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Summary Table of Contents

This easy-to-use handbook is ideal for practitioners concerned with overcoming behavioral deficits and excesses in a wide variety of populations and settings. Written in a reader-friendly style that assumes no prior knowledge of behavior modification or psychology, it provides a comprehensive, practical presentation of both the elementary principles of behavior modification and step-by-step "how-to" guidelines for their application. Includes real-life cases and examples throughout.Getting A Behavior To Occur More Often With Positive Reinforceme... MOREnt. Developing And Maintaining Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement. Decreasing A Behavior With Extinction. Developing Behavioral Persistence Through The Use Of Intermittent Reinforcement. Types Of Intermittent Reinforcement To Decrease Behavior. Doing The Right Thing At The Right Time And Place: Stimulus Discrimination And Stimulus Generalization. Developing Appropriate Behavior With Fading. Getting A New Behavior To Occur: An Application Of Shaping. Getting A New Behavior To Occur With Behavioral Chaining. Eliminating Inappropriate Behavior Through Punishment. Establishing A Desirable Behavior By Using Escape And Avoidance Conditioning. Procedures Based On Principles Of Respondent Conditioning. Respondent And Operant Conditioning Together. Transferring Behavior To New Settings And Making It Last: Generality Of Behavior Change. Capitalizing On Existing Stimulus Control: Rules And Goals, Modeling, Guidance, And Situational Inducement. Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations. Direct Behavioral Assessment: What To Record And How. Functional Assessment Of The Causes Of Problem Behavior. Planning, Applying, And Evaluating A Treatment Program. Token Economies. Helping An Individual To Develop Self-Control. Systematic Self-Desensitization. Cognitive Behavior Modification. Areas Of Clinical Behavior Therapy. Ethical Issues.For practitioners of various helping professions who are concerned directly with enhancing various forms of behavioral development (e.g., education, counseling, clinical psychology, medicine, nursing, psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, social work, speech therapy, sport psychology, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy).

For courses in Behavior Modification, Applied Behavior Analysis, Behavior Therapy, the Psychology of Learning. Written in a reader-friendly style that assumes no prior knowledge of behavior modification or psychology, this best-selling text provides a comprehensive, practical presentation of both the elementary principles of behavior modification and step-by-step "how-to" guidelines for their application. Students not only develop a fundamental grasp of basic principles, but learn how to apply them effectively to their everyday concerns from helping children learn life's necessary skills to solving some of their own personal behavior problems.

Preface

Changes in the Seventh Edition

xvii

Instructor's Resource Manual with Tests and Practica

xviii

Acknowledgments

xviii

To the Student

xix

PART I THE BEHAVIOR ... MORE

Introduction

(13)

What is Behavior?

(3)

What is Behavior Modification?

(1)

What is Behavioral Assessment?

(1)

Some Misconceptions about Behavior Modification

(1)

The Approach of This Book

(3)

Study Questions

(1)

Application Exercises

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

(2)

Areas of Application: An Overview

(14)

Parenting and Child Management

(1)

Education: From Preschool to University

(2)

Severe Problems: Developmental Disabilities, Childhood Autism, and Schizophrenia

(2)

Clinical Behavior Therapy

(1)

Self-Management of Personal Problems

(1)

Medical and Health Care

(2)

Gerontology

(1)

Behavioral Community Psychology

(1)

Business, Industry, and Government

(1)

Sport Psychology

(1)

Behavior Modification with Culturally Diverse Individuals

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

(2)

PART II BASIC BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

Getting a Behavior to Occur More Often With Positive Reinforcement

(21)

``Do you want to sit here, Mommy?''

Reinforcing Darren's Cooperative Behavior

(1)

Positive Reinforcement

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Positive Reinforcement

(12)

Pitfalls of Positive Reinforcement

(1)

Guidelines for the Effective Application of Positive Reinforcement

(2)

Study Questions

(2)

Application Exercises

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

(2)

Developing and Maintaining Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

(24)

``OK, team! Here's how you can earn an Eagle Effort Award.''

Coach Dawson's Point Program

(1)

Unconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers

(1)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement

(2)

Pitfalls of Conditioned Reinforcement

(1)

Guidelines for the Effectiveness Use of Conditioned Reinforcement

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Application Exercises

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

(3)

Decreasing a Behavior with Extinction

``Louise, let's get rid of your migraines.''

(1)

Louise's Case

(1)

Extinction

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction

(5)

Pitfalls of Extinction

(2)

Guidelines for the Effective Application of Extinction

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Application Exercises

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

(3)

Developing Behavioral Persistence Through the use of Intermittent Reinforcement

(16)

``Tom, let's see how many arithmetic problems you can do.''

