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Argumentation and Critical Decision Making

ISBN: 9780205417933 | 0205417930
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
Pub. Date: 1/1/2005

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SummaryTable of Contents
The first and most thoroughly developed audience-oriented argumentation text, Argumentation and Critical Decision Making, presents argumentation as a cooperative, communicative process. The text examines the general principles of argument in a rigorous yet readable manner and then applies those principles to different spheres of life-law, science, religion, business, and politics-to explore how conventions of argument change when applied to these real-world arenas. Focusing on the dynamics of decision making, and using real-life examples to ill... MORE
Prefacexi
PART ONE Principles
1(94)
The Domain of Argumentation
3(22)
... MOREElements of Argumentation
4(8)
Adherence
4(1)
Appropriate Decision Makers
4(1)
Spheres
5(1)
Claims
5(3)
Issue
8(1)
Proposition
9(1)
Support
9(1)
Argument
10(1)
Criticism
11(1)
Elements of Critical Decision Making
12(12)
Toleration of Uncertainty
13(4)
Critical Thinking---The Internal Dialogue
17(1)
Dialectic---The External Dialogue
18(2)
Rhetoric
20(3)
Acting within Uncertainty
23(1)
Conclusion
24(1)
Project
24(1)
Critical Appraisal of Argumentation
25(15)
Argumentation and Being Reasonable
26(5)
Why People Advance Unreasonable Arguments
27(1)
Beliefs Are Not Necessarily Reasonable
27(1)
Thinking Is Not Necessarily Reasonable
28(1)
The Mind Is Not Necessarily Reasonable
28(1)
Social Influence Is Not Necessarily Reasonable
29(1)
Characteristics of Reasonable Arguments
30(1)
The Bases of Reason in Argumentation
31(5)
Starting Points for Argumentation
31(5)
Spheres
36(3)
Definition of Spheres
36(1)
Location of Spheres
37(1)
Spheres and Level of Activity
38(1)
Ultimate Purpose
38(1)
Conclusion
39(1)
Project
39(1)
Critical Approaches to Argumentation
40(17)
Traditional Criteria
41(6)
Good Reasons
41(1)
Logic
42(3)
Science
45(1)
A Good Story
46(1)
Nontraditional Criteria
47(8)
Postmodernism
48(3)
Feminisms
51(4)
Alternative Dispute Resolution
55(1)
Conclusion
56(1)
Project
56(1)
Analysis in Argumentation
57(15)
Critical Analysis to Find a Proposition
58(4)
Identify the Question
59(1)
Survey Implicated Objectives and Values
59(1)
Canvass Alternative Decisions
60(1)
Weigh the Costs and Risks
60(1)
Search for New Information
60(1)
Criticize the Alternatives
60(1)
Note Your Biases That Block Alternatives
61(1)
Select a Proposition
61(1)
Critical Analysis of a Proposition
62(6)
Determining the Issues
62(2)
Rank-Order the Issues
64(2)
Stock Issue Analysis
66(1)
Comparative Advantage Analysis
67(1)
Analysis of Claims
68(2)
Identify the Most Significant Claims
68(1)
Clarify What Each Claim Asserts
68(1)
Locate the Points of Disagreement
69(1)
Conclusion
70(1)
Project
71(1)
Case Building
72(23)
Preliminary Steps in Case Building
73(4)
Follow Critical Decision Making
73(1)
Identify the Nature of the Proposition
74(1)
Assess Presumptions and Burden of Proof
75(2)
Briefing Arguments
77(6)
The Elements of the Brief
78(1)
An Example of a Brief
79(4)
Developing a Convincing Vision
83(3)
Learn the Decision Makers' Vision
84(1)
Tell the Story of Your Vision
84(1)
Consider an Example
85(1)
Communication to Specific Decision Makers
86(7)
What Are the Communication Constraints?
86(1)
What Counterargument Will Occur?
87(1)
What Argumentative Format Will Be Used?
87(1)
What Are the Rules of the Sphere?
88(1)
How Will the Decision Be Made?
88(1)
What Critical Values Will Be Applied?
89(1)
What Sequence of Claims Is Most Appropriate?
