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Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation

by: Prentice, William E.; Quillen, Willaim S., Ph.D. (CON); Underwood, Frank, Ph.D. (CON)

Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation

by: Prentice, William E.; Quillen, Willaim S., Ph.D. (CON); Underwood, Frank, Ph.D. (CON)

ISBN 13:
9780071441230
ISBN 10:
0071441239
Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 05/18/2005
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical
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Summary

The most comprehensive therapeutic modalities book. Provides a theoretically based but practically oriented guide to the use of therapeutic modalities. Perfect for the required course in the Physical Therapy curriculum or as a clinical reference, the text features extensive use of case studies, laboratory activities, and a renown illustration program.

Contributors

xvii

Preface

xix

Part One Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities

The Science of Therapeutic Modalities

(11)

Wiiliam E. Prentice

Radiant Energy

(1)

Electromagnetic Radiations

(2)

Wavelength and Frequency

(1)

Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations

(2)

Arndt-Schultz Principle

(1)

Law of Grotthus-Draper

(1)

Cosine Law

(1)

Inverse Square Law

(1)

The Application of the Electromagnetic Spectrum to Therapeutic Modalities

(3)

Electrical Stimulating Currents

(1)

Electromyographic Biofeedback

(1)

Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy

(1)

Infrared Modalities

(1)

Laser

(1)

Ultraviolet Light

(1)

The Acoustic Spectrum and Ultrasound

(3)

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT)

(1)

Summary

(2)

The Healing Process and Guidelines for Using Therapeutic Modalities

(14)

William E. Prentice

Understanding the Healing Process

(6)

Inflammatory-Response Phase

(2)

Fibroblastic-Repair Phase

(1)

Maturation-Remodeling Phase

(2)

Factors That Impede Healing

(1)

Injury Management Using Modalities

(3)

Initial Acute Injury Phase

(2)

Inflammatory-Response Phase

(1)

Fibroblastic-Repair Phase

(1)

Maturation-Remodeling Phase

(1)

Other Considerations in Treating Injury

(1)

Indications and Contraindications

(3)

Summary

(2)

The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Wound Healing

(32)

Pamela E. Houghton

Superficial Hot and Cold

(1)

Hydrotherapy

(1)

Electrical Stimulation

(7)

Ultrasound

(3)

Laser

(2)

Ultraviolet Light

(3)

Pneumatic Compression Therapy

(1)

Choosing the Best Modality for the Treatment of Delayed or Nonhealing Wounds

(3)

Indications, Contraindications

(3)

Review of Clinical Research Evidence

(3)

Algorithm for Choosing the Appropriate Therapeutic Modality

(9)

Summary

(7)

Managing Pain with Therapeutic Modalities

(23)

Craig R. Denegar

Phillip B. Donley

Understanding Pain

(1)

Types of Pain

(1)

Pain Assessment

(4)

Pain Assessment Scales

(3)

Tissue Sensitivity

(1)

Goals in Managing Pain

(1)

Pain Perception and Neural Transmission

(1)

Sensory Receptors

(1)

Neural Transmission

(4)

Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission

(2)

Nociception

(1)

Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control

(5)

Blocking Pain Impulses with Ascending A-Beta Input

(1)

Descending Pain Control Mechanisms

(1)

Beta-Endorphin and Dynorphin

(1)

Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms

(1)

Cognitive Influences

(1)

Pain Management

(8)

Summary

(6)

Part Two Electrical Modalities

Basic Principles of Electricity

(21)

William E. Prentice

Components of Electrical Currents

(1)

Electrotherapeutic Currents

(2)

Generators of Electrotherapeutic Currents

(1)

Waveforms

(7)

Waveform Shape

(1)

Pulses Versus Phases and Direction of Current Flow

(2)

Pulse Amplitude

(1)

Pulse Charge

(1)

Pulse Rate of Rise and Decay Times

(1)

Pulse Duration

(1)

Pulse Frequency

(1)

Current Modulation

(2)

Electrical Circuits

(2)

Series and Parallel Circuits

(2)

Current Flow Through Biologic Tissues

(1)

Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current

(1)

Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment

(7)

Summary

(5)

Electrical Stimulating Currents

104

(61)

Daniel N. Hooker

Physiologic Response to Electrical Currents

105

(16)

Muscle and Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents

106

(5)

The Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Nonexcitable Tissues and Cells

111

(10)

Electrical Concepts: Effects of Changes in Current Parameters and Their Effect on Treatment Protocols

121

(6)

