1)
Wearing Surface Types
87(1)
Asphalt Concrete
87(1)
Latex Modified Concrete
88(1)
High Density-Low Slump Concrete
88(1)
Integrated Wearing Surface
88(1)
Deck Joint Types
88(6)
Open Joints
89(1)
Filled Joints
89(1)
Compression Seal Joints
89(1)
Strip Seal Joints
90(1)
Modular Joints
91(1)
Finger Plate Joints
92(1)
Sliding Plate Joints
93(1)
Conclusions
94(1)
Design Loads
94(25)
Background and History
95(1)
Permanent Loads
95(1)
Dead Load
95(1)
Superimposed Dead Load
96(1)
Pressures
96(1)
Temporary Loads
97(1)
Vehicle Live Load
97(3)
Earthquake Loading
100(4)
Wind Loading
104(1)
Channel Forces
105(3)
Longitudinal Forces
108(1)
Centrifugal Forces
109(1)
Impact (Dynamic Load Allowance)
109(1)
Construction Loads
110(1)
Deformation and Response Loads
110(1)
Creep
111(1)
Shrinkage
111(1)
Settlement
112(1)
Uplift
112(1)
Thermal Forces
113(1)
Group Loading Combinations
114(1)
AASHTO Standard Specifications
115(1)
AASHTO LRFD Specifications
116(3)
Design Methods
119(7)
Working Stress Design
120(2)
Limit States Design
122(1)
Background and History
123(2)
The Many Names of Working Stress and Limit States
125(1)
Allowable Stress Design
125(1)
Service Load Design
125(1)
Load Factor Design
125(1)
Strength Design
125(1)
Ultimate Strength
126(1)
Load and Resistance Factor Design
126(1)
Internal Forces
126(2)
Bending Force
127(1)
Shear Force
127(1)
Torsional Force
127(1)
Axial Force
128(1)
Load Distribution
128(9)
How Loads Are Distributed
129(5)
Different Types of Load Distribution
134(1)
Interior Longitudinal Members
134(1)
Exterior Longitudinal Members
134(1)
Transverse Members
135(1)
Multibeam Concrete Decks (Concrete Panels)
136(1)
Conclusions
137(1)
Concrete Deck Slabs
137(25)
Effective Span Length
139(1)
Calculation of Bending Moment
140(1)
Main Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic
141(1)
Main Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic
142(2)
Dead Load Moments
144(1)
Total Factored Moment
144(1)
Distribution Reinforcement
144(2)
Minimum Slab Thickness
146(1)
Railing Loads
146(2)
AASHTO LRFD Method
148(1)
Slab Reinforcement Details
149(1)
Construction, Rehabilitation, and Maintenance
149(1)
Increased Slab Thickness and Cover
149(1)
Coated Reinforcement
150(1)
Waterproofing Membrane
150(1)
Drainage
151(3)
Snow and Ice Removal
154(1)
Patching
154(3)
Sealing
157(1)
Cathodic Protection
158(2)
Conclusions
160(2)
Composite Steel Members
162(54)
Composite Action
162(4)
Shored and Unshored Construction
166(1)
Effective Flange Width
167(2)
The Transformed Section
169(1)
Effects of Creep
170(2)
Choosing a Rolled Section
172(1)
Compute Design Moments and Shear Forces
172(4)
Total Factored Moment and Shear Forces
176(1)
Choosing a Section
177(1)
Composite Section Strength - LFD Method
178(4)
Composite Section Strength - LRFD Method
182(5)
Conclusions
187(1)
Shear Connector Design
188(1)
Fatigue
188(5)
Additional Geometric Constraints
193(1)
Effect of Stay-in-Place Forms
194(1)
Ultimate Strength
194(6)
Cover Plates
200(1)
Advantages of a Cover Plate
201(1)
Cover Plate Area
202(1)
Cover Plate Length
202(2)
Fatigue - AASHTO Standard Specifications
204(4)
Fatigue - AASHTO LRFD Specifications
208(1)
Welds
208(2)
Problems with Cover Plates
210(1)
Bearing Stiffeners with Rolled Beams
211(1)
Deflections
212(2)
Camber
214(2)
Plate Girders
216(16)
Hybrid Girders
217(1)
Elements of a Plate Girder
217(1)
Flange Plate Thickness
217(1)
Flange Plate Economy
218(1)
Web Thickness
218(1)
Web Plate Economy
219(1)
Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners
220(5)
Transverse Intermediate Stiffener Economy
225(1)
Bearing Stiffeners
225(1)
