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The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction

by: Hammond, Christopher

$The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction$

The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction

by: Hammond, Christopher

ISBN 13:
9780198505525
ISBN 10:
0198505523
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 06/21/2001
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Summary

A knowledge of crystallography opens the door to a clearer understanding of topics in physics, chemistry, and other disciplines. In this new text, basic ideas in crystallography and diffraction are explained simply and comprehensively. The physical concepts and geometrical features common todiffraction modes are emphasized by simple analogies and demonstrations, with special attention paid to two-dimensional patterns and symmetry. The book, written by an experienced teacher, is an ideal introduction for students.

X-ray photograph of zinc blende (Friedrich, Knipping and von Laue, 1912)

xiv

X-ray photograph of deoxyribonucleic acid (Franklin and Gosling, 1952)

Crystals and crystal structures

(40)

The nature of the crystalline state

(4)

Constructing crystals from close-packed hexagonal layers of atoms

(1)

Unit cells of the hcp and ccp structures

(3)

Constructing crystals from square layers of atoms

(1)

Constructing body-centred cubic crystals

(1)

Interstitial structures

(8)

Some simple ionic and covalent structures

(1)

Representing crystals in projection: crystal plans

(2)

Stacking faults and twins

(6)

Introduction to some more complex crystal structures

(15)

Tetrahedral and octahedral structures---silicon carbide and alumina

(2)

Silicate structures

(5)

The structures of carbon

(7)

Exercises

(1)

Two-dimensional patterns, lattices and symmetry

(26)

Approaches to the study of crystal structures

(1)

Two-dimensional patterns and lattices

(2)

Two-dimensional symmetry elements

(3)

The five plane lattices

(3)

The seventeen plane groups

(5)

One-dimensional symmetry: border or frieze patterns

(1)

Symmetry in art and design: counterchange patterns

(4)

Non-periodic patterns and tilings

(8)

Exercises

(4)

Bravais lattices and crystal systems

(12)

Introduction

(1)

The fourteen space (Bravais) lattices

(4)

The symmetry of the fourteen Bravais lattices: crystal systems

(3)

The coordination or environments of Bravais lattice points: space-filling polyhedra

(5)

Exercises

(2)

Crystal symmetry: point groups, space groups, symmetry-related properties and quasiperiodic crystals

(25)

Symmetry and crystal habit

(1)

The thirty-two crystal classes

(1)

Centres and inversion axes of symmetry

(4)

Crystal symmetry and properties

(4)

Translational symmetry elements

(3)

Space groups

(3)

Bravais lattices, space groups and crystal structures

(5)

Quasiperiodic crystals or crystalloids

100

(4)

Exercises

103

(1)

Describing lattice planes and directions in crystals: Miller indices and zone axis symbols

104

(18)

Introduction

104

(1)

Indexing lattice directions---zone axis symbols

105

(1)

Indexing lattice planes---Miller indices

106

(3)

Miller indices and zone axis symbols in cubic crystals

109

(1)

Lattice plane spacings, Miller indices and Laue indices

110

(2)

Zones, zone axes and the zone law, the addition rule

112

(1)

The Weiss zone law or zone equation

112

(1)

Zone axis at the intersection of two planes

112

(1)

Plane parallel to two directions

112

(1)

The addition rule

113

(1)

Indexing in the trigonal and hexagonal systems: Weber symbols and Miller-Bravais indices

113

(2)

Transforming Miller indices and zone axis symbols

115

(3)

Transformation matrices for trigonal crystals with rhombohedral lattices

118

(1)

A simple method for inverting a 3x3 matrix

119

(3)

Exercises

120

(2)

The reciprocal lattice

122

(12)

Introduction

122

(1)

Reciprocal lattice vectors

122

(3)

Reciprocal lattice unit cells

125

(3)

Reciprocal lattice cells for cubic crystals

128

(2)

Proofs of some geometrical relationships using reciprocal lattice vectors

130

(4)

Relationships between a, b, c and a*, b*, c*

130

(1)

The addition rule

130

(1)

The Weiss zone law or zone equation

131

(1)

d-spacing of lattice planes (hkl)