Biphasic Versus Monophasic Current

121

(1)

Tissue Impedance

122

(1)

Current Density

122

(1)

Frequency

123

(1)

Intensity

124

(1)

Duration

124

(1)

Polarity

125

(1)

Electrode Placement

126

(1)

Therapeutic Uses of Electrically Induced Muscle Contraction

127

(7)

Muscle Reeducation

128

(1)

Muscle Pump Contractions

129

(1)

Retardation of Atrophy

129

(2)

Muscle Strengthening

131

(1)

Increasing Range of Motion

131

(1)

The Effect of Noncontractile Stimulation on Edema

132

(2)

Stimulation of Denervated Muscle

134

(1)

Treatment Parameters for Stimulating Denervated Muscle

135

(1)

Therapeutic Uses of Electrical Stimulation of Sensory Nerves

135

(3)

Gate Control Theory

135

(1)

Descending Pain Control Theory (Central Biasing Theory)

136

(1)

Opiate Pain Control Theory

136

(2)

Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation

138

(1)

Clinical Uses of Low-Voltage Continuous Monophasic Current

138

(1)

Medical Galvanism

138

(1)

Iontophoresis

139

(1)

Treatment Precautions with Continuous Monophasic Currents

139

(1)

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)

139

(1)

Clinical Uses of FES

140

(1)

Specialized Electrical Currents

140

(7)

Low-Intensity Stimulators (LIS)

140

(3)

Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Current Generators)

143

(2)

Interferential Currents

145

(2)

Conclusion

147

(18)

Summary

147

(18)

Iontophoresis

165

(17)

William E. Prentice

Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis

165

(1)

Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer

166

(2)

Pharmacokinetics of Iontophoresis

166

(1)

Movement of Ions in Solution

166

(1)

Movement of Ions Through Tissue

166

(2)

Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques

168

(4)

Type of Current Required

168

(1)

Iontophoresis Generators

169

(1)

Current Intensity

169

(1)

Treatment Duration

170

(1)

Dosage of Medication

170

(1)

Electrodes

170

(1)

Selecting the Appropriate Ion

171

(1)

Clinical Applications for Iontophoresis

172

(2)

Treatment Precautions and Contraindications

174

(8)

Treatment of Burns

175

(1)

Sensitivity Reactions to Ions

175

(1)

Summary

175

(7)

Biofeedback

182

(19)

William E. Prentice

Electromyography and Biofeedback

182

(1)

The Role of Biofeedback

183

(1)

Biofeedback Instrumentation

183

(2)

Peripheral Skin Temperature

183

(1)

Finger Phototransmission

184

(1)

Skin Conductance Activity

185

(1)

Electromyographic Biofeedback

185

(4)

Motor Unit Recruitment

185

(1)

Measuring Electrical Activity

186

(2)

Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information

188

(1)

Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques

189

(3)

Electrodes

189

(2)

Displaying the Information

191

(1)

Clinical Applications for Biofeedback

192

(9)

Muscle Reeducation

192

(1)

Relaxation of Muscle Guarding

193

(1)

Pain Reduction

193

(1)

Summary

194

(7)

Principles of Electrophysiologic Evaluation and Testing

201

(58)

John Halle

David Greathouse

Introduction

202

(1)

Electrophysiologic Testing Equipment and Setup

203

(8)

Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System

211

(2)

Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction

213

(2)

The Elements of the Spinal Nerve

215

(1)

Testing Procedures

215

(16)

Limb Temperature and Age Considerations

216

(1)

Nerve Conduction Study

216

(15)

The Electromyographic Examination

231

(13)

Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

242

(1)

Other Electrophysiologic Testing Procedures

243

(1)

Requesting NCS/EMG Examinations

244

(1)

Conclusion

244

(15)

Summary

245

(14)

Part Three Thermal Modalities

Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy

259

(31)

William E. Prentice

David O. Draper

Physiologic Responses to Diathermy

260

(1)

Thermal Effects

260

(1)

Nonthermal Effects

261

(1)

Shortwave Diathermy Equipment and Treatment Techniques

261

(11)

Shortwave Diathermy Generators

261

(2)

Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes

263

(6)

Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy

269

(2)

Treatment Time

271

(1)

Microwave Diathermy

272

(3)

Microwave Diathermy Generators

273

(1)

Microwave Diathermy Applicators

273

(1)

Microwave Treatment Technique

274

(1)

Clinical Applications for Diathermy

275

(1)

Diathermy Treatment Precautions and Considerations

276

(2)

Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities

278

(2)

Guidelines for the Safe Use of Diathermy

280

(10)

Summary

280

(10)

Infrared Modalities

290

(70)

Gerald W. Bell

William E. Prentice

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

290

(1)

Appropriate Use of the Infrared Modalities

291

(1)

Clinical Use of the Infrared Modalities

292

(3)

Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation

292

(1)

Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle Spasm

293

(1)

Effects of Temperature Change on Performance

294

(1)

Cryotherapy

295

(18)

Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling

295

(2)

Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques

297

(16)

Thermotherapy

313

(12)

Physiologic Effects of Tissue Heating

313

(1)

Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques

314

(11)

Counterirritants

325

(1)

Conclusions

325

(35)

Summary

326

(34)

Therapeutic Ultrasound

360

(49)

David O. Draper

William E. Prentice

Ultrasound as a Thermal Modality

361

(1)

Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues

361

(2)

Transverse Versus Longitudinal Waves

361

(1)

Frequency of Wave Transmission

361

(1)

Velocity

362

(1)

Attenuation

362

(1)

Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound

363

(11)

Transducer

365

(2)

Frequency of Therapeutic Ultrasound

367

(2)

The Ultrasound Beam

369

(2)

Pulsed Versus Continuous Wave Ultrasound

371

(1)

Amplitude, Power, and Intensity

372

(2)

Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound

374

(2)

Thermal Effects

374

(1)

Nonthermal Effects

375

(1)

Ultrasound Treatment Techniques

376

(7)

Frequency of Treatment

377

(1)

Duration of Treatment

377

(1)

Coupling Methods

378

(1)

Exposure Techniques

379

(2)

Moving the Transducer

381

(2)

Recording Ultrasound Treatments

383

(1)

Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound

383

(6)

Soft-Tissue Healing and Repair

383

(2)

Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture

385

(1)

Stretching of Connective Tissue

385

(2)

Chronic Inflammation

387

(1)

Bone Healing

387

(1)

Pain Reduction

388

(1)

Plantar Warts

388

(1)

Placebo Effects

388

(1)

Phonophoresis

389

(2)

Using Ultrasound in Combination with Other Modalities

391

(2)

Ultrasound and Hot Packs

391

(1)

Ultrasound and Cold Packs

391

(1)

Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation

392

(1)

Treatment Precautions

393

(1)

Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment

393

(16)

Summary

394

(15)

Part Four Light Therapy

Low-Level Laser Therapy

409

(24)

Ethan Saliba

Susan Foreman-Saliba

Physics

410

(2)

Stimulated Emissions

410

(2)

Types of Lasers

412

(1)

Laser Generators

413

(2)

Helium Neon Lasers

413

(1)

Gallium Arsenide Lasers

414

(1)

Laser Treatment Techniques

415

(4)

Lasing Techniques

416

(1)

Dosage

417

(2)

Depth of Penetration

419

(1)

Clinical Applications for Lasers

419

(4)

Wound Healing

420

(2)

Pain

422

(1)

Bone Response

423

(1)

Suggested Treatment Protocols

423

(2)

Pain

424

(1)

Wound Healing

424

(1)

Scar Tissue

425

(1)

Edema and Inflammation

425

(1)

Safety

425

(1)

Precautions and Contraindications

426

(1)

Conclusion

426

(7)

Summary

426

(7)

Ultraviolet Therapy

433

(20)

J. Marc Davis

Ultraviolet Radiation

433

(1)

Effect on Cells

434

(1)

Effect on Normal Human Tissue

434

(3)

Short-Term Effect on Skin

434

(2)

Tanning

436

(1)

Long-Term Effect on Skin

437

(1)

Effect on Eyes

437

(1)

Systemic Effects

438

(1)

Ultraviolet Generators

438

(2)

Ultraviolet Treatment Techniques

440

(2)

Determining the Minimal Erythemal Dose

440

(1)

Positioning the Lamp

441

(1)

Clinical Applications for Ultraviolet

442

(2)

Psoriasis

442

(1)

Disturbances of Calcium and Phosphorus Absorption

443

(1)

Pressure Sores

444

(1)

Sterilization

444

(1)

Diagnosis

444

(1)

Conclusion

444

(9)

Summary

444

(9)

Part Five Mechanical Modalities

Spinal Traction

453

(31)

Daniel N. Hooker

The Physical Effects of Traction

453

(5)

Effects on Spinal Movement

453

(1)

Effects on Bone

454

(1)