Longitudinal Stiffeners
226(2)
Longitudinal Stiffener Economy
228(1)
Miscellaneous Economy Issues
228(1)
Lateral Bracing for Plate Girders
229(1)
Where Bracing Is Located
229(1)
Bracing as a Function of Span Length
230(1)
Placement and Types of Lateral Bracing
230(1)
Eliminating Lateral Bracing
231(1)
Economy of Lateral Bracing
231(1)
Cross-Frames for Plate Girders
231(1)
Continuous Beams
232(50)
Advantages of Continuous Beams
232(1)
Rolled Sections as Continuous Beams
233(1)
Moment Distribution
234(1)
Overview
234(1)
Fixed End Moments
235(1)
Relative Beam Stiffness
235(1)
Fixity Factor
236(1)
Stiffness Factor
236(1)
Distribution Factor
236(1)
Carry Over Factor
236(1)
Method Synopsis
237(1)
Influence Lines
237(5)
General Moment Support Equation
242(1)
Unit Loads
243(1)
Influence Data at Intermediate Points
243(2)
Predefined Tables
245(2)
Using Influence Lines
247(2)
Area under an Influence Line
249(1)
Conclusions
250(3)
Alternate Method for Analysis of Continuous Beams
253(9)
Live Load on Continuous Beam Structures
262(1)
Negative Moment Using Influence Lines
263(1)
Special Load Points
264(2)
Maximum Shear
266(1)
Impact for Continuous Beams
266(1)
Composite Section in Negative Bending
267(1)
AASHTO Standard Specifications
267(1)
AASHTO LRFD Specifications
268(4)
Conclusions
272(1)
Beam Splices
272(1)
Required Strength
273(1)
Welded Splices
274(1)
Bolted Splices
275(3)
Bolted Web Splices
278(1)
Bolted Flange Splices
278(2)
Hanger Assemblies
280(2)
Protecting Steel Superstructures
282(33)
Protective Coating Systems
282(1)
Background and History
282(2)
The Nature of Steel Corrosion
284(2)
Inhibitive Primers
286(1)
Sacrificial Primers
286(2)
Barrier Coatings
288(1)
Surface Preparation
288(6)
Overcoating
294(1)
Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) Coatings
295(2)
Conclusions
297(1)
Containment and Disposal of Paint Waste
298(1)
Background and History
299(1)
Containment Devices
300(5)
Recycling Abrasives
305(1)
Disposal Methods
306(1)
Conclusions
307(2)
Weathering Steel
309(1)
Background and History
309(1)
Material Properties of Weathering Steel
309(1)
Environmental Considerations
310(1)
Maintenance of Weathering Steel
310(1)
Inspection of Weathering Steel
311(1)
Rehabilitation of Weathering Steel
312(1)
Conclusions
312(1)
Galvanizing
313(1)
Overview
313(1)
Benefits and Drawbacks
314(1)
Conclusions
314(1)
Load Rating
315(9)
Inventory and Operating Ratings
315(1)
Field Measurements and Inspection
316(1)
Loading the Structure
316(1)
Working Stress Method
317(1)
Steel and Wrought Iron
318(1)
Conventionally Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
319(1)
Timber
319(1)
Load Factor Method
319(2)
LRFD Method
321(1)
Overview
322(1)
The Concept of Safe Evaluation
322(1)
Conclusions
323(1)
Prestressed Concrete
324(29)
Overview of Prestressed Concrete
325(1)
Pretensioned Beams
326(1)
Posttensioned Beams
327(1)
Application of Pre-and Posttensioned Concrete
328(1)
Prestressing Steels
328(2)
Concrete for Prestressing
330(1)
Composite Beams
330(1)
Advantages
330(2)
Effective Flange Width
332(2)
Horizontal Shear
334(2)
Required Prestress Force
336(6)
Loss of Prestress
342(1)
Elastic Shortening of Concrete
342(2)
Shrinkage of Concrete
344(2)
Creep of Concrete
346(1)
Friction
346(3)
Relaxation of Prestressing Steel
349(1)
Total Loss
350(1)
Estimated Losses
350(1)
Allowable Stresses
350(1)
Flexural Strength
351(2)
Prestressed Concrete Maintenance
353(16)
Overview
353(1)
Deterioration of Prestressed Concrete
354(1)
Cracking
355(1)
Other Forms of Concrete Corrosion
356(1)
Deterioration of Prestressing Steel
356(1)