132

(1)

Angle ρ between plane normals (h1K1l1) and (h2k2l2)

132

(1)

Definition of a*, b*, c*, in terms of a, b, c

132

(1)

Zone axis at intersection of planes (h1k1l1) and (h2k2l2)

133

(1)

A plane containing two directions [u1v1w1] and [u2v2w2]

133

(1)

Exercises

133

(1)

The diffraction of light

134

(26)

Introduction

134

(2)

Simple observations of the diffraction of light

136

(4)

The nature of light: coherence, scattering and interference

140

(3)

Analysis of the geometry of diffraction patterns from gratings and nets

143

(7)

The resolving power of optical instruments, the telescope, camera, microscope and the eye

150

(10)

Exercises

159

(1)

X-ray diffraction: the contributions of Max von Laue, W. H. and W. L. Bragg and P. P. Ewald

160

(10)

Introduction

160

(1)

Laue's analysis of X-ray diffraction: the three Laue equations

161

(2)

Bragg's analysis of X-ray diffraction: Bragg's law

163

(3)

Ewald's synthesis: the reflecting sphere construction

166

(4)

Exercises

169

(1)

The diffraction of X-rays

170

(30)

Introduction

170

(4)

The intensities of X-ray diffracted beams: the structure factor equation and its applications

174

(6)

The broadening of diffracted beams: reciprocal lattice points and nodes

180

(3)

Fixed &thetas;, varying λ X-ray techniques: the Laue method

183

(2)

Fixed λ, varying &thetas; X-ray techniques: oscillation, rotation and precession methods

185

(7)

The oscillation method

185

(3)

The rotation method

188

(1)

The precession method

188

(4)

X-ray diffraction from single crystal thin films and multilayers

192

(4)

X-ray (and neutron) diffraction from ordered crystals

196

(4)

Exercises

199

(1)

X-ray diffraction of polycrystalline materials

200

(28)

Introduction

200

(1)

The geometrical basis of polycrystalline (powder) X-ray diffraction techniques

201

(9)

Some applications of X-ray techniques in polycrystalline materials

210

(4)

Accurate lattice parameter measurements

210

(1)

Identification of unknown phases

211

(2)

Measurement of crystal (grain) size

213

(1)

Measurement of internal elastic strains

214

(1)

Preferred orientation (texture, fabric) and its measurement

214

(5)

Fibre textures

215

(1)

Sheet textures

216

(3)

X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA: simulation by light diffraction

219

(9)

Exercises

225

(3)

Electron diffraction and its applications

228

(14)

Introduction

228

(1)

The Ewald reflecting sphere construction for electron diffraction

229

(2)

The analysis of electron diffraction patterns

231

(3)

Applications of electron diffraction

234

(8)

Determining orientation relationships between crystals

234

(2)

Identification of polycrystalline materials

236

(1)

Identification of quasiperiodic crystals

237

(1)

Exercises

238

(4)

The stereographic projection and its uses

242

(19)

Introduction

242

(4)

Construction of the stereographic projection of a cubic crystal

246

(3)

Manipulation of the stereographic projection: use of the Wulff net

249

(2)

Stereographic projections of non-cubic crystals

251

(3)

Applications of the stereographic projection

254

(7)

Representation of point group symmetry

254

(1)

Representation of orientation relationships

255

(2)

Representation of preferred orientation (texture or fabric)

257

(3)

Exercises

260

(1)

Appendix 1 Useful components for crystallography model-building and suppliers

261

(2)

Appendix 2 Computer programs in crystallography

263

(4)

Appendix 3 Biographical notes on crystallographers and scientists mentioned in the text

267

(20)

Appendix 4 Some useful crystallographic relationships

287

(3)

Appendix 5 A simple introduction to vectors and complex numbers and their use in crystallography

290

(7)

Appendix 6 Systematic absences (extinctions) in X-ray diffraction and double diffraction in electron diffraction patterns

297

(9)

Answers to Exercises

306

(11)

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction

The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction

9780198505525

0198505523

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction

The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction

9780198505525

0198505523

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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