90(3)
Conclusion
93(1)
Project
94(1)
PART TWO Tools
95(126)
The Nature of Arguments
97(21)
The Model of an Argument
98(4)
Claim
99(1)
Grounds
99(1)
Warrant
100(1)
Backing
100(1)
Qualifier
101(1)
Rebuttal and Reservation
101(1)
Types of Arguments
102(9)
Argument by Generalization
103(2)
Argument by Cause
105(1)
Argument by Sign
106(2)
Argument by Analogy
108(1)
Argument from Authority
109(2)
Definitions as Argument
111(3)
Formal Definition
112(1)
Definition by Example
112(1)
Functional Definition
112(1)
Definition by Analogy
113(1)
Definition by Authority
113(1)
The Analysis of Arguments
114(2)
Characteristics of Arguments
114(1)
Guidelines for Analyzing Arguments
115(1)
Conclusion
116(1)
Project
117(1)
Support: Evidence
118(23)
Forms of Evidence
119(9)
Example
120(2)
Statistics
122(4)
Combining Forms of Evidence
126(1)
Testimony
126(2)
General Principles for the Use of Evidence
128(7)
Use Representative Instances
128(1)
Use a Sufficient Number of Instances
128(1)
Account for Negative Instances
129(1)
Give the Value Characteristics of Instances
129(1)
Make Instances Seem Real with Details
130(1)
Use Decision Makers' Experience
130(1)
Use Current Examples and Statistics
130(1)
Use Reliable Sources for Instances and Statistics
130(1)
Carefully Consider Statistical Measures
131(3)
Use Comparison to Clarify Statistics
134(1)
Base Testimony on Credibility Measures
134(1)
Sphere Dependence of Evidence
135(4)
Hearsay Evidence
135(1)
Ordinary and Expert Evidence
135(1)
Reluctant Evidence
136(1)
Negative Evidence
137(1)
Documented Evidence
138(1)
Assertion and Evidence
138(1)
Conclusion
139(1)
Project
140(1)
Support: Values
141(23)
Characteristics of Values
142(4)
Stated and Implied Values
142(1)
Positive and Negative Values
143(1)
Terminal and Instrumental Values
144(1)
Abstract and Concrete Values
145(1)
Values Appear in Systems
146(2)
Traditional Value Systems
146(1)
Values Are Graded in Systems
147(1)
General Principles for the Use of Values
148(7)
Values May Be Found Anywhere in an Argument
148(1)
Recognize Values in Warrants
149(1)
Find the Values in the Arguments of Others
150(1)
Recognize the Limits of Value Change
151(1)
Find the Best Point of Attack on Values
151(2)
Relate Your Values to Decision Makers
153(1)
Use Evidence and Argument to Develop Values
154(1)
Sphere Dependence of Values
155(7)
Values in Scientific Argument
155(2)
Values in Religion
157(2)
The Relation of Science and Religion
159(3)
Conclusion
162(1)
Project
163(1)
Support: Credibility
164(16)
Characteristics of Credibility
165(2)
Competence and Trustworthiness
165(1)
Good Will and Dynamism
166(1)
Forms of Credibility
167(2)
Direct Credibility
167(1)
Secondary Credibility
168(1)
Indirect Credibility
169(1)
General Principles for the Use of Credibility
169(6)
Develop Credibility from Reputation
169(2)
Be Sincere
171(1)
Identify with Decision Makers' Values
171(2)
Use Evidence to Build Credibility
173(1)
Use Organization to Build Credibility
173(1)
Argue Issues, Not People
174(1)
Understand Credibility as Dynamic
174(1)
Sphere Dependence of Credibility
175(4)
The Reputation of the Arguer
177(1)
Secondary Credibility in Spheres
178(1)
Indirect Credibility in Spheres
178(1)
Conclusion
179(1)
Project
179(1)
Refutation
180(23)
The Process of Refutation
180(2)
Approaching Refutation
182(1)
Setting a Framework for Refutation
183(7)
Assess the Argumentative Situation
183(3)
Analyze the Decision Makers
186(4)
Analyze Opponents
190(1)
Selecting a Posture for Refutation
190(4)
Refute from a Constructive Basis
190(1)
Defend Your Position
191(1)
Keep the Focus on the Goals of Decision Making
191(1)
Engage in Framebreaking
191(2)
Test the Credibility of Other Factions
193(1)
Understand Momentum
193(1)
Deny Support
194(1)
Communicating Refutation
194(4)
Block Arguments
195(1)
Sample Refutation Blocks
195(1)
Probe Opponents
196(2)
Follow Good Communication Practices
198(1)
Conclusion
198(4)
Project
202(1)
Refutation
203(18)
Fallacy Claims
Views of Fallacy
205(8)
Fallacy as Incorrect Logic
205(2)
Fallacy as Sophistry
207(5)
