Rent 9780495383932 | Basic Statistics : Tales of Distributions

Summary Table of Contents

Learn statistical reasoning and problem solving from a best--selling author who uses a wealth of examples from the social and behavioral sciences, education, nursing/allied health, and business fields----as well as examples from everyday life--to help you learn and understand.. Praised for his clear explanations, Spatz shows you how to start with a data set, identify the questions it poses, determine and carry out statistical procedures, and using plain English, tell the story the data reveal.

Preface	p. XV
Introduction	p. 1
What Do You Mean, "Statistics"?	p. 2
Clue to the future	p. 4
What's in It for Me?	p. 4
Some Terminology	p. 5
Problems and Answers	p. 8
Scales of Measurement	p. 9
Statistics and Experimental Design	p. 12
Experimental Design Variables	p. 13
Statistics and... MORE Philosophy	p. 15
Statistics: Then and Now	p. 16
Helpful Features of This Book	p. 16
Concluding Thoughts for This Introductory Chapter	p. 19
Additional Help for Chapter 1	p. 21
Key Terms	p. 21
Transition passage to descriptive statistics	p. 23
Frequency Distributions and Graphs	p. 24
Simple Frequency Distributions	p. 26
Error detection	p. 27
Grouped Frequency Distributions	p. 28
Graphs of Frequency Distributions	p. 30
Describing Distributions	p. 34
The Line Graph	p. 36
More on Graphics	p. 36
A Moment to Reflect	p. 37
Additional Help for Chapter 2	p. 38
Key Terms	p. 39
Central Tendency and Variability	p. 40
Measures of Central Tendency	p. 41
Finding Central Tendency of Simple Frequency Distributions	p. 44
Error detection	p. 46
Error detection	p. 47
When to Use the Mean, Median, and Mode	p. 47
Determining Skewness from the Mean and Median	p. 49
The Weighted Mean	p. 50
Variability	p. 52
The Range	p. 53
Interquartile Range	p. 54
The Standard Deviation	p. 55
The Standard Deviation as a Descriptive Index of Variabiiity	p. 56
Error detection	p. 57
Error detection	p. 59
Error detection	p. 61
S as an Estimate of [sigma]	p. 61
Error detection	p. 64
Clue to the future	p. 65
The Variance	p. 65
Clue to the future	p. 55
Estimating Answers	p. 66
Additional Help for Chapter 3	p. 68
Key Terms	p. 68
Other Descriptive Statistics	p. 69
Using z Scores to Describe Individuals	p. 70
Clue to the future	p. 72
Boxplots	p. 73
Error detection	p. 75
Effect Size Index	p. 76
The Descriptive Statistics Report	p. 79
Additional Help for Chapter 4	p. 82
Key Terms	p. 82
Transition passage to bivariate distributions	p. 83
Correlation and Regression	p. 84
Bivariate Distributions	p. 86
Positive Correlation	p. 87
Negative Correlation	p. 89
Zero Correlation	p. 91
Clue to the future	p. 91
The Correlation Coefficient	p. 92
Error detection	p. 93
Clue to the future	p. 96
Error detection	p. 96
Scatterplots	p. 97
Interpretations of r	p. 98
Uses of r	p. 100
Strong Relationships but Low Correlations	p. 103
Error detection	p. 106
Other Kinds of Correlation Coefficients	p. 106
Linear Regression	p. 107
Making Predictions from a Linear Equation	p. 107
The Regression Equation-A Line of Best Fit	p. 108
Error detection	p. 112
Additional Help for Chapter 5	p. 116
Key Terms	p. 116
What Would You Recommend? Chapters 1-5	p. 116
Transition passage to inferential statistics	p. 118
Theoretical Distributions Including the Normal Distribution	p. 119
Probability	p. 120
A Rectangular Distribution	p. 121
Clue to the future	p. 122
A Binomial Distribution	p. 122
Comparison of Theoretical and Empirical Distributions	p. 124
The Normal Distribution	p. 125
Error detection	p. 132
Clue to the future	p. 138
Comparison of Theoretical and Empirical Answers	p. 138
Other Theoretical Distributions	p. 139
Additional Help for Chapter 6	p. 140
Key Terms	p. 140
Samples, Sampling Distributions, and Confidence Intervals	p. 141
Random Samples	p. 143
Biased Samples	p. 146
Research Samples	p. 146
Sampling Distributions	p. 147
Clue to the future	p. 148
The Sampling Distribution of the Mean	p. 148
Central Limit Theorem	p. 149
Constructing a Sampling Distribution When [sigma] Is Not Available	p. 155
The t Distribution	p. 156
Confidence Interval about a Sample Mean	p. 159
Clue to the future	p. 159
Error detection	p. 160
Categories of Inferential Statistics	p. 163
Additional Help for Chapter 7	p. 164
Key Terms	p. 165
Transition passage to hypothesis testing	p. 166
Hypothesis Testing and Effect Size: One-Sample Designs	p. 167