Inspection of Prestressed Concrete
356(2)
Rehabilitation of Prestressed Concrete
358(1)
Patching
359(1)
Permanent Formwork
359(1)
Crack Injection
360(1)
Sealers
361(1)
Strengthening
361(1)
Conclusions
361(1)
References
362(7)
The Substructure
369(70)
Abutments
370(31)
Types of Abutments
370(1)
Gravity Abutment
371(1)
U Abutment
371(1)
Cantilever Abutment
371(1)
Full Height Abutment
372(1)
Stub Abutment
372(1)
Semi-Stub Abutment
372(1)
Counterfort Abutment
372(1)
Spill-through Abutment
373(1)
Pile Bent Abutment
373(1)
MSE Systems
374(1)
Coulomb Earth Pressure Theory
375(5)
Abutment Stability - Service Load Design Method
380(2)
Load Factor Design Method
382(1)
Load and Resistance Factor Design Method
382(1)
Other Related Foundation Topics
383(1)
Mononobe - Okabe Analysis
384(1)
Background
384(2)
Horizontal and Vertical Seismic Coefficients
386(2)
Basic Assumption
388(1)
Active Earth Pressure
388(2)
Applying Active Earth Pressure
390(1)
Caveats
391(1)
Superstructure Loads
392(1)
Rehabilitation and Maintenance
392(1)
Cracking
392(2)
Surface Deterioration
394(1)
Stability Problems
394(2)
Bridge Seat Deterioration
396(2)
Sheet Piling Abutments
398(1)
Stone Masonry Abutments
398(1)
MSE Systems
398(1)
Footings
399(1)
Piles
400(1)
Piers
401(26)
Types of Piers
402(1)
Hammerhead
403(1)
Column Bent
404(1)
Pile Bent
404(1)
Solid Wall
405(1)
Integral
405(1)
Single Column
406(1)
Behavior and Loading of Piers
406(1)
Design Criteria
407(2)
Design of Compression Members
409(1)
Load Factor Design Considerations
410(1)
Load and Resistance Factor Design Considerations
410(1)
Slenderness Effects
410(8)
Interaction Diagrams
418(3)
Rehabilitation and Maintenance
421(2)
Scour
423(1)
Overview
424(1)
Rehabilitation and Maintenance
425(1)
Replacement of Material
425(2)
Changing the Structure
427(1)
Replacing the Structure
427(1)
Bearings
427(12)
Forces Acting on a Bearing
428(1)
Movement of Bearings
429(1)
Types of Bearings
430(1)
Rocker Bearings
431(1)
Roller Bearings
432(1)
Sliding Plate Bearings
432(1)
Pot Bearings
432(1)
Spherical Bearings
433(1)
Elastomeric Bearings
433(2)
Lead Rubber Bearings
435(1)
Rehabilitation and Maintenance
436(1)
References
437(2)
Implementation & Management
439(38)
The Highway
440(13)
Design Elements of a Highway
440(1)
Horizontal Alignment
441(1)
Vertical Alignment
442(3)
Stopping Sight Distance
445(4)
Roadway Width
449(2)
Maintenance of Traffic
451(2)
Contract Documents
453(10)
Design Submissions
454(1)
Alternative Study
454(1)
Preliminary Submission
455(2)
Advanced Detail Submission
457(1)
Final Submission
457(1)
Computer Aided Design and Drafting
457(1)
File Organization
458(2)
Geometric Source Files
460(1)
The Forgotten D in CADD
460(1)
Graphic Standards and Quality Control
461(1)
Conclusions
462(1)
Bridge Management Systems
463(14)
Background and History
464(1)
Inventory Database
465(1)
Maintenance Database
466(1)
Project and Network Level Analysis
466(1)
Predicting the Condition of Bridges
467(1)
Miscellaneous Decision Assisting Criteria
468(1)
Costing Models
468(1)
Optimization Models
469(1)
Building the Database
469(1)
Managing Small and Large Structures
470(1)
Current Bridge Management Systems
471(1)
BMS Link to Design of Bridges
471(3)
BMS Link to Pavement Management Systems
474(1)
GIS and Imaging Technologies
474(1)
References
475(2)
Appendix477(2)
Acknowledgments479(1)
Illustration credits480(1)
Index481
Demetrius Tonias (Concord, NH) is a former member of the Adjunct Engineering faculty at Union College.

Jim J. Zhao (Ellicott City, MD) is Chief Bridge Engineer with Nolan Associates.

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