Fallacies as Violations of Discussion Rules
212(1)
Using Fallacy Claims in Refutation
213(1)
Social Guides to Fallacy Claims
214(5)
Intent to Deceive
214(2)
Refusal to Reason
216(1)
Breach of Conversational Cooperation
216(3)
Conclusion
219(1)
Project
220(1)
PART THREE Applications
221(97)
Argumentation in Law
223(15)
The Context
224(1)
The Trial
225(7)
Analysis through Critical Decision Making
225(5)
Building the Case
230(1)
Prosecution's Trial Brief
231(1)
The Appeal
232(5)
Appellate Brief
233(2)
The Attorney General's Response
235(1)
The Appellate Decision
235(1)
The Impact of the Trial
236(1)
Conclusion
237(1)
Project
237(1)
Argumentation in Science
238(20)
The Tradition of Argumentation in Science
241(3)
Claims of Fact
241(1)
Search for Truth over Personal Gain
242(1)
Testable Results
243(1)
Established Theory Changes Slowly
243(1)
Scientific Use of Argument Types
244(8)
Argument by Generalization
245(1)
Argument by Cause
246(2)
Argument by Sign
248(1)
Argument by Analogy
249(2)
Argument from Authority
251(1)
Scientific Use of Evidence
252(3)
Empirically Grounded Claims
252(1)
Specific Instances
253(1)
Statistics in Science
253(2)
Testimony
255(1)
Scientific Method as Argument
255(1)
Conclusion
256(1)
Project
257(1)
Argumentation in Religion
258(20)
Major Questions in Religious Argumentation
259(6)
What Is the Nature of God?
259(1)
What Is the Nature of Human Beings?
260(1)
What Is Moral Behavior, the Religious Life?
261(1)
What Are Sin, Evil, and the Meaning of Suffering?
262(1)
What Is the Human's Relationship to God?
263(1)
What Is the Nature of Salvation?
263(1)
What Is the Role of the Church?
263(1)
Values and Themes
264(1)
Evidence in Religious Argumentation
265(5)
Text as Evidence
265(3)
Tradition as Evidence
268(1)
Experience as Evidence
268(1)
Revelation as Evidence
269(1)
Culture as Evidence
269(1)
Preferred Argument Forms
270(7)
Argument by Authority
271(1)
Argument by Analogy
272(1)
Argument by Narrative
273(1)
Argument by Sign
274(1)
Argument by Paradox
274(1)
Argument by Generalization
275(2)
Conclusion
277(1)
Project
277(1)
Argumentation in Business
278(15)
Starting Points for Business Argumentation
278(7)
Facts in Business Argumentation
279(1)
Presumptions in Business Argumentation
280(2)
Probabilities in Business Argumentation
282(1)
Commonplaces/Forms of Argument in Business Argumentation
283(2)
Forms of Support in Business Argumentation
285(6)
Evidence in Business Argumentation
285(2)
Values as Support in Business Argumentation
287(3)
Credibility as Support for Business Argumentation
290(1)
Conclusion
291(1)
Project
292(1)
Argumentation in Government and Politics
293(25)
The Nature of Political Argumentation
294(3)
The Claims of Political Argumentation
294(1)
The Content of Political Claims
294(1)
The Development of Political Claims
295(2)
Refutation in Government and Politics
297(4)
Refutation in Committee Hearings
298(1)
Characteristics of Hearings
298(1)
Using the Record in Hearings
299(1)
Focus for the Record in Hearings
299(1)
The Forms of Refutation in Committee Hearings
300(1)
Telling Good Stories
301(1)
Refutation in Legislative Action
301(4)
Refutation Is Usually Not Confrontational
302(1)
Refutation Is Usually Not Personal
302(1)
The Amendment Process as Refutation
303(1)
Refutation Has an Important Credibility Function
303(1)
Relations between Legislature and the Executive
304(1)
Argumentation in Political Campaigns
305(6)
Campaigns Involve Issues and Images
305(2)
Campaign Arguments Are Linked to ``The People''
307(1)
Telling the Right Story
307(1)
Maintaining the Story
308(1)
Media and Refutation
309(2)
The Special Role of Debates
311(1)
Refutation in the Political Campaign
312(4)
Refutation Is Usually about Testing Proposals with Values
312(1)
Evidence Is Important in Refutation
313(1)
Credibility Is Significant in Refutation
314(1)
The Story Is Significant in Refutation
314(1)
Leave No Shot Unanswered
315(1)
Refutation by Inoculation
315(1)
Conclusion
316(1)
Project
317(1)
References318(13)
Name Index331(4)
Subject Index335

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