Effects on Ligaments

454

(1)

Effects on the Disk

455

(1)

Effects on Articular Facet Joints

456

(1)

Effects on the Muscular System

456

(1)

Effects on the Nerves

456

(1)

Effects on the Entire Body Part

457

(1)

Traction Treatment Techniques

458

(1)

Lumbar Positional Traction

458

(3)

Inversion Traction

461

(1)

Manual Lumbar Traction

462

(3)

Level-Specific Manual Traction

462

(1)

Unilateral Leg Pull Manual Traction

463

(2)

Mechanical Lumbar Traction

465

(10)

Patient Setup and Equipment

465

(3)

Body Position

468

(3)

Traction Force

471

(1)

Intermittent Versus Sustained Traction

472

(1)

Duration of Treatment

473

(1)

Progressive and Regressive Steps

473

(2)

Manual Cervical Traction

475

(1)

Mechanical Cervical Traction

476

(2)

Indications and Contraindications

478

(6)

Summary

479

(5)

Intermittent Compression Devices

484

(19)

Daniel N. Hooker

The Lymphatic System

485

(1)

Purposes of the Lymphatic System

485

(1)

Structure of the Lymphatic System

485

(1)

Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function

485

(1)

Injury Edema

486

(3)

Formation of Pitting Edema

487

(1)

Formation of Lymphedema

487

(2)

The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation

489

(1)

Treatment of Edema

489

(1)

Intermittent Compression Treatment Techniques

490

(4)

Inflation Pressures

491

(1)

On-Off Sequence

491

(1)

Total Treatment Time

491

(1)

Patient Setup and Instructions

492

(2)

Cold and Compression Combination

494

(1)

Sequential Compression Pumps

494

(2)

Indications and Contraindications for Use

496

(7)

Summary

496

(7)

Part Six Other Modalities

Therapeutic Massage

503

(34)

William E. Prentice

Clairbeth Lehn

The Value of Manual Therapy Techniques

503

(1)

The Evolution of Massage as a Treatment Modality

503

(1)

Physiologic Effects of Massage

504

(3)

Reflexive Effects

504

(1)

Mechanical Effects

505

(2)

Psychologic Effects of Massage

507

(1)

Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines

507

(5)

Equipment

509

(1)

Preparation of the Patient

510

(2)

Massage Treatment Techniques

512

(17)

Hoffa Massage

512

(6)

Friction Massage

518

(1)

Connective Tissue Massage

518

(2)

Acupressure and Trigger Point Massage

520

(4)

Myofascial Release

524

(1)

Strain/Counterstrain

525

(1)

Positional Release Therapy

526

(1)

Active Release Technique

526

(2)

Rolfing

528

(1)

Trager

528

(1)

The Current Role of Massage in Physical Therapy

529

(8)

Summary

529

(8)

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy

537

(14)

Charles Thigpen

History of ESWT

537

(1)

Physical Characteristics of Extracorporeal Shock Wave

538

(2)

Shock Wave Generation

540

(1)

Physical Parameters of Shock Waves

540

(1)

Biologic Effects

541

(2)

Bone

542

(1)

Tendon

542

(1)

Clinical Applications

543

(2)

Plantar Fasciitis

543

(1)

Medial/Lateral Epicondylitis

544

(1)

Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder

544

(1)

Evaluation of ESWT Literature for Evidence-Based Practice

545

(6)

Summary

545

(6)

Part Seven Summary

The Physiologic Effects of Therapeutic Modality Intervention on the Body Systems

551

(19)

Eric Shamus

Stanley H. Wilson

Systems Approach

552

(1)

Electrical Stimulating Currents

552

(3)

Interferential Current (IFC)

552

(1)

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)

553

(1)

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

554

(1)

Iontophoresis

555

(1)

Biofeedback

556

(1)

Cryotherapy Techniques

557

(1)

Thermotherapy Techniques

558

(3)

Warm Whirlpool Hot Packs

558

(2)

Paraffin

560

(1)

Infrared Lamps

560

(1)

Fluidotherapy

561

(1)

Therapeutic Ultrasound (US)

561

(1)

Ultraviolet Therapy (UV)

562

(1)

Traction (Manual and Mechanical)

563

(1)

Compression Devices

564

(1)

Massage

565

(5)

Appendix A-1. Locations of the Motor Points

570

(3)

Appendix A-2. Units of Measure

573

(2)

Index

575

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation

Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation

9780071441230

0071441239

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation

Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation

9780071441230

0071441239

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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