This book gives a critical account of four of the most significant avant-garde Chinese art groups and associations of the late 1970s and '80s. It is made up largely of conversations conducted by the author with members of these organizations that provide insight into the circumstances of artistic production during the decade leading up to the Tian'anmen killings of 1979. The conversations are supported by an extended introduction and other comprehensive notes that give a detailed overview of the historical circumstances under which the groups and associations developed.