Improving Toni s Work Rate in Math Class

(1)

Some Definitions

(1)

Ratio Schedules

(1)

Simple Interval Schedules

(2)

Interval Schedules with Limited Hold

(2)

Duration Schedules

(2)

Overview of Eight Basic Schedules for Increasing and Maintaining Behavior

(1)

Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement

(2)

Pitfalls of Intermittent Reinforcement

(1)

Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Reinforcement

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Application Exercises

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

(2)

Types of Intermittent Reinforcement to Decrease Behavior

(8)

``Tommy, a little less talking out, please!''

Decreasing Tommy's Talking Out

(1)

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates

(1)

Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding

(1)

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Responding

(1)

Pitfalls of Schedules for Decreasing Behavior

(1)

Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Schedules to Decrease Behavior

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Application Exercises

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

(1)

Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

(16)

``Now, children, please work at your desks.''

Learning to Follow Teacher's Instructions

(1)

Stimulus Discrimination Learning and Stimulus Control

(2)

Types of Controlling Stimuli: SDs and Ss

100

(2)

Stimulus Generalization

102

(3)

Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Stimulus Discrimination Training

105

(2)

Pitfalls of Stimulus Discrimination Training

107

(1)

Guidelines for Effective Stimulus Discrimination Training

108

(1)

Study Questions

109

(1)

Application Exercises

110

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

110

(3)

Developing Appropriate Behavior with Fading

113

(9)

``Peter, what's your name?''

Teaching Peter His Name

113

(1)

Fading

114

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Fading

116

(2)

Pitfalls of Fading

118

(1)

Guidelines for the Effective Application of Fading

119

(1)

Study Questions

119

(1)

Application Exercises

120

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

121

(1)

Getting a New Behavior to Occur: An Application of Shaping

122

(12)

``Frank, did you do your jogging?''

Improving Frank's Exercising

122

(1)

Shaping

123

(3)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Shaping

126

(2)

Pitfalls of Shaping

128

(2)

Guidelines for the Effective Application of Shaping

130

(1)

Study Questions

131

(1)

Application Exercises

132

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

132

(2)

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavioral Chaining

134

(13)

``Steve, your preputt routine is inconsistent.''

Teaching Steve to Follow a Consistent Preputt Routine

134

(1)

Stimulus-Response Chaining

135

(1)

Methods for Teaching a Behavior Chain

136

(3)

Chaining Compared with Fading and Shaping

139

(1)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Chaining

139

(4)

Pitfalls of Chaining

143

(1)

Guidelines for the Effective Use of Chaining

144

(1)

Study Questions

144

(1)

Application Exercises

145

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

145

(2)

Eliminating Inappropriate Behavior Through Punishment

147

(15)

``Ben, don't be so aggressive.''

Eliminating Ben's Aggressiveness

147

(1)

The Principle of Punishment

148

(1)

Types of Punishers

149

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment

151

(3)

Should Punishment Be Used?

154

(3)

Pitfalls of Punishment

157

(1)

Guidelines for the Effective Application of Punishment Procedures

158

(1)

Study Questions

159

(1)

Application Exercises

160

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

160

(2)

Establishing a Desirable Behavior by Using Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

162

(9)

``Jason, that's bad for your health!''

Curing Jason's Slouching

162

(1)

Escape Conditioning

163

(2)

Avoidance Conditioning

165

(2)

Pitfalls of Escape and Avoidance

167

(1)

Guidelines for the Effective Application of Escape and Avoidance

168

(1)

Study Questions

169

(1)

Application Exercises

170

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

170

(1)

Procedures Based on Principles of Respondent Conditioning

171

(14)

``I hate that word!''

Making Words ``Unpleasant''

171

(1)

Operant Versus Respondent Behavior

172

(1)

Principle of Respondent Conditioning

172

(3)

Higher Order Conditioning

175

(1)

Respondent Extinction

176

(1)

Counterconditioning

177

(1)

Common Respondently Conditioned Responses

177

(2)

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Compared

179

(1)

Applications of Respondent Conditioning Principles

179

(3)

Study Questions

182

(1)

Application Exercises

183

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

183

(2)

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

185

(12)

``I have to finish my term paper!''

Responding to Meet Deadlines

185

(1)

Operant-Respondent Interactions

185

(2)

Respondent and Operant Components of Emotions

187

(5)

Respondent and Operant Components of Thinking

192

(1)

Private Thoughts and Feelings; More Respondent-Operant Interactions

193

(1)

Study Questions

194

(1)

Application Exercises

195

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

195

(2)

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making it Last: Generality of Behaviorial Change

197

(13)

``Hi, there. I have a nice surprise for you in my car.''

