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The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research

by: Healey, Joseph F.

The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research

by: Healey, Joseph F.

ISBN 13:
9780495009757
ISBN 10:
049500975X
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/01/2006
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Prologue: Basic Review of Mathematics. 1. Introduction. PART I. Descriptive Statistics. 2. Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and Rates, Tables, Charts, and Graphs. 3. Measures of Central Tendency. 4. Measures of Dispersion. 5. The Normal Curve. PART II. Inferential Statistics. 6. Inferential Statistics, the Sampling Distribution and Estimation. 7. Hypothesis Testing I: The One Sample Case. 8. Hypothesis Testing II: The Two Sample Case. 9. Hypothesis Testing III: The Analysis of Variance. 10. Hypothesis Testing IV: Chi Square. PART III. Measures of Association. 11. Bivariate Association For Variables Measured at the Nominal Level. 12. Bivariate Association For Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level. 13. Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level. PART IV. Multivariate Techniques. 14. Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation. Appendix A. Area under the Normal Curve. Appendix B. Distribution of t. Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square. Appendix D. Distribution of F. Appendix E. Using Statistics: Ideas for Research Projects. Appendix F. An Introduction to Computerized Statistics Programs (SPSS for Windows). Appendix G. Code Book for the General Social Survey, 2004. Answers to Odd-Numbered Computational Problems. Glossary. Index.

Preface

Prologue / Basic Mathematics Review

(7)

Introduction

(19)

Why Study Statistics?

(1)

The Role of Statistics in Scientific Inquiry

(3)

The Goals of This Text

(1)

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

(3)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Introduction

(1)

Level of Measurement

(11)

Step by Step: Determining the Level of Measurement of a Variable

(2)

Summary

(1)

Glossary

(1)

Problems

(3)

Introduction to SPSS and the General Social Survey

(2)

PART I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

(96)

Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and Rates, Tables, Charts, and Graphs

(37)

Percentages and Proportions

(3)

Application 2.1

(1)

Step by Step: Computing Percentages and Proportions

(1)

Ratios, Rates, and Percentage Change

(5)

Application 2.2

(1)

Application 2.3

(1)

Application 2.4

(1)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Road Rage

(1)

Step by Step: Computing Ratios, Rates, and Percent Change

(1)

Frequency Distributions: Introduction

(1)

Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Nominal and Ordinal Levels

(2)

Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level

(7)

Step by Step: Computing Midpoints

(3)

Step by Step: Constructing Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio Variables

(1)

Constructing Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio-Level Variables: A Review

(1)

Application 2.5

(1)

Charts and Graphs

(18)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Increasing Congestion and Lost Time on the Road

(1)

Summary

(1)

Summary of Formulas

(1)

Glossary

(1)

Multimedia Resources

(1)

Problems

(5)

Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Frequency Distributions and Graphs

(6)

Measures of Central Tendency

(20)

Introduction

(1)

The Mode

(2)

The Median

(2)

Step by Step: Computing the Median

(1)

The Mean

(1)

Application 3.1

(1)

Some Characteristics of the Mean

(4)

Step by Step: Computing the Mean

(3)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Housing Costs, Football Salaries, and Skew

(1)

Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency

(11)

Summary

(1)

Summary of Formulas

(1)

Glossary

(1)

Multimedia Resources

(1)

Problems

(5)

Using SPSS for Windows for Measures of Central Tendency

(3)

Measures of Dispersion

(18)

Introduction

(1)

The Range (R) and Interquartile Range (Q)

(1)

Computing the Range and Interquartile Range

(1)

The Standard Deviation and Variance

(5)

Step by Step: Computing the Standard Deviation

(1)

Application 4.1

(1)

Application 4.2

(1)

Computing the Standard Deviation: An Additional Example

(1)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Where's the Nicest Place to Live?

(1)

Interpreting the Standard Deviation

(9)

Summary

(1)

Summary of Formulas

(1)

Glossary

(1)

Multimedia Resources

(1)

Problems

(3)

Using SPSS for Windows for Measures of Dispersion

(4)

The Normal Curve

103

(20)

Introduction

103

(3)

Statistics in Everyday Life: How Normal Is the Normal Curve?