The Logic of Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing (NHST)	p. 168
Clue to the future	p. 171
Using the t Distribution for Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing	p. 172
A Problem and the Accepted Solution	p. 174
The One-Sample t Test	p. 176
An Analysis of Possible Mistakes	p. 178
The Meaning of p in p < .05	p. 180
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests	p. 181
Effect Size Index	p. 184
Other Sampling Distributions	p. 185
Using the t Distribution to Test the Significance of a Correlation Coefficient	p. 186
Clue to the future	p. 186
Why .05?	p. 188
Additional Help for Chapter 8	p. 190
Key Terms	p. 190
Hypothesis Testing, Effect Size, and Confidence Intervals: Two-Sample Designs	p. 191
A Short Lesson on How to Design an Experiment	p. 192
NHST: The Two-Sample Example	p. 194
Degrees of Freedom	p. 196
Paired-Samples Designs and Independent-Samples Designs	p. 197
Clue to the future	p. 197
The t Test for Independent-Samples Designs	p. 200
Clue to the future	p. 203
The t Test for Paired-Samples Designs	p. 205
Error detection	p. 208
Significant Results and Important Results	p. 210
Effect Size Index	p. 211
Establishing a Confidence Interval about a Mean Difference	p. 213
Error detection	p. 214
Reaching Correct Conclusions	p. 215
Statistical Power	p. 217
Additional Help for Chapter 9	p. 220
Key Terms	p. 220
What Would You Recommend? Chapters 6-9	p. 221
Transition passage to more complex designs	p. 222
Analysis of Variance: One-Way Classification	p. 223
Rationale of ANOVA	p. 225
More New Terms	p. 232
Clue to the future	p. 232
Sums of Squares	p. 232
Error detection	p. 236
Mean Squares and Degrees of Freedom	p. 237
Error detection	p. 238
Calculation and Interpretation of F Values Using the F Distribution	p. 238
Schedules of Reinforcement-A Lesson in Persistence	p. 240
Comparisons among Means	p. 242
Assumptions of the Analysis of Variance	p. 245
Effect Size Index	p. 246
Additional Help for Chapter 10	p. 249
Key Terms	p. 249
Analysis of Variance: One-Factor Repeated Measures	p. 250
A Data Set	p. 251
One-Factor Repeated-Measures ANOVA: The Rationale	p. 252
An Example Problem	p. 252
Tukey HSD Tests	p. 256
Type I and Type II Errors	p. 257
Some Behind-the-Scenes Information about Repeated-Measures ANOVA	p. 258
Additional Help for Chapter 11	p. 261
Key Terms	p. 261
Analysis of Variance: Factorial Design	p. 262
Factorial Design	p. 263
Main Effects and Interaction	p. 267
Clue to the future	p. 272
A Simple Example of a Factorial Design	p. 273
Error detection	p. 277
Error detection	p. 279
Error detection	p. 281
Analysis of a 2 X 3 Design	p. 282
Comparing Levels within a Factor-Tukey HSD Tests	p. 289
Effect Size Indexes for Factorial ANOVA	p. 290
Restrictions and Limitations	p. 291
Additional Help for Chapter 12	p. 292
Key Terms	p. 292
Transition passage to nonparametric statistics	p. 293
CHI Square Tests	p. 294
Error detection	p. 295
The Chi Square Distribution and the Chi Square Test	p. 296
Chi Square as a Test of Independence	p. 297
Error detection	p. 299
Shortcut for Any 2 X 2 Table	p. 300
Effect Size Index for 2 X 2 Chi Square Data	p. 301
Chi Square as a Test for Goodness of Fit	p. 303
Chi Square with More Than One Degree of Freedom	p. 306
Small Expected Frequencies	p. 310
When You May Use Chi Square	p. 313
Error detection	p. 313
Additional Help for Chapter 13	p. 316
Key Terms	p. 316
More Nonparametric Tests	p. 317
The Rationale of Nonparametric Tests	p. 318
Comparison of Nonparametric to Parametric Tests	p. 319
Clue to the future	p. 320
The Mann-Whitney U Test	p. 321
Error detection	p. 322
Error detection	p. 323
Error detection	p. 324
The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks T Test	p. 327
The Wilcoxon-Wilcox Multiple-Comparisons Test	p. 333
Correlation of Ranked Data	p. 336
Error detection	p. 338
My Final Word	p. 339
Additional Help for Chapter 14	p. 341
Key Terms	p. 342
What Would You Recommend? Chapters 10-14	p. 342
Choosing Tests and Writing Interpretations	p. 344
A Review	p. 344
Future Steps	p. 345
Choosing Tests and Writing Interpretations	p. 346
Additional Help for Chapter 15	p. 356
Key Terms	p. 356
Appendixes
Arithmetic and Algebra Review	p. 359
Grouped Frequency Distributions and Central Tendency	p. 373
Tables	p. 378
Glossary of Words	p. 399
Glossary of Symbols	p. 403
Glossary of Formulas	p. 405
Answers to Problems	p. 412
References	p. 465
Index	p. 471
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