Teaching Stan to Protect Himself

197

(1)

Generality

198

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Programming Generality of Operant Behavior

200

(4)

Programming Generality of Respondent Behavior

204

(1)

Pitfalls of Generality

205

(2)

Guidelines for Programming Generality of Operant Behavior

207

(1)

Study Questions

207

(1)

Application Exercises

208

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

209

(1)

PART III SOME PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS TO EFFECTIVE PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES

Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control: Rules and Goals

210

(14)

Rules

211

(6)

Goals

217

(4)

Study Questions

221

(1)

Application Exercises

222

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

223

(1)

Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

224

(27)

Modeling

224

(3)

Physical Guidance

227

(2)

Situational Inducement

229

(5)

Study Questions

234

(1)

Application Exercises

235

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

236

(1)

PART IV DEALING WITH DATA

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Minimal Phases of a Program

237

(3)

Sources of Information for Baseline Assessment

240

(4)

Data! Data! Data! Why Bother?

244

(3)

Behavioral Assessment Compared to Traditional Assessment

247

(2)

Study Questions

249

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

249

(2)

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

251

(17)

Characteristics of Behavior to Be Recorded

251

(10)

Continuous Recording, Interval Recording, and Time-Sampling Recording

261

(2)

Assessing the Accuracy of Observations

263

(2)

Study Questions

265

(1)

Application Exercises

266

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

266

(2)

Functional Assessment of the Causes of Problem Behavior

268

(13)

Approaches to Functional Assessment

268

(3)

Major Causes of Problem Behaviors

271

(6)

Medical Causes of Problem Behaviors

277

(1)

Guidelines for Conducting a Functional Assessment

278

(1)

Study Questions

279

(1)

Application Exercises

280

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

280

(1)

Doing Research in Behavior Modification

281

(14)

The Reversal-Replication (ABAB) Research Design

282

(3)

Multiple-Baseline Designs

285

(3)

The Changing-Criterion Design

288

(1)

Alternating-Treatments (or Multi-Element) Design

288

(2)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

290

(2)

Study Questions

292

(1)

Application Exercises

293

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

294

(1)

PART V PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating A Treatment Program

295

(11)

A Problem Has Been Referred: Should You Design a Program?

295

(2)

Selecting and Implementing an Assessment Procedure

297

(2)

Strategies of Program Design and Implementation

299

(3)

Program Maintenance and Evaluation

302

(1)

Study Questions

303

(1)

Application Exercise

304

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

304

(2)

Token Economies

306

(12)

Initial Steps in Setting Up a Token Economy

307

(4)

Specific Implementation Procedures

311

(1)

Preparing a Manual

312

(1)

Programming Generality to the Natural Environment

313

(1)

Ethical Considerations

314

(1)

A Summary of Considerations in Designing a Token Economy

314

(1)

Study Questions

315

(1)

Application Exercises

316

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

316

(2)

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

318

(21)

Causes of Self-Control Problems

319

(2)

A Model for Self-Control

321

(1)

Steps in a Self-Control Program

322

(13)

Circumventing the Therapist

335

(1)

Study Questions

336

(1)

Application Exercises

337

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

337

(2)

Systematic Self-Desensitization

339

(15)

Behavioral Treatments of Simple Phobias

340

(2)

Systematic Self-Desensitization

342

(10)

When to Seek Professional Assistance

352

(1)

Study Questions

352

(1)

Application Exercise

353

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

353

(1)

Cognitive Behavior Modification

354

(18)

``Thinking,'' ``Feeling,'' and Private Behavior

354

(1)

Carol's Case

355

(2)

Some Cognitive Behavioral Procedures

357

(6)

Evaluation of ``Cognitive'' Techniques

363

(3)

A Behavioral Interpretation of Cognitive Behavior Techniques

366

(2)

Concluding Comments

368

(1)

Study Questions

369

(1)

Application Exercise

370

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

370

(2)

Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy

372

(12)

Anxiety Disorders: Focus on Agoraphobia

372

(1)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

373

(1)

Failure to Cope with Stress

374

(1)

Depression

375

(2)

Alcohol Problems

377

(1)

Obesity

378

(1)

Marital Distress

379

(1)

Sexual Dysfunction: Focus on Low Sexual Desire

380

(1)

Habit Disorders: Nervous Habits, Muscle Tics, and Stuttering

381

(1)

Study Questions

382

(1)

Note and Extended Discussion

382

(2)

PART VI A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ETHICAL ISSUES

Giving all Some Perspective: A Brief History

384

(12)

The Operant-Conditioning Orientation: Applied Behavior Analysis

384

(4)

The Respondent-Conditioning (and Hullian and Wolpean) Orientation

388

(2)

Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations

390

(1)

The Terms Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Applied Behavior Analysis

391

(2)

The Future of Behavior Modification

393

(1)

Study Questions

393

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

394

(2)

Ethical Issues

396

(13)

A Behavioral View of Ethics

397

(1)

Arguments Against Deliberately Controlling Behavior

398

(2)

Ethical Guidelines

400

(6)

Conclusions

406

(1)

Study Questions

406

(1)

Notes and Extended Discussion

407

(2)

Glossary

409

(10)

References

419

(34)

Author Index

453

(9)

Subject Index

462

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