106

(1)

Computing Z Scores

106

(1)

Step by Step: Computing Z Scores

107

(1)

The Normal Curve Table

107

(2)

Finding Total Area Above and Below a Score

109

(2)

Finding Areas Between Two Scores

111

(3)

Step by Step: Finding Areas Above and Below Positive and Negative Z Scores

111

(1)

Application 5.1

112

(1)

Step by Step: Finding Areas Between Z Scores

113

(1)

Application 5.2

114

(1)

Using the Normal Curve to Estimate Probabilities

114

(9)

Step by Step: Finding Probabilities

117

(1)

Application 5.3

117

(1)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Applying the Laws of Probability

118

(1)

Summary

119

(1)

Summary of Formulas

119

(1)

Glossary

119

(1)

Multimedia Resources

119

(1)

Problems

120

(3)

PART II INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

123

(128)

Introduction to Inferential Statistics, the Sampling Distribution, and Estimation

124

(28)

Introduction

124

(1)

Probability Sampling

125

(1)

The Sampling Distribution

126

(4)

The Sampling Distribution: An Additional Example

130

(2)

Symbols and Terminology

132

(1)

Introduction to Estimation

133

(1)

Bias and Efficiency

133

(3)

Estimation Procedures: Introduction

136

(2)

Interval Estimation Procedures for Sample Means (Large Samples)

138

(2)

Step by Step: Constructing Confidence Intervals for Sample Means

140

(1)

Interval Estimation Procedures for Sample Proportions (Large Samples)

140

(3)

Application 6.1

141

(1)

Step by Step: Constructing Confidence Intervals for Sample Proportions

142

(1)

Application 6.2

143

(1)

A Summary of the Computation of Confidence Intervals

143

(1)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Election Projections, Polls, and Surveys

144

(1)

Controlling the Width of Interval Estimates

144

(8)

Summary

148

(1)

Summary of Formulas

148

(1)

Glossary

148

(1)

Multimedia Resources

149

(1)

Problems

149

(3)

Hypothesis Testing I: The One-Sample Case

152

(30)

Introduction

152

(1)

An Overview of Hypothesis Testing

153

(5)

The Five-Step Model for Hypothesis Testing

158

(3)

Step by Step: Testing the Significance of the Difference Between a Sample Mean and a Population Mean (Large Samples): Computing Z(obtained) and Interpreting Results

161

(1)

One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests of Hypothesis

161

(6)

Application 7.1

162

(5)

Selecting an Alpha Level

167

(1)

The Student's t Distribution

168

(5)

Step by Step: Testing the Significance of the Difference Between a Sample Mean and a Population Mean (Small Samples): Computing t(obtained) and Interpreting Results

172

(1)

Tests of Hypotheses for Single-Sample Proportions (Large Samples)

173

(9)

Step by Step: Testing the Significance of the Difference Between a Sample Proportion and a Population Proportion (Large Samples): Computing Z(obtained) and Interpreting Results

175

(1)

Application 7.2

175

(1)

Summary

176

(1)

Summary of Formulas

177

(1)

Glossary

177

(1)

Multimedia Resources

178

(1)

Problems

178

(4)

Hypothesis Testing II: The Two-Sample Case

182

(25)

Introduction

182

(1)

Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Large Samples)

182

(8)

Step by Step: Testing the Difference in Sample Means for Significance (Large Samples): Computing Z(obtained) and Interpreting Results

186

(1)

Application 8.1

187

(1)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Culture Wars

187

(3)

Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Small Samples)

190

(2)

Step by Step: Testing the Difference in Sample Means for Significance (Small Samples): Computing t(obtained) and Interpreting Results

192

(1)

Hypothesis Testing with Sample Proportions (Large Samples)

192

(2)

The Limitations of Hypothesis Testing: Significance Versus Importance

194

(13)

Step by Step: Testing the Difference in Sample Proportions for Significance (Large Samples): Computing Z(obtained) and Interpreting Results

195

(1)

Application 8.2

196

(1)

Summary

197

(1)

Summary of Formulas

198

(1)

Glossary

198

(1)

Multimedia Resources

199

(1)

Problems

199

(4)

Using SPSS for Windows to Test The Significance of the Difference Between Two Means

203

(4)

Hypothesis Testing III: The Analysis of Variance

207

(21)

Introduction

207

(1)

The Logic of the Analysis of Variance

208

(1)

The Computation of ANOVA

209

(2)

A Computational Shortcut

211

(1)

Step by Step: Computing ANOVA

211

(1)

A Computational Example

212

(1)

A Test of Significance for ANOVA

212

(3)

Application 9.1

214

(1)

An Additional Example for Computing and Testing the Analysis of Variance

215

(3)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Who Gets Rich?

217

(1)

The Limitations of the Test

218

(10)

Summary

219

(1)

Summary of Formulas

220

(1)

Glossary

220

(1)

Multimedia Resources

221

(1)

Problems

221

(3)

Using SPSS for Windows to Conduct Analysis of Variance

224

(4)

Hypothesis Testing IV: Chi Square

228

(23)

Introduction

228

(1)

Bivariate Tables

229

(1)

The Logic of Chi Square

230

(1)

The Computation of Chi Square

231

(2)

Step by Step: Computing Chi Square

233

(1)

The Chi Square Test for Independence

233

(3)

Step by Step: Computing Column Percents

236

(1)

The Chi Square Test: An Additional Example

236

(4)

Application 10.1

237

(3)

The Limitations of the Chi Square Test

240

(11)

Summary

241

(1)

Summary of Formulas

241

(1)

Glossary

242

(1)

Multimedia Resources

242

(1)

Problems

242

(4)

Using SPSS for Windows to Conduct the Chi Square Test

246

(5)

PART III BIVARIATE MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION

251

(78)

Introduction to Bivariate Association and Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

252

(27)

Statistical Significance and Theoretical Importance

252

(1)

Association Between Variables and Bivariate Tables

253

(2)

Three Characteristics of Bivariate Associations

255

(4)

Introduction to Measures of Association

259

(1)

Application 11.1

260

(1)

Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level: Chi Square-Based Measures

260

(4)

Step by Step: Calculating and Interpreting Phi and Cramer's V

263

(1)

Application 11.2

264

(1)

Lambda: A Proportional Reduction in Error Measure of Association for Nominal-Level Variables

264

(15)

Step by Step: Calculating and Interpreting Lambda

268

(1)

Statistics in Everyday Life: The Truth About Astrology

269

(1)

Summary

270

(1)

Summary of Formulas

270

(1)

Glossary

270

(1)

Multimedia Resources

271

(1)

Problems

271

(3)

Using SPSS for Windows to Test Bivariate Association for Significance and Association

274

(5)

Association Between Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level

279

(23)

Introduction

279

(1)

Proportional Reduction in Error (PRE)

279

(1)

Gamma

280

(4)

Determining the Direction of Relationships

284

(4)

Step by Step: Computing and Interpreting Gamma

287

(1)

Application 12.1

288

(1)

Spearman's Rho (rs)

288

(14)

Step by Step: Computing and Interpreting Spearman's Rho

291

(1)

Application 12.2

292

(1)

Summary

292

(1)

Summary of Formulas

293

(1)

Glossary

293

(1)

Multimedia Resources

293

(1)

Problems

293

(5)

Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Ordinal-Level Measures of Association

298

(4)

Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level

302

(27)

Introduction

302

(1)

Scattergrams

302

(4)

Regression and Prediction

306

(2)

The Computation of a and b

308

(3)

Step by Step: Computing the Slope (b)

310

(1)

Step by Step: Computing the Y Intercept (a)

311

(1)

The Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r)

311

(2)

Step by Step: Computing Pearson's r

312

(1)

Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient: r2

313

(4)

Application 13.1

316

(1)

The Correlation Matrix

317

(12)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Correlation, Causation, and Cancer

319

(1)

Summary

320

(1)

Summary of Formulas

321

(1)

Glossary

321

(1)

Multimedia Resources

322

(1)

Problems

322

(3)

Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Pearson's r

325

(4)

PART IV MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES

329

(26)

Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation

330

(25)

Introduction

330

(1)

Partial Correlation

330

(5)

Step by Step: Computing and Interpreting Partial Correlations

334

(1)

Multiple Regression: Predicting the Dependent Variable

335

(3)

Step by Step: Computing the Regression Coefficients (b and a)

338

(1)

Multiple Regression: Assessing the Effects of the Independent Variables

338

(3)

Step by Step: Computing Beta-Weight (b*)

340

(1)

Multiple Correlation

341

(1)

Step by Step: Computing R2

342

(1)

The Limitations of Multiple Regression and Correlation

342

(13)

Application 14.1

343

(2)

Statistics in Everyday Life: Beta-Weights and Baseball

345

(1)

Summary

346

(1)

Summary of Formulas

346

(1)

Glossary

347

(1)

Multimedia Resources

347

(1)

Problems

348

(3)

Using SPSS for Windows for Regression Analysis

351

(4)

Appendix A Area Under the Normal Curve

355

(4)

Appendix B Distribution of t

359

(1)

Appendix C Distribution of Chi Square

360

(1)

Appendix D Distribution of F

361

(2)

Appendix E Using Statistics: Ideas for Research Projects

363

(5)

Appendix F An Introduction to SPSS for Windows

368

(9)

Appendix G Codebook for the General Social Survey, 2004

377

(8)

Appendix H Glossary of Symbols

385

(2)

Answers to Odd-Numbered Computational Problems

387

(8)

Glossary

395

(5)

Index

400

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research

The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research

9780495009757

049500975X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research

The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research

9780495009757

